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The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal...
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The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 11094

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Javier Martínez-Gómez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicación, (Área de Ingeniería Mecánica) Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Interests: decision analysis; multi-criteria decision methods; phase change material; energy storage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the global transition towards sustainable transportation accelerates, the role of electric vehicles (EVs) becomes increasingly significant. The efficiency and impact of EV charging infrastructure on the power grid are critical aspects that need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability and reliability of this emerging technology. With this in mind, we invite researchers, engineers, and academics to contribute their research to this Special Issue focused on enhancing the energy efficiency of EV charging stations while minimizing their impact on the grid.

This Special Issue aims to explore innovative solutions, methodologies, and technologies that contribute to the efficient operation of EV charging stations. We welcome submissions that address, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Advanced charging algorithms and control strategies for optimal energy usage.
  • Integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems with EV charging infrastructure.
  • Smart grid technologies and demand–response mechanisms for grid stability and load balancing.
  • Energy management systems for EV fleets and their impact on the grid.
  • Case studies and empirical data analysis of real-world EV charging stations and their grid interactions.
  • The lifecycle assessment and environmental impact of EV charging stations.
  • Regulatory frameworks and policy recommendations for promoting energy-efficient charging infrastructure.
  • Economic analysis of energy-efficient charging solutions and their market viability.
  • User behavior and preferences in relation to charging efficiency and grid impact.
  • Novel materials and technologies for reducing energy losses in charging components.

We look forward to receiving your contributions, which will help shape the future of sustainable transportation and energy-efficient charging infrastructure.

Dr. Javier Martínez-Gómez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gird
  • EV
  • charging station
  • energy efficiency

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

19 pages, 3107 KiB  
Article
Empowering User-Centric Selection of Electric Vehicles Charging Stations: A Hybrid Approach Using the Best–Worst Method and Grey Relational Analysis
by Haitham Saleh
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120575 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles offers a way to combat the harmful impacts of climate change and to improve city living standards. Yet limited access to and lack of consistency among electric vehicle charging stations present obstacles for electric vehicle owners. This [...] Read more.
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles offers a way to combat the harmful impacts of climate change and to improve city living standards. Yet limited access to and lack of consistency among electric vehicle charging stations present obstacles for electric vehicle owners. This study advocates for an approach that positions the preferences of electric vehicle drivers first when choosing an electric vehicle charging station. By considering relevant factors to electric vehicle drivers and treating the problem as a grey system where certain information is known while other aspects are unknown, this research aims to empower users to make decisions aligned with their needs. The best–worst method is employed to assign preferences allowing electric vehicle users to make informed choices based on their priorities. The grey relational analysis method is utilized to rank electric vehicle charging stations based on user preferences. The best–worst method-grey relational analysis approach, as shown by examples, efficiently assists electric vehicle users in choosing the optimal electric vehicle charging station. This study acknowledges and incorporates the often-overlooked perspectives of electric vehicle drivers into a user-centric solution in existing research models. The gained insights carry significance for managing transportation and energy systems and designing user-friendly applications pertaining to electric vehicle charging station selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
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31 pages, 5552 KiB  
Article
Methodology to Improve an Extended-Range Electric Vehicle Module and Control Integration Based on Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy
by David Sebastian Puma-Benavides, Juan de Dios Calderon-Najera, Javier Izquierdo-Reyes, Renato Galluzzi and Edilberto Antonio Llanes-Cedeño
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100439 - 27 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1267
Abstract
The continuous expansion of the vehicle fleet contributes to escalating emissions, with the transportation sector accounting for approximately 21% of CO2 emissions, based on 2023 data. Focused on reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, the study observes the shift from internal [...] Read more.
The continuous expansion of the vehicle fleet contributes to escalating emissions, with the transportation sector accounting for approximately 21% of CO2 emissions, based on 2023 data. Focused on reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, the study observes the shift from internal combustion vehicles to electric and hybrid models since 2017. Despite advancements, these vehicles still lack optimal efficiency and suffer from limited range, deterring potential buyers. This article aims to evaluate the range-extending technologies for electric vehicles, emphasizing efficiency, low pollution, and integration compatibility. An algorithm incorporating equations representing mechanical or electrical component curves is developed for Extended-Range Electric Vehicles, facilitating insight into potential range extender behavior. The core objectives of this study involve optimizing the entire powertrain system to ensure peak efficiency. Experimental tests demonstrate that integrating an auxiliary power unit enhances range, with an internal combustion engine generator configuration extending the travel distance by 35.35% at a constant speed. Moreover, with the use of an Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy control, the distance traveled increases up to 39.28% on standard driving cycles. The proposed methodology, validated through practical implementations, allows for comprehensive energy analyses, providing a precise understanding of vehicle platform performance with integrated range extenders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
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23 pages, 3158 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption between Electric Vehicles and Combustion Engine Vehicles in High-Altitude Urban Traffic
by David Sebastian Puma-Benavides, Alex Santiago Cevallos-Carvajal, Angel Guillermo Masaquiza-Yanzapanta, Milton Israel Quinga-Morales, Rodrigo Rigoberto Moreno-Pallares, Henrry Gabriel Usca-Gomez and Fernando Alejandro Murillo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080355 - 7 Aug 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4036
Abstract
This analysis compares the energy efficiency and operational costs of combustion vehicles (Hyundai Accent 1.6 L and Chevrolet Sail 1.5 L) with the Nissan Leaf, an electric vehicle, under current fuel and electricity pricing in Ecuador. Combustion vehicles, converting gasoline into mechanical energy, [...] Read more.
This analysis compares the energy efficiency and operational costs of combustion vehicles (Hyundai Accent 1.6 L and Chevrolet Sail 1.5 L) with the Nissan Leaf, an electric vehicle, under current fuel and electricity pricing in Ecuador. Combustion vehicles, converting gasoline into mechanical energy, demonstrate substantial energy losses, leading to higher operational costs, especially with recent gasoline price hikes to USD 2.722 per gallon. In stark contrast, the Nissan Leaf exhibits significantly greater energy efficiency, consuming only 15–20 kWh per 100 km, which translates to lower running costs (USD 11.20 to fully charge a 40 kWh battery). Despite the clear economic and environmental benefits of electric vehicles, their adoption in Ecuador is hampered by geographical challenges such as diverse terrain that can affect vehicle range and battery longevity. Moreover, the limited and uneven distribution of EV charging stations, mostly concentrated in urban areas, poses significant barriers. For broader implementation, a strategic expansion of the EV infrastructure and careful consideration of the national energy grid’s capacity to support increased electric vehicle uptake are essential. Addressing these challenges is crucial for realizing the full potential of electric vehicles in enhancing Ecuador’s sustainability and energy independence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
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16 pages, 4451 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Charging Station Capacity Based on Energy Storage Scheduling and Bi-Level Planning Model
by Wenwen Wang, Yan Liu, Xinglong Fan and Zhengmei Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080327 - 23 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 956
Abstract
With the government’s strong promotion of the transformation of new and old driving forces, the electrification of buses has developed rapidly. In order to improve resource utilization, many cities have decided to open bus charging stations (CSs) to private vehicles, thus leading to [...] Read more.
With the government’s strong promotion of the transformation of new and old driving forces, the electrification of buses has developed rapidly. In order to improve resource utilization, many cities have decided to open bus charging stations (CSs) to private vehicles, thus leading to the problems of high electricity costs, long waiting times, and increased grid load during peak hours. To address these issues, a dual-layer optimization model was constructed and solved using the Golden Sine Algorithm, balancing the construction cost of CSs and user costs. In addition, the problem was alleviated by combining energy storage scheduling and the M/M/c queue model to reduce grid pressure and shorten waiting times. The study shows that energy storage scheduling effectively reduces grid load, and the electricity cost is reduced by 6.0007%. The average waiting time is reduced to 2.1 min through the queue model, reducing the electric vehicles user’s time cost. The bi-level programming model and energy storage scheduling strategy have positive implications for the operation and development of bus CSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
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19 pages, 1235 KiB  
Article
Impact of Temperature Variations on Torque Capacity in Shrink-Fit Junctions of Water-Jacketed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs)
by David Sebastian Puma-Benavides, Luis Mixquititla-Casbis, Edilberto Antonio Llanes-Cedeño and Juan Carlos Jima-Matailo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070282 - 25 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1749
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of temperature variations on the torque capacity of shrink-fit junctions in water-jacketed permanent magnet synchronous motors. Focusing on both baseline and improved designs; torque capacities were evaluated across a temperature range from −40 °C to 120 °C under [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of temperature variations on the torque capacity of shrink-fit junctions in water-jacketed permanent magnet synchronous motors. Focusing on both baseline and improved designs; torque capacities were evaluated across a temperature range from −40 °C to 120 °C under different material conditions: Least material condition, nominal, and maximum material condition. The baseline design exhibited torque capacities from 7648 Nm to 9032 Nm at −40 °C, decreasing significantly to 549 Nm to 1533 Nm at 120 °C. The improved design showed enhanced performance, with torque capacities ranging from 8055 Nm to 9247 Nm at −40 °C and from 842 Nm to 1618 Nm at 120 °C. The maximum improvement was observed at 120 °C for least material conditions, with a 55.4% increase, and the minimum improvement at −40 °C for maximum material conditions, with a 2.4% increase. Our findings demonstrate a significant increase in torque capacity by up to 20% under varied thermal conditions. These results underscore the effectiveness of design modifications in enhancing thermal stability and torque capacity, making the improved design a more reliable choice for high-performance applications subject to significant thermal fluctuations. This research highlights the critical role of material selection, thermal management, and precise design adjustments in optimizing the performance and reliability of permanent magnet synchronous motors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
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Review

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25 pages, 1293 KiB  
Review
Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Latin America
by Javier Martínez-Gómez and Vicente Sebastian Espinoza
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120583 - 18 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1148
Abstract
This research addresses the challenges and opportunities for electric vehicle charging stations in Latin America. The transition to electric mobility is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, modernize the quality of life in urban areas, update public policies related to transportation, and promote [...] Read more.
This research addresses the challenges and opportunities for electric vehicle charging stations in Latin America. The transition to electric mobility is crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, modernize the quality of life in urban areas, update public policies related to transportation, and promote economic development. However, this is not an easy task in this region; it faces several obstacles, such as a lack of liquidity in governments, a lack of adequate infrastructure, high implementation costs, the need for clear regulatory frameworks, and limited public awareness of the benefits of electric mobility. To this end, the current panorama of electric mobility in the region is analyzed, including current policies, the state of the charging infrastructure, and the prospects for growth regarding electric vehicles in Latin America. Factors that could lead to their successful implementation are promoted, highlighting the importance of public policies adapted to Latin American countries, collaboration between the public–private industry, the industry’s adoption of new technologies in this region, and the education of the population, and the benefits of these policies are considered. Successful case studies from the region are presented to provide us with an idea of practices that can be carried out in other countries. The implementation of a charging system in Latin America is also studied; the successful implementation of charging systems is found to depend largely on the existence of integrated public policies that address aspects other than the charging infrastructure. Finally, the value of the work and the research findings are presented to indicate what this study can help with. These strategies are key to overcoming the challenges and maximizing the benefits of electric mobility in Latin America. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Minimal Grid Impact)
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