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New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery
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New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 22084

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fachao Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Interests: new energy vehicle; vehicle system dynamics; vehicle intelligent control
Dr. Yongyu Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Interests: agricultural machinery; food processing industry; food products; imaging; nondestructive testing; regression analysis
Dr. Weiwei Kong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Interests: vehicular electronics; vehicle dynamics; the control of intelligent and connected vehicles

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

New energy vehicles refer to vehicles that use new power systems, completely or mainly relying on new energy driven. They include pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, etc. With the electrification of urban traffic, new energy passenger cars have been rapidly applied. Due to improved handling characteristics and the reduction of carbon dioxide emission, electric drives have become more important for application in different areas such as commercial vehicles, mobile working machines, forestry and agricultural machinery, etc. Electrification of machinery and vehicles within these areas faces unique challenges compared to passenger cars. This issue mainly publishes research and applications on new energy special vehicles, tractors, forestry and agricultural machinery, etc. The main objective of this Special Issue is to compile recent research and development efforts contributing to the design and application of new energy technology on a special vehicle, tractors, forestry and agricultural machinery, etc. High-quality papers that explore these areas and provide different solutions and fields for future research activities are sought.

Prof. Dr. Fachao Jiang
Dr. Yongyu Li
Dr. Weiwei Kong
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • new energy special vehicle
  • commercial vehicle
  • electric forestry
  • electric tractor
  • truck
  • bus
  • electric agricultural machinery
  • mobile working machine
  • policy
  • design
  • modelling
  • control
  • optimize method
  • vehicle system dynamics
  • vehicle control strategy
  • energy management strategy

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4564 KiB  
Article
Free Riding of Vehicle Companies under Dual-Credit Policy: An Agent-Based System Dynamics Model
by Zhong Zhou and Yuqi Shen
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060227 - 23 May 2024
Viewed by 1216
Abstract
The dual-credit policy promotes green transition in automobile companies. This paper investigates the dual-credit policy framework in the Chinese automotive industry, with a focus on the phenomenon of free riding. This occurs when traditional vehicle manufacturers within an alliance benefit from the excess [...] Read more.
The dual-credit policy promotes green transition in automobile companies. This paper investigates the dual-credit policy framework in the Chinese automotive industry, with a focus on the phenomenon of free riding. This occurs when traditional vehicle manufacturers within an alliance benefit from the excess credits generated by a transitioning vehicle company without fully committing to their own green transitioning. The focus of this study lies on an alliance constituted by a transitioning vehicle company in partnership with two traditional vehicle manufacturers, all interconnected via equity ties. Utilizing an agent-based system dynamics model, this study explores the strategic behaviors emerging from such credit collaborations and their consequent effects on operational efficiency and financial performance. The findings reveal that 1. free riding negatively impacts the transitioning company’s revenue but benefits the alliance by easing transition pressures and boosting collective performance; 2. stricter policies increase intra-alliance credit transfers and performance, while lower credit prices reduce transfer value and harm the transitioning company’s earnings. This study implies that transitioning vehicle companies with equity-linked partners can benefit from a nuanced understanding of how policy mechanisms interact with alliance dynamics under free riding. By adjusting credit transfer strategies in line with market conditions and policy trends, they can better navigate the dual-credit policy landscape, balancing individual profitability with the needs of the broader alliance and long-term sustainability goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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18 pages, 5462 KiB  
Article
Research on Power Optimization for Energy System of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wheel-Driven Electric Tractor
by Jingyun Zhang, Buyuan Wang, Junjiang Zhang, Liyou Xu and Kai Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050188 - 28 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1292
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel cell tractors are emerging as a new power source for tractors. Currently, there is no mature energy management control method available. Existing methods mostly rely on engineers’ experience to determine the output power of the fuel cell and the power battery, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen fuel cell tractors are emerging as a new power source for tractors. Currently, there is no mature energy management control method available. Existing methods mostly rely on engineers’ experience to determine the output power of the fuel cell and the power battery, resulting in relatively low energy utilization efficiency of the energy system. To address the aforementioned problems, a power optimization method for the energy system of hydrogen fuel cell wheel-driven electric tractor was proposed. A dynamic model of tractor ploughing conditions was established based on the system dynamics theory. From this, based on the equivalent hydrogen consumption theory, the charging and discharging of the power battery were equivalent to the fuel consumption of the hydrogen fuel cell, forming an equivalent hydrogen consumption model for the tractor. Using the state of charge (SOC) of the power battery as a constraint, and with the minimum equivalent hydrogen consumption as the objective function, an instantaneously optimized power allocation method based on load demand in the energy system is proposed by using a traversal algorithm. The optimization method was simulated and tested based on the MATLAB simulation platform, and the results showed under ploughing conditions, compared with the rule-based control strategy, the proposed energy system power optimization method optimized the power output of hydrogen fuel cells and power batteries, allowing the energy system to work in a high-efficiency range, reducing the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the tractor by 7.79%, and solving the energy system power distribution problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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18 pages, 6707 KiB  
Article
Research on Energy Management Strategy for Series Hybrid Tractor under Typical Operating Conditions Based on Dynamic Programming
by Xianghai Yan, Yifan Zhao, Xiaohui Liu, Mengnan Liu, Yiwei Wu and Jingyun Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040156 - 9 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
In response to the issues of hybrid tractors’ energy management strategies, such as reliance on experience, difficulty in achieving optimal control, and incomplete analysis of typical operating conditions of tractors, an energy management strategy based on dynamic programming is proposed in combination with [...] Read more.
In response to the issues of hybrid tractors’ energy management strategies, such as reliance on experience, difficulty in achieving optimal control, and incomplete analysis of typical operating conditions of tractors, an energy management strategy based on dynamic programming is proposed in combination with various typical operating conditions of tractors. This is aimed at providing a reference for the modeling and energy management strategies of series hybrid tractors. Taking the series hybrid tractor as the research object, the tractor dynamics models under three typical working conditions of plowing, rotary tillage, and transportation were established. With the minimum total fuel consumption of the tractor as the optimization target, the engine power as the control variable, and the state of charge of the power battery as the state variable, an energy management strategy based on a dynamic programming algorithm was established and simulation experiments were conducted. The simulation results show that, compared with the power-following energy management strategy, the energy management strategy based on the dynamic programming algorithm can reasonably control the operating state of the engine. Under the three typical working conditions of plowing, rotary tillage, and transportation, the battery SOC consumption increased by approximately 8.37%, 7.24%, and 0.77%, respectively, while the total fuel consumption decreased by approximately 25.28%, 21.54%, and 13.24%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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21 pages, 5538 KiB  
Article
A Versatile Control Method for Multi-Agricultural Machine Cooperative Steering Applicable to Two Steering Modes
by Weizhen Zhu, Yuhao Zhang, Weiwei Kong, Fachao Jiang and Pengxiao Ji
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040126 - 22 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1203
Abstract
This article aims to address the unnecessary stopping and low efficiency issues present in existing multi-machine cooperative steering control methods. To tackle this challenge, a novel cooperative control approach for multiple agricultural machines is proposed, considering two typical steering modes of farm machinery. [...] Read more.
This article aims to address the unnecessary stopping and low efficiency issues present in existing multi-machine cooperative steering control methods. To tackle this challenge, a novel cooperative control approach for multiple agricultural machines is proposed, considering two typical steering modes of farm machinery. This approach encompasses a multi-machine cooperative control framework suitable for both steering modes. Based on the established lateral and longitudinal kinematics models of the farm machines, the method includes a path-tracking controller designed using the pure pursuit and Stanley algorithms, a formation-keeping controller based on PID control, and a T-turn cooperative-steering controller based on a problem-solving approach. To assess the method’s viability, a collaborative simulation platform utilizing CarSim and Simulink was constructed, which conducted simulations for both U-turn and T-turn cooperative steering controls. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control framework and methodology can effectively ensure no collision risk during the U-turn and T-turn cooperative steering processes for three farm machines, eliminating stopping in T-turn, enhancing safety, and improving fuel economy. Compared with traditional sequential control methods, the proposed approach reduced operation time by 17.47 s and increased efficiency by 15.29% in the same scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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20 pages, 1129 KiB  
Article
Carbon Footprint Enhancement of an Agricultural Telehandler through the Application of a Fuel Cell Powertrain
by Valerio Martini, Francesco Mocera and Aurelio Somà
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030091 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1702
Abstract
The growing awareness about climate change and environmental pollution is pushing the industrial and academic world to investigate more sustainable solutions to reduce the impact of anthropic activities. As a consequence, a process of electrification is involving all kind of vehicles with a [...] Read more.
The growing awareness about climate change and environmental pollution is pushing the industrial and academic world to investigate more sustainable solutions to reduce the impact of anthropic activities. As a consequence, a process of electrification is involving all kind of vehicles with a view to gradually substitute traditional powertrains that emit several pollutants in the exhaust due to the combustion process. In this context, fuel cell powertrains are a more promising strategy, with respect to battery electric alternatives where productivity and endurance are crucial. It is important to replace internal combustion engines in those vehicles, such as the those in the sector of Non-Road Mobile Machinery. In the present paper, a preliminary analysis of a fuel cell powertrain for a telehandler is proposed. The analysis focused on performance, fuel economy, durability, applicability and environmental impact of the vehicle. Numerical models were built in MATLAB/Simulink and a simple power follower strategy was developed with the aim of reducing components degradation and to guarantee a charge sustaining operation. Simulations were carried out regarding both peak power conditions and a typical real work scenario. The simulations’ results showed that the fuel cell powertrain was able to achieve almost the same performances without excessive stress on its components. Indeed, a degradation analysis was conducted, showing that the fuel cell system can achieve satisfactory durability. Moreover, a Well-to-Wheel approach was adopted to evaluate the benefits, in terms of greenhouse gases, of adopting the fuel cell system. The results of the analysis demonstrated that, even if considering grey hydrogen to feed the fuel cell system, the proposed powertrain can reduce the equivalent CO2 emissions of 69%. This reduction can be further enhanced using hydrogen from cleaner production processes. The proposed preliminary analysis demonstrated that fuel cell powertrains can be a feasible solution to substitute traditional systems on off-road vehicles, even if a higher investment cost might be required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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24 pages, 16826 KiB  
Article
Research on the Multimode Switching Control of Intelligent Suspension Based on Binocular Distance Recognition
by Chen Huang, Kunyan Lv, Qing Xu and Yifan Dai
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120340 - 7 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1806
Abstract
As the upgrade of people’s requirements for automotive driving comfort, conventional passive suspensions for cars have fallen short of existing demands due to their nonadjustable damping and stiffness, so semiactive suspensions and active suspensions have gained growing acceptance. Compared with active suspensions, semiactive [...] Read more.
As the upgrade of people’s requirements for automotive driving comfort, conventional passive suspensions for cars have fallen short of existing demands due to their nonadjustable damping and stiffness, so semiactive suspensions and active suspensions have gained growing acceptance. Compared with active suspensions, semiactive suspensions offer the advantages of a low manufacturing cost and reliable structure, and thus have become the preferred choice for most vehicles. To optimize the control effect of semiactive suspensions under different working conditions, this paper completed the modeling of magnetorheological semiactive suspension system dynamics and road inputs; then, the design of binocular camera sensing algorithms was performed to obtain the real-time distance of the target using the point cloud ranging function, and the parameters required for suspension control were also obtained. This was followed by the completion of the control-mode-switching rules and the design of the suspension controller. According to the different control objectives, the mode could be divided into the obstacle-road mode, straight-road mode, and curved-road mode. The suspension controller included the BP-PID (neural network PID controller) controller and the force distributor. Finally, the effectiveness of the mode-switching rules and the control method was verified through system simulation and the hardware-in-the-loop test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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16 pages, 3824 KiB  
Article
A Quantitative Study on the Impact of China’s Dual Credit Policy on the Development of New Energy Industry Based on Taylor Expansion Description and Cross-Entropy Theory
by Jiantong Qiao, Shangru Yang, Jiaming Zhao, Haoyuan Li and Yuezhen Fan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(10), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100295 - 16 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1956
Abstract
The Dual Credit Policy is an important policy to promote the development of new energy vehicles unique to China. There is a lack of research that intuitively reflects the impact of the Dual Credit Policy on industrial development through an industry-based factual comparison [...] Read more.
The Dual Credit Policy is an important policy to promote the development of new energy vehicles unique to China. There is a lack of research that intuitively reflects the impact of the Dual Credit Policy on industrial development through an industry-based factual comparison of this policy. Based on the Taylor expansion and Cross-Entropy description, this article obtains the development regression function by the quantitative analysis of five indicators—the number of new energy vehicle-related patents, sales volume, production volume, the number of newly registered enterprises, infrastructure construction (the number of charging piles) before and after the implementation of the policy, and describes them quantitatively using the Taylor expansion to obtain the CPTI index. The CPCEI index is obtained by calculating the Cross-Entropy of the distribution of each indicator before and after policy implementation. The above two indices were compared for the growth trend and growth quantity, respectively. Finally, the following conclusions were obtained: 1. the Dual Credit Policy is more significantly promoted at the market level than the impact on the technical level; 2. although there is also incentive in infrastructure construction, it cannot fully react to the market demand; 3. the number of start-up’s operating in the new energy field increases, but the overall growth trend gradually slows down and fails to significantly change the existing structure of the market. This study suggests that the government should launch a special incentive policy for charging piles, and new energy manufacturers should expand their production capacity to meet the market demand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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16 pages, 3399 KiB  
Article
Research on Parameter Optimization Design Method for Dual-Motor Coupled Drive System
by Tonghui Li, Nan Zhang, Xiaoyu Gao and Daqian Pang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(10), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100282 - 8 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1754
Abstract
To improve energy utilization efficiency and extend the driving range of electric vehicles, this paper proposes a Dual-Motor Coupled Drive System (DMCDS) with a simple structure and establishes a dynamic mathematical model to analyze power flow characteristics under different driving modes. Considering the [...] Read more.
To improve energy utilization efficiency and extend the driving range of electric vehicles, this paper proposes a Dual-Motor Coupled Drive System (DMCDS) with a simple structure and establishes a dynamic mathematical model to analyze power flow characteristics under different driving modes. Considering the interdependence between the optimization of component sizes and system control in multi-motor drive systems, a two-layer hybrid optimization method is proposed to determine the optimal component sizes, balancing vehicle performance with minimal system energy losses. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization design method, extensive simulation analysis was carried out in MATLAB. The results demonstrate that the optimization of motor sizes and gear ratios can enhance the energy efficiency of the drive system. In comparison with prototype scheme before optimization, the high-efficiency region utilization of motors EM_R and EM_S increased by 45% and 48%, respectively. Compared with the prototype and single-motor drive system, the average drive efficiency after optimization increased by 2.5% and 4.2%, respectively, and the energy consumption per 100 km decreased by 3.6% and 6.8%, respectively. These results confirm the efficacy of the proposed optimization design method in achieving an energy-saving effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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16 pages, 5525 KiB  
Article
Control Strategy of Torque Distribution for Hybrid Four-Wheel Drive Tractor
by Xianghai Yan, Hui Zhang, Xianzhe Li, Yanying Li and Liyou Xu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(7), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070190 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
Based on the analysis of the operating conditions of the tractor, a Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor is proposed, and formulate the torque distribution control strategy based on fuzzy control, to control the driving wheel slip rate of the Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor in [...] Read more.
Based on the analysis of the operating conditions of the tractor, a Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor is proposed, and formulate the torque distribution control strategy based on fuzzy control, to control the driving wheel slip rate of the Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor in the high traction efficiency operating range of the tractor. The vehicle model of the Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor is established in AVL-CRUISE software, and the torque distribution control strategy based on fuzzy control is established in MATLAB/Simulink software. The AVL-CRUISE and MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation was carried out based on the plowing condition of the tractor. The simulation results show that the torque distribution control strategy based on fuzzy control can control the driving wheel slip rate of the Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor in the high traction efficiency operating range, the power performance of the Hybrid four-wheel drive tractor is improved, while the engine runs smoothly and is always in the high-efficiency range of engine operation, and the economy is better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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22 pages, 5754 KiB  
Article
Vehicle State Estimation Based on Sage–Husa Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filtering
by Yong Chen, Hao Yan and Yuecheng Li
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(7), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14070167 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2051
Abstract
To combat the impacts of uncertain noise on the estimation of vehicle state parameters and the high cost of sensors, a state-observer design with an adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) is developed. The design equation of the state observer is derived by establishing [...] Read more.
To combat the impacts of uncertain noise on the estimation of vehicle state parameters and the high cost of sensors, a state-observer design with an adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) is developed. The design equation of the state observer is derived by establishing the vehicle’s three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) model. On this basis, the Sage–Husa algorithm and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are combined to form the AUKF algorithm to adaptively update the statistical feature estimation of measurement noise. Finally, a co-simulation using Carsim and Matlab/Simulink confirms the algorithm is effective and reasonable. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm, compared with the UKF algorithm, increases estimation accuracy by 19.13%, 32.8%, and 39.46% in yaw rate, side-slip angle, and longitudinal velocity, respectively. This is because the proposed algorithm adaptively adjusts the measurement noise covariance matrix, which can estimate the state parameters of the vehicle more accurately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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18 pages, 5494 KiB  
Article
Research on Global Optimal Energy Management Strategy of Agricultural Hybrid Tractor Equipped with CVT
by Junjiang Zhang, Ganghui Feng, Mengnan Liu, Xianghai Yan, Liyou Xu and Chengyan Shang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14050127 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1622
Abstract
This paper presents a proposed global optimal energy management strategy based on dynamic programming to enhance the energy consumption efficiency of an agricultural hybrid tractor that is equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Firstly, using a diesel-electric parallel agricultural hybrid tractor as [...] Read more.
This paper presents a proposed global optimal energy management strategy based on dynamic programming to enhance the energy consumption efficiency of an agricultural hybrid tractor that is equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Firstly, using a diesel-electric parallel agricultural hybrid tractor as the research object, a tractor-rotary tillage coupling dynamics model is constructed. Secondly, with the torque and speed of the motor, the torque and speed of the diesel engine, and the CVT speed ratio as the control variables, the state of charge (SOC) of the power battery as the state variable, and the goal of minimizing the total energy consumption of the whole machine, a global optimal energy management model based on dynamic programming is established. Finally, the field operation measured data is injected into the MATLAB simulation model, and experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the energy management strategy. The results show that compared with the power-following energy management strategy, the proposed energy management strategy can make the diesel engine and electric motor work in the optimal area, and effectively reduce the total cost of energy consumption of the tractor during field operations. Under the condition of rotary tillage, the total cost of energy consumption is decreased by 16.89%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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23 pages, 11599 KiB  
Article
Energy-Saving Control of Hybrid Tractors Based on Instantaneous Optimization
by Junjiang Zhang, Ganghui Feng, Liyou Xu, Xianghai Yan, Wei Wang and Mengnan Liu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14020027 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2265
Abstract
In this study, an energy-saving control strategy based on instantaneous optimization is proposed to improve the energy efficiency of hybrid tractors. Using a parallel diesel–electric hybrid tractor as the research object, the topological and working characteristics were analyzed, and a coupled dynamic model [...] Read more.
In this study, an energy-saving control strategy based on instantaneous optimization is proposed to improve the energy efficiency of hybrid tractors. Using a parallel diesel–electric hybrid tractor as the research object, the topological and working characteristics were analyzed, and a coupled dynamic model of rotary tillage and tractor plow was constructed. Aiming to minimize the equivalent fuel consumption of the entire machine, the motor and diesel engine torques were taken as the control variables, and the state of charge of the power battery was taken as the state variable. Subsequently, an energy-saving control strategy based on instantaneous optimization is proposed. Finally, a simulation experiment was carried out using MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the energy-saving control strategy based on instantaneous optimization. Compared with the energy-saving control strategy based on power-following, the results show that energy-saving control strategy based on instantaneous optimization can reasonably control the operating state of the diesel engine and motor. Therefore, the diesel engine and motor work in the high-efficiency area, and effectively reduce the equivalent fuel consumption of the tractor during field operation. Under rotary tillage and plowing conditions, equivalent fuel consumption is reduced by 4.70% and 6.31%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Energy Special Vehicle, Tractor and Agricultural Machinery)
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