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Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle
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Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 3760

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chengjiang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
Interests: battery thermal management; electric vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xin Zou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Monash Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
Interests: road safety; autonomous vehicle; scientometrics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thermal management is a critical component in ensuring the reliability, safety, and performance of battery electric vehicles. As the battery serves as a primary energy source, its temperature directly impacts both its lifespan and the overall performance of the electric vehicle, while also playing a significant role in its safety. To achieve the sustainable development of battery electric vehicles, extensive research and development efforts are required to advance the field of thermal management.

This Special Issue focuses exclusively on the thermal management of batteries in electric vehicles. It aims to address the challenges and propose innovative solutions related to the thermal processes involved in the production, operation, management, and energy conservation of battery systems. Topics of interest include advanced thermal management techniques, such as active and passive cooling methods, thermal interface materials, thermal modeling and simulation, and thermal regulation strategies specific to battery systems. Research on optimizing battery thermal performance, enhancing thermal stability, ensuring uniform temperature distribution, and mitigating thermal runaway risks are highly welcomed.

By concentrating on the thermal management system for battery electric vehicles, this Special Issue strives to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and understanding in the field. Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit original research, technical reviews, and case studies related to battery thermal management, with the goal of improving the reliability, safety, and overall performance of battery electric vehicles.

Dr. Chengjiang Li
Dr. Xin Zou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicle
  • exergy analysis
  • equalization strategy
  • energy management
  • charging management
  • energy storage
  • optimization
  • energy density
  • energy recovery
  • intelligent transportation systems

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 9017 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Proposed Electrothermal Model Based on Numerical Simulation
by Mohammad Assi and Mohammed Amer
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020060 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 555
Abstract
It is necessary to maintain safe, efficient, and compatible energy storage systems to meet the high demand for electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium manganese nickel cobalt (NMC) and lithium ferro phosphate (LFP) batteries are the most commonly used lithium batteries in EVs. It is [...] Read more.
It is necessary to maintain safe, efficient, and compatible energy storage systems to meet the high demand for electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium manganese nickel cobalt (NMC) and lithium ferro phosphate (LFP) batteries are the most commonly used lithium batteries in EVs. It is imperative to note that batteries are classified according to their electrochemical performance. A number of factors play a crucial role in determining how efficiently batteries can be used. These factors include the cell temperature, energy density, self-discharge, current limits, aging, and performance measurements. This paper offers a proposed electrothermal model for comparison between LFP and NMC batteries. This model demonstrates the different behaviors according to their application in EVs. This is carried out through studies of state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH), thermal runaway, self-discharge, and remaining useful life (RUL) in EVs. According to numerical analysis, this paper examines how these different types of batteries behave in EVs to assist in the selection of the most suitable battery taking into account the operating temperature and discharge current using a helpful thermoelectric model reflecting battery safety and life span effectively. Using MATLAB Simulink, the data selected in the electrothermal model are combined from a number of references that are incorporated into lookup tables that affect the change in values in the electrothermal model. The cells are implemented in an EV system using a current test to examine the measured current that goes in and comes out of the battery cells during charging and discharging processes taking into account motoring and regenerative braking for a specified drive cycle time and a number of discharging cycles. It was found that LFP batteries have better stability for open circuit voltages of 3.34 volts over a wide range of conducted temperatures. NMC batteries, on the other hand, exhibit some open circuit voltage variation of 0.053 volts over the temperature range used. Furthermore, the self-discharging current of LFP batteries was about 12 times lower than that of NMC batteries. Compared to LFP batteries, NMC batteries have a higher energy density per unit of mass of 150%, which reflects their greater discharge range. As a result of temperature effects, it has been revealed that LFP batteries are about two times more stable during discharging than NMC batteries, particularly at higher temperatures, such as 45 degrees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle)
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17 pages, 5969 KiB  
Article
Design and Experiment on Heat Dissipation Structures of Ducted Fan Motor for Flying Electric Vehicle
by Ye Li, Qi Li, Tao Fan, Xuhui Wen and Junhui Xiong
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060274 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Ducted fan motors play a crucial role in promoting various applications of flying electric vehicles. In ducted fan motor systems, motor performance affects the speed of the fan, the flow field of the fan affects the thermal field of the motor, and the [...] Read more.
Ducted fan motors play a crucial role in promoting various applications of flying electric vehicles. In ducted fan motor systems, motor performance affects the speed of the fan, the flow field of the fan affects the thermal field of the motor, and the thermal field influences the performance of the motor. The coupling model between fan static thrust, motor power, and motor temperature rise is established in this paper. After confirming the external dimensions of the motor, three cooling schemes of the motor casing are designed. The casing forms are as follows: model 1 with smooth surface, model 2 with circular fins, and model 3 with longitudinal fins. The optimization work was carried out on the geometric dimensions of two types of fins for model 2 and model 3, and the static thrust and heat transfer performance of the motors were calculated. This study proposes that the ratio of thrust-to-temperature rise is an indicator for future optimization design of ducted fan motors. Model 3 with longitudinal fins has a higher thrust-to-temperature rise ratio. The thrust temperature rise in model 3 has increased by 24.77% compared to model 1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle)
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20 pages, 6979 KiB  
Article
Multi-Strategical Thermal Management Approach for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Combining Forced Convection, Mist Cooling, Air Flow Improvisers and Additives
by Anikrishnan Mohanan and Kannan Chidambaram
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050213 - 11 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1245
Abstract
Maintaining the peak temperature of a battery within limits is a mandate for the safer operation of electric vehicles. In two-wheeler electric vehicles, the options available for the battery thermal management system are minuscule due to the restrictions imposed by factors like weight, [...] Read more.
Maintaining the peak temperature of a battery within limits is a mandate for the safer operation of electric vehicles. In two-wheeler electric vehicles, the options available for the battery thermal management system are minuscule due to the restrictions imposed by factors like weight, cost, availability, performance, and load. In this study, a multi-strategical cooling approach of forced convection and mist cooling over a single-cell 21,700 lithium-ion battery working under the condition of 4C is proposed. The chosen levels for air velocities (10, 15, 20 and 25 m/s) imitate real-world riding conditions, and for mist cooling implementation, injection pressure with three levels (3, 7 and 14 bar) is considered. The ANSYS fluent simulation is carried out using the volume of fluid in the discrete phase modelling transition using water mist as a working fluid. Initial breakup is considered for more accurate calculations. The battery’s state of health (SOH) is determined using PYTHON by adopting the Newton–Raphson estimation. The maximum temperature reduction potential by employing an airflow improviser (AFI) and additives (Tween 80, 1-heptanol, APG0810, Tween 20 and FS3100) is also explored. The simulation results revealed that an additional reduction of about 11% was possible by incorporating additives and AFI in the multi-strategical approach. The corresponding SOH improvement was about 2%. When the electric two-wheeler operated under 4C, the optimal condition (Max. SOH and Min. peak cell temp.) was achieved at an air velocity of 25 m/s, injection pressure of 7 bar with AFI and 3% (by wt.) Tween 80 and a 0.1% deformer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle)
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