Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume

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31 January 2025

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31 March 2025

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Topic is a continuation of the previous successful Topic “Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume”. Electric vehicles are a very exciting topic of research and industrial development. In the last 10 years, rapid development in both electric vehicle technology and commercial activities has occurred. The number of research papers, webinars, tutorial courses and PhD graduates in this field has rapidly increased. Commercial electric vehicles have increased in terms of both their sales and models. Electric vehicles are also a hot topic in the news and internet media. Their batteries, energy storage, packaging and chargers still require a lot of research effort. Other associated technologies, such as Vehicle-to-X and new motors and actuators, are now replacing all the conventional mechanical and hydraulic systems in vehicles. Because of the demand for smart cities and robotic activities, new control methods and autonomous driving are now being applied to and developed in most vehicles. All automotive enterprises have gradually changed their models into electric versions. The associated infrastructure and government policy and standards are evolving, and we can see that this is an exciting topic of research. Today, electric vehicle technology has been extended to vessels, underwater vehicles, air transport and space vehicles. This technology is not only restricted to electrical, electronic and computer engineering but also extends to multi-disciplinary research.

We have initialized this Topic because we can see that the market development for electric vehicles is expanding rapidly. The next 50 years will be a transition period from fossil fuel vehicles to electric vehicles. The next 20 years are critical to electric vehicle development, and we now invite you to submit a paper to report, discuss and predict the research and development in this exciting field of science.

Prof. Dr. Eric Cheng
Prof. Dr. Junfeng Liu
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Batteries batteries	4.6	4.0	2015	22 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Designs designs	-	3.9	2017	15.2 Days	CHF 1600	Submit
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	17.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	20 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Vehicles vehicles	2.4	4.1	2019	24.7 Days	CHF 1600	Submit
World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj	2.6	4.5	2007	15.7 Days	CHF 1400	Submit

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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18 pages, 4398 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Second-Order Sliding Mode Wheel Slip Control for Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors

by Jinghao Bi, Yaozhen Han, Mingdong Hou and Changshun Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110538 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 325

Abstract

The influence of the external environment can reduce the braking performance of the electric vehicle (EV) with in-wheel motors (IWM). In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode wheel slip control method with a vehicle speed observer consideration is proposed, which enables the EV [...] Read more.

The influence of the external environment can reduce the braking performance of the electric vehicle (EV) with in-wheel motors (IWM). In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode wheel slip control method with a vehicle speed observer consideration is proposed, which enables the EV to accurately track the optimal slip ratio in various environments and improve braking performance. First, the braking system dynamics model is established by taking the EV with IWM as the study object. Second, a super-twisting sliding mode observer is used to estimate the vehicle speed, and a new adaptive second-order sliding mode controller is constructed to control the braking torque. Finally, co-simulation experiments are performed under different conditions based on Carsim and MATLAB/Simulink, and the proposed scheme is validated by comparison with three control methods. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme has better control performance, and both the safety and control quality of the EV is improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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23 pages, 5900 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Degradation Mechanism and Online Electrical Monitoring Techniques of Stator Winding Insulation in Inverter-Fed Machines: A Review

by Zihan Zou, Senyi Liu and Jinsong Kang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100444 - 29 Sep 2024

Viewed by 919

Abstract

Inverter-fed machines are widely used in electric vehicle drive systems and have shown a trend toward high voltage and frequency in recent years. They are subjected to multiple types of stress during operation, causing potential short-circuit fault damage to the stator winding insulation. [...] Read more.

Inverter-fed machines are widely used in electric vehicle drive systems and have shown a trend toward high voltage and frequency in recent years. They are subjected to multiple types of stress during operation, causing potential short-circuit fault damage to the stator winding insulation. Online condition monitoring of the insulation before or in the early stage of the short circuit fault can effectively reduce maintenance costs and ensure its health. This paper reviews and summarizes the deterioration mechanism and the recent online electrical monitoring techniques. First, four types of failure stress and each type’s failure factors and mechanisms are analyzed. The coupling effect and overall process of multi-physical fields on stator insulation failure are considered. Secondly, the latest online electrical monitoring technologies are summarized. Each technique’s principles, methods, advantages, and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally, existing problems and possible directions for improvement in current research are discussed, focusing on their feasibility and accuracy in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 9505 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Research on Braking Characteristics of Hybrid Excitation Rotary Eddy Current Retarder

by Fei Wang, Wenguang Guo, Guijun Wu and Shi Li

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100443 - 28 Sep 2024

Viewed by 517

Abstract

According to the different excitation methods, automotive eddy current retarders (ECRs) can be divided into electrically excited retarders (EERs) and permanent magnet excited retarders (PMERs), and EERs and PMERs have certain complementarity in control and braking characteristics. Therefore, based on literature research, this [...] Read more.

According to the different excitation methods, automotive eddy current retarders (ECRs) can be divided into electrically excited retarders (EERs) and permanent magnet excited retarders (PMERs), and EERs and PMERs have certain complementarity in control and braking characteristics. Therefore, based on literature research, this article proposes a hybrid excitation rotary electromagnetic retarder (HERER) and conducts numerical simulation analysis and experimental research on the braking performance of the HERER. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the HERER are introduced. Secondly, based on the principles of electromagnetics, an equivalent magnetic circuit analysis model of the HERER is established. Then, a finite element analysis model of the HERER is established using Jmag 14 electromagnetic simulation software, and the braking performance of the HERER under different current and speed conditions is studied. Finally, bench tests are conducted on the air loss torque and eddy current braking performance of the HERER. The effectiveness of the finite element analysis model and equivalent magnetic circuit model of the HERER is verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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20 pages, 6683 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Estimating Algorithm of Critical Driving Parameters for Dual-Motor Electric Drive Tracked Vehicles Based on a Nonlinear Observer and an Adaptive Kalman Filter

by Zhaomeng Chen, Songhua Hu, Haoliang Lv and Yimeng Fu

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4625; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184625 - 15 Sep 2024

Viewed by 583

Abstract

High-speed dual-motor electric drive tracked vehicles (DDTVs) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of tracked vehicles in recent years due to their advantages in fuel economy and the scalability of electrical equipment. The emergency braking of a DDTV at high [...] Read more.

High-speed dual-motor electric drive tracked vehicles (DDTVs) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of tracked vehicles in recent years due to their advantages in fuel economy and the scalability of electrical equipment. The emergency braking of a DDTV at high speed can lead to slipping or even yawing (which is caused by a large deviation of forces at each track directly), posing significant challenges to the vehicle’s stability and safety. Therefore, the accurate real-time acquisition of critical driving parameters, such as the longitudinal force and vehicle speed, is crucial for the stability control of a DDTV. This paper developed a novel estimating algorithm of critical driving parameters for DDTVs equipped with conventional sensors such as rotary transformers at PMSMs and onboard accelerometers on the basis of their dynamics models. The algorithm includes a sensor signal preprocessing module, a longitudinal force estimation method based on a nonlinear observer, and a speed estimation method based on an adaptive Kalman filter. Through hardware-in-loop experiments based on a Speedgoat real-time target machine, the proposed algorithm is proven to estimate the longitudinal force of the track and vehicle speed accurately, whether the vehicle has stability control functions or not, providing a foundation for the further development of vehicle stability control algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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19 pages, 14049 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Installation Design and Efficiency Evaluation of an EV Transform Powertrain and a 3.3 kW Multi-Charging System Driven by a 30 kW Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor

by Pataphiphat Techalimsakul and Arnon Niyomphol

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4584; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184584 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 796

Abstract

This study focuses on the transformation of Jaguar XJ40 vehicles to electric power, with the main equipment being a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, an on-board charger (OBC) system, and a battery management system (BMS). The process involves integrating [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the transformation of Jaguar XJ40 vehicles to electric power, with the main equipment being a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, an on-board charger (OBC) system, and a battery management system (BMS). The process involves integrating the PMSM with the vehicle’s existing transmission system. This research compares the driving range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using different testing methods under the same conditions: simulation, dynamometer (dino), and actual on-road testing. Based on Raminthra’s public roads (RITA drive cycle), one drive cycle covers 7.64 km in 11.25 min. The simulation test by MATLAB/SIMULINK R2016a predicts a driving distance of up to 282.14 km. The dino test, using a chassis dynamometer to simulate driving conditions while the vehicle remains stationary, indicates a driving distance of 264.68 km. In contrast, actual on-road tests show a driving distance of 259.09 km, accounting for real-world driving conditions, including variations in speed, road types, weather, and traffic. The motor achieves 95% efficiency at 2400 rpm and 420 Nm torque. The simulated distance differs from the actual road distance by approximately 8.17%, suggesting reasonable accuracy of the model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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28 pages, 19988 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Performance Improvement of Wireless Power Transfer System for Sustainable EV Charging Using Dead-Time Integrated Pulse Density Modulation Approach

by Franklin John, Pongiannan Rakkiya Goundar Komarasamy, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Lukas Vavra, Jan Petrov and Vladimir Kral

Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 7045; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167045 - 16 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 906

Abstract

The recent developments in electric vehicle (EV) necessities the requirement of a human intervention free charging system for safe and reliable operation. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology shows promising options to automate the charging process with user convenience. However, the operation of the [...] Read more.

The recent developments in electric vehicle (EV) necessities the requirement of a human intervention free charging system for safe and reliable operation. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology shows promising options to automate the charging process with user convenience. However, the operation of the WPT system is designed to operate at a high-frequency (HF) range, which requires proper control and modulation technique to improve the performance of power electronic modules. This paper proposes a dead-time (DT) integrated Pulse Density Modulation (PDM) technique to provide better control with minimal voltage and current ripples at the switches. The proposed technique is investigated using a LCC-LCL compensated WPT system, which predominantly affects the high-frequency voltage and current ripples. The performance analysis is studied at different density conditions to explore the impact of the integrated PDM approach. Moreover, the PDM technique gives better control over the power transfer at different levels of load requirement. The simulation and experimental analysis was performed for a 3.7 kW WPT prototype test system under different modes of operation of the high-frequency power converters. Both the simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed PDM technique effectively enhances the efficiency of the HF inverter while significantly reducing output current ripples, power dissipation and improving the overall WPT system efficiency to 92%, and leading to a reduction in the power loss in the range of 10% to 20%. This leads to improved overall system control and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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18 pages, 652 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Vendor Partnerships in Sustainable Supply Chains in the Indian Electric Two-Wheeler Industry—A Systematic Review of the Literature

by D. K. Achal and G. S. Vijaya

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156603 - 1 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1379

Abstract

The United Nations Convention on Climate Change 2015 mandates reducing the carbon footprint to reduce global warming. Considering environmental concerns, electric vehicles (EVs) spearhead the move towards green mobility. Niti Aayog (Indian Government) has envisaged an “EV only” scenario by 2030. Two wheelers, [...] Read more.

The United Nations Convention on Climate Change 2015 mandates reducing the carbon footprint to reduce global warming. Considering environmental concerns, electric vehicles (EVs) spearhead the move towards green mobility. Niti Aayog (Indian Government) has envisaged an “EV only” scenario by 2030. Two wheelers, with almost 80% of the market share of the Indian automobile industry, will provide the primary thrust for EVs. The holistic sustainability of the Indian EV two-wheeler industry will depend upon its vendor partnerships and processes, which are examined in this paper through a systematic review of the literature available from all known sources. This study, after reviewing over 165 papers apart from government and independent reports, also explores how sustainability and allied topics like green supply chain management in business decision making promotes efficiency, controls expenditure, enhances customer delight, increases sales and market share, optimizes risk management strategies and promotes profitability. Considering the restricted availability of the literature on the Indian automobile industry in general, and specifically on the Indian EV or EV two-wheeler industry, this work will help in bringing focus on this area of fast-burgeoning importance and will pave the way for the establishment of a conceptual framework for research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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23 pages, 2276 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Psychological Factors on Consumer Purchase Intention for Electric Vehicles: Case Study from China: Integrating the Necessary Condition Analysis Methodology from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory

by Haipeng Zhao, Fumitaka Furuoka and Rajah Rasiah

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080331 - 24 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2968

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of psychological factors on consumer purchase intention for electric vehicles (EVs) through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). By integrating the three dimensions of autonomy, relatedness, and competence, this study addresses a research gap in consumer innovative consumption, [...] Read more.

This paper examines the impact of psychological factors on consumer purchase intention for electric vehicles (EVs) through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). By integrating the three dimensions of autonomy, relatedness, and competence, this study addresses a research gap in consumer innovative consumption, offering a deeper understanding of green transportation. The research reveals that psychological factors significantly influence innovative consumption and the purchase intention of EVs, aligning with the existing literature. In sustainable transportation, psychological factors such as motivation, attitude, and inner activities increasingly drive purchase decisions. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of psychological factors on purchase intention by employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). It also considers the moderating role of driving experience in the relationship between psychological factors and innovative consumption. This combined data analysis approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms influencing purchase intention, highlighting the intricate interplay between psychological determinants and consumer behavior in the adoption of electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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23 pages, 5616 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Advancing Electric Vehicle Infrastructure: A Review and Exploration of Battery-Assisted DC Fast Charging Stations

by Ahmet Aksoz, Burçak Asal, Emre Biçer, Saadin Oyucu, Merve Gençtürk and Saeed Golestan

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3117; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133117 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1377

Abstract

Concerns over fossil fuel depletion, fluctuating fuel prices, and CO₂ emissions have accelerated the development of electric vehicle (EV) technologies. This article reviews advancements in EV fast charging technology and explores the development of battery-assisted DC fast charging stations to address the [...] Read more.

Concerns over fossil fuel depletion, fluctuating fuel prices, and CO₂ emissions have accelerated the development of electric vehicle (EV) technologies. This article reviews advancements in EV fast charging technology and explores the development of battery-assisted DC fast charging stations to address the limitations of traditional chargers. Our proposed approach integrates battery storage, allowing chargers to operate independently of the electric grid by storing electrical energy during off-peak hours and releasing it during peak times. This reduces dependence on grid power and enhances grid stability. Moreover, the transformer-less, modular design of the proposed solution offers greater flexibility, scalability, and reduced installation costs. Additionally, the use of smart energy management systems, incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to dynamically adjust charging rates, will be discussed to optimize efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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19 pages, 3065 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Research on Efficient Suspension Vibration Reduction Configuration for Effectively Reducing Energy Consumption

by Huixin Song, Mingming Dong and Liang Gu

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104208 - 17 May 2024

Viewed by 925

Abstract

Reducing vehicle energy consumption is crucial for sustainable development, especially in the context of energy crises and environmental pollution. Energy regenerative suspension offers a promising solution, yet its practical implementation faces challenges like inertial mass issues, cost, and reliability concerns. This study introduces [...] Read more.

Reducing vehicle energy consumption is crucial for sustainable development, especially in the context of energy crises and environmental pollution. Energy regenerative suspension offers a promising solution, yet its practical implementation faces challenges like inertial mass issues, cost, and reliability concerns. This study introduces a novel suspension configuration, optimizing shock absorber technology with energy regenerative principles. The objective is to drastically cut energy consumption. Through a frequency domain analysis, this study identifies the root causes of increased energy consumption and worsened vibration in traditional suspensions. This study presents a comparative analysis of the frequency-domain characteristics between the novel suspension configuration and the traditional one. This study reveals that the new configuration exhibits a low-pass filtering effect on the shock absorber’s velocity, effectively minimizing vibrations in the low-frequency range, while mitigating their impact in the high-frequency range. This approach mitigates the trade-off between increased energy consumption and worsened vibration in the high-frequency range, making it a promising solution. Simulations show that this configuration significantly reduces acceleration by 7.04% and suspension power consumption by 10.47% at 60 km/h on the D-level road, while maintaining handling stability. This makes it a promising candidate for future energy-efficient suspension systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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20 pages, 13202 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Extreme Regenerative with Supercapacitor Battery and Harvesting Vibration Absorber System for Electric Vehicles Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 30 kW

by Pataphiphat Techalimsakul and Pakornkiat Sawetmethikul

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050214 - 12 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1445

Abstract

This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons [...] Read more.

This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons in gross weight (MEVs) driven by a 30 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). During regenerative braking, the ANN mechanism controls the RBS to adjust the switching waveform of the three-phase power inverter, and the braking energy transfers to the energy storage device. Additionally, a supercapacitor (SC) equipped with HVA can absorb energy from vehicle vibrations and convert it into electrical energy. The energy-harvesting efficiency of MEV based on SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA suspended energy harvesting enhances the efficiency maximum to 50.58% and 15.36% in comparison to MEV with only-HVA and SCB-HESP-RBS, respectively. Further, the MEV with SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA has a driving distance of up to 247.34 km (22.5 cycles) when compared with SCB-HESP-RBS (214.40 km, 19.5 cycles) and only-HVA (164.25 km, 15 cycles). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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26 pages, 4807 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Progress, Challenges and Opportunities of Electromobility in Mexico

by Lizbeth Salgado-Conrado, Carlos Álvarez-Macías, Rodrigo Loera-Palomo and C. Pamela García-Contreras

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3754; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093754 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2280

Abstract

This paper highlights the attempts made by the government to integrate electromobility in Mexico, despite not having a well-defined National Electric Mobility Strategy, and compares the advances, challenges and future opportunities of electromobility with other countries with similar conditions in terms of the [...] Read more.

This paper highlights the attempts made by the government to integrate electromobility in Mexico, despite not having a well-defined National Electric Mobility Strategy, and compares the advances, challenges and future opportunities of electromobility with other countries with similar conditions in terms of the public policy, the evolution of the electric vehicles market, the charging infrastructure, incentives and legal framework, and diffusion channels. The results showed that Mexico has made partial advances in the infrastructure, production and exportation of electric vehicles, consumer incentives and project implementation. However, the country requires strengthening strategies on the economic incentives for the user and industry, homologation of chargers, training of personnel specialised in electric vehicles, handling and destination of batteries, and defining its National Electric Mobility Strategy. As a way forward, our study suggests comparing the electromobility strategies of other countries and understanding the key aspects that might enable the successful introduction of electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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24 pages, 5743 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Modularization-Based Automation Performance Simulation Framework for Multi-Vehicle Interaction System

by Qifeng Qian, Ronghui Xiang, Xiaohua Zeng, Dafeng Song and Xuanming Zhang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040138 - 28 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1206

Abstract

With the electrification and connectivity of vehicles in transportation, traditional vehicles with single drivetrains are being replaced by pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This evolution has given rise to diverse electromechanical coupling drivetrains. There is a pressing need to update simulation [...] Read more.

With the electrification and connectivity of vehicles in transportation, traditional vehicles with single drivetrains are being replaced by pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This evolution has given rise to diverse electromechanical coupling drivetrains. There is a pressing need to update simulation software to assess the economic performance of vehicles in various environments, and promote sustainable development and energy conservation. This paper presents a unified framework for the construction and automated operation of large-scale automated vehicle simulations with multiple drivetrain types, facilitating synchronous information exchange among vehicles. Central to the framework is the development of a plug-and-play vehicle model based on a modular component design, facilitating the rapid assembly of vehicles with varied drivetrain configurations and standardizing simulation file management. Additionally, a standardized simulation process construction is established to accommodate the automated operation of simulations. Furthermore, a data scheduling method among vehicles is introduced to achieve multi-vehicle interconnection simulation. Finally, the effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated through a case study involving queue-following control for HEVs. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive solution for quickly establishing automated simulation environments for multi-vehicle interaction, enhancing model reusability and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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27 pages, 7920 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Fast Finite-Time Composite Controller for Vehicle Steer-by-Wire Systems with Communication Delays

by Kamal Rsetam, Jasim Khawwaf, Yusai Zheng, Zhenwei Cao and Zhihong Man

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040132 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1331

Abstract

The modern steer-by-wire (SBW) systems represent a revolutionary departure from traditional automotive designs, replacing mechanical linkages with electronic control mechanisms. However, the integration of such cutting-edge technologies is not without its challenges, and one critical aspect that demands thorough consideration is the presence [...] Read more.

The modern steer-by-wire (SBW) systems represent a revolutionary departure from traditional automotive designs, replacing mechanical linkages with electronic control mechanisms. However, the integration of such cutting-edge technologies is not without its challenges, and one critical aspect that demands thorough consideration is the presence of nonlinear dynamics and communication network time delays. Therefore, to handle the tracking error caused by the challenge of time delays and to overcome the parameter uncertainties and external perturbations, a robust fast finite-time composite controller (FFTCC) is proposed for improving the performance and safety of the SBW systems in the present article. By lumping the uncertainties, parameter variations, and exterior disturbance with input and output time delays as the generalized state, a scaling finite-time extended state observer (SFTESO) is constructed with a scaling gain for quickly estimating the unmeasured velocity and the generalized disturbances within a finite time. With the aid of the SFTESO, the robust FFTCC with the scaling gain is designed not only for ensuring finite-time convergence and strong robustness against time delays and disturbances but also for improving the speed of the convergence as a main novelty. Based on the Lyapunov theorem, the closed-loop stability of the overall SBW system is proven as a global uniform finite-time. Through examination across three specific scenarios, a comprehensive evaluation is aimed to assess the efficiency of the suggested controller strategy, compared with active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) and scaling ADRC (SADRC) methods across these three distinct driving scenarios. The simulated results have confirmed the merits of the proposed control in terms of a fast-tracking rate, small tracking error, and strong system robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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21 pages, 7116 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of Representative Customer Load Collectives in the Development of Electric Vehicle Drivetrain Durability

by Mingfei Li, Fabian Kai-Dietrich Noering, Yekta Öngün, Michael Appelt and Roman Henze

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030112 - 15 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1568

Abstract

To ensure the precise dimensioning and effective testing of drivetrain components, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of customer requirements, with a particular emphasis on customer stress on these components. An accurate interpretation of customer data is essential for determining representative [...] Read more.

To ensure the precise dimensioning and effective testing of drivetrain components, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of customer requirements, with a particular emphasis on customer stress on these components. An accurate interpretation of customer data is essential for determining representative customer requirements, such as load collectives. The automobile industry has faced challenges in analyzing large amounts of customer driving data to obtain representative load collectives as target values in durability design. However, due to technical limitations and cost constraints, collecting data from a large sample size is not feasible. The ongoing digitalization of the automotive industry, driven by an increasing number of connected vehicles, enhances data-based and customer-oriented development. This paper investigates representative customer load collectives using cloud data from over 40,000 customer vehicles to lay the groundwork for realizing robust requirement engineering. A systematic method for analyzing big data on the cloud was introduced. The derived component-specific damage distribution from these collectives adopts a unique approach, utilizing the 1% vehicle term instead of the common 1% customer term to represent typical customer stress. This study shows that the driven mileage and the number of vehicles are crucial factors in 1% vehicle analysis. An analysis of the characteristics of the 1% vehicle is conducted, followed by an exploration to determine the required vehicle quantity for obtaining stable results. The shape parameter of the damage distribution determines the necessary number of vehicles for a reliable conclusion. Additionally, a comparative analysis of market-specific customer requirements between the US and Europe is presented, and real usage differences in customer operations are explained using an operating point frequency heatmap. The information presented in this paper provides valuable input for optimizing durability design and conducting efficient, customer-oriented tests, resulting in significant reductions in development time and costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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26 pages, 15329 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Research on Vehicle Frame Optimization Methods Based on the Combination of Size Optimization and Topology Optimization

by Qun He, Xinning Li, Wenjie Mao, Xianhai Yang and Hu Wu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030107 - 9 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

The efficient development of electric vehicles is essential to drive society towards sustainable development. Designing a lightweight frame is a key strategy to improve the economy and environment, increase energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. Taking an automatic loading and unloading mixer truck [...] Read more.

The efficient development of electric vehicles is essential to drive society towards sustainable development. Designing a lightweight frame is a key strategy to improve the economy and environment, increase energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. Taking an automatic loading and unloading mixer truck as the research object, a force analysis of its frame was conducted under six typical working conditions. A size optimization method based on a hybrid model of the Kriging model and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed. An approximate model of the mass and maximum stress of the frame was established using the Kriging model, and the Kriging model was optimized by using the multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm and the AHP method. Meanwhile, topology optimization was introduced to improve the structural performance of the frame and reduce its weight. The optimization results show that the overall weight of the frame is reduced by 11.96% compared to the pre-optimization period, though it still meets the material performance specifications. By comparing the iterative curves of the single Kriging model with those of the AHP model, it can be seen that the initial optimization efficiency of the hybrid model is about twice as much as that of the AHP model, and the final optimization result is improved by about 3.6% compared with the Kriging model. This validates the hybrid model as an effective tool for the multi-objective optimization of electric vehicle frames, providing more efficient and accurate optimization results for frame design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)

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