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Article

Antioxidant Capacity, Anticancer Ability and Flavonoids Composition of 35 Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Varieties

by
Yue Wang
1,
Jing Qian
1,
Jinping Cao
1,2,
Dengliang Wang
3,
Chunrong Liu
3,
Rongxi Yang
4,
Xian Li
1 and
Chongde Sun
1,*
1
Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
2
Horticulture Research Institute, Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai 317000, China
3
Citrus Research Institute, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou 324000, China
4
Forestry Special Production Technology Promotion Center, Xiangshan Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Ningbo 315700, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2017, 22(7), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071114
Submission received: 20 June 2017 / Revised: 3 July 2017 / Accepted: 3 July 2017 / Published: 5 July 2017
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is one of the most commonly consumed and widely distributed fruit in the world, which is possessing extensive bioactivities. Present study aimed to fully understand the flavonoids compositions, antioxidant capacities and in vitro anticancer abilities of different citrus resources. Citrus fruits of 35 varieties belonging to 5 types (pummelos, oranges, tangerines, mandarins and hybrids) were collected. Combining li quid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), a total of 39 flavonoid compounds were identified, including 4 flavones, 9 flavanones and 26 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs). Each citrus fruit was examined and compared by 4 parts, flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. The juice sacs had the lowest total phenolics, following by the segment membrane. Four antioxidant traits including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were applied for the antioxidant capacities evaluation. Three gastric cancer cell lines, SGC-7901, BGC-823 and AGS were applied for the cytotoxicity evaluation. According to the results of correlation analysis, phenolics compounds might be the main contributor to the antioxidant activity of citrus extracts, while PMFs existing only in the flavedo might be closely related to the gastric cancer cell line cytotoxicity of citrus extracts. The results of present study might provide a theoretical guidance for the utilization of citrus resources.

1. Introduction

Citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is a tropical or subtropical fruit widely distributed around the world. As one of the most consumed fruits it also has great economic importance. Besides its value as a delicious fruit, its nutritional values are also important. Previous studies have reported a variety of bioactivities of citrus fruit, like antioxidant [1], anticancer [2,3], anti-inflammation [4], anti-fat [5] and anti-diabetes properties [6,7]. Many of the bioactivities are attributed to the phenolics and flavonoids that are abundant in citrus fruit [5,8,9].
Citrus can be classified in several types, including mandarins, tangerines, oranges, pummelos, hybrids, lemons, limes, etc. [10]. Zhejiang Province, an important citrus production region in China, is rich in citrus germplasm resources. Several distinctive local characteristic citrus varieties had been found in this region, such as Ougan (OG), Yuhuanyou (YHY), Mantouhong (MTH), Huyou (HY) and Ponkan (PG). Thus, the citrus varieties in this region might provide some very distinctive resources for the bioactivity study of citrus fruits.
The present study aimed to carry out a comprehensive investigation on the flavonoid composition and distribution, antioxidant capacity and gastric tumor cytotoxicity of citrus fruits from Zhejiang Province. A total of 35 varieties belonging to five types of citrus fruits were collected for the study. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and lipid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) were used for identification and quantification of flavonoid compounds. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), four commonly used antioxidant tests, were applied for the antioxidant capacity evaluation. Gastric tumor cell lines were applied for the cytotoxicity evaluation of citrus flavonoid-rich extracts.

2. Results

2.1. Fruit Basic Quality Index of Different Citrus Varieties

As shown in Table 1, five types (pummelos, oranges, tangerines, mandarins and hybrids) of 35 varieties of citrus fruits were collected and their fruit basic qualities were tested. Significant differences were found in fruit color, weight, edible rate and total soluble solids (TSS) among the 35 tested citrus varieties. MTH showed the highest Citrus Color Index (CCI) value of 16.75, while Qingougan (QOG) showed the lowest CCI at −6.97. Pummelos showed higher weight than the other types of citrus fruits, among which YHY and Mabuwendan (MBWD) had the highest weights at 1754.10 g and 1676.14 g, respectively. Kouzhijin22 (KZJ22) had the lowest weight of 67.97 g. Hongmeiren (HMR) had the highest edible rate of 85.31%, while Zaoxiangyou (ZXY) only had an edible rate of 56.12%. TSS varied from 8.42 to 16.08 °Brix. KZJ22 had the highest TSS value of 16.08 °Brix, followed by Aiyuan31 (AY31), Rinan1 (RN1), Gongchuan (GOC), Mixiagan (MXG), Aiyuan27 (AY27) and Yuanxiaochun (YXC), while QOG and Wuheougan (WHOG) showed the lowest TSS. Correlation analysis showed that CCI and TSS had significant relationships with each other (r = 0.690, p < 0.01), indicating that citrus varieties with better color look may have better taste.

2.2. Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacities

Each citrus fruit was divided into four parts from outside to inside: flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. Ultrasonic assistant extraction was used to improve the extraction efficiency according to previous studies [11,12]. As shown in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5, the total phenolics contents varied between the varieties and tissues of citrus fruits.
Among the four citrus fruit parts, the juice sacs had the lowest total phenolics contents (4.18 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight of extracts (DW) in CX to 6.39 mg GAE/g DW in Newhall (NH)), followed by the segment membrane (6.27 mg GAE/g DW in CX to 12.56 mg GAE/g DW in GAC) in all the 35 varieties. The total phenolics contents in the flavedo ranged from 11.52 mg GAE/g DW in ZXY to 27.55 mg GAE/g DW in AY30. While the total phenolics contents in the albedo ranged from 10.35 mg GAE/g DW in CX to 27.15 mg GAE/g DW in GAC. For the flavedo and albedo part, 12 citrus varieties had higher total phenolics contents in flavedo than in albedo, including six pummelos (HY, YHY, MBWD, Zaoxiangyou (ZXY), Putaoyou (PTY), Sijiyou (SJY)), three hybrids (AY27, GOC, MXG) and three tangerines (OG, QOG, WHOG). Zhang et al. [13] had previously tested the total phenolics of 14 wild mandarin genotypes and two cultivars, which ranged from 29.38 to 51.14 mg GAE/g DW. The total phenolics contents of the sum of flavedo and albedo (22.02 to 47.39 mg GAE/g DW) were close to the results of Zhang et al. [13].
The DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP, ORAC and CUPRAC assays were used to measure the antioxidant capacities of the four citrus parts. The mechanisms of these four antioxidant tests can be divided into two types: the DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC tests are mainly electron transfer type antioxidant methods [14,15,16,17] while ORAC is a hydrogen supply ability type antioxidant method [18,19]. The results showed significant differences among different varieties for the four fruit parts with each measurement method.
DPPH antioxidant tests are commonly used in determining the primary antioxidant capacities. The DPPH radical scavenging mechanisms include two types: the electron transfer type when components dissolve in polar solutions and the hydrogen supply ability type in nonpolar solutions [14,20]. In this study, the DPPH radical scavenging abilities were mainly based on the electron transfer ability of the antioxidant components since the citrus extracts were dissolved in water. DPPH values ranged from 5.48 to 20.73 mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW in flavedo and from 4.37 to 17.43 mg TEAC/g DW in albedo. AY30 in flavedo and PG in albedo ranked the first, respectively, while CX showed the lowest value in both parts. In the segment membrane, DPPH value varied from 2.72 (TCH) to 7.34 mg TEAC/g DW (HMR). In the juice sacs, TC had the highest DPPH value (5.73 mg TEAC/g DW) and KZJ22 had the lowest (1.46 mg TEAC/g DW).
FRAP is another antioxidant test widely used in the determination of plant antioxidant capacity [15]. FRAP values in flavedo varied from 1.94 to 21.33 mg TEAC/g DW, with the highest and lowest value corresponding to AY30 and CX, respectively, which is similar to the DPPH result. GAC showed the highest FRAP value in both albedo (25.26 mg TEAC/g DW) and segment membrane part (19.83 mg TEAC/g DW) while YHY showed the lowest value in albedo (4.82 mg TEAC/g DW). CX ranked the last in flavedo, segment membrane, juice sacs, which may due to its low total phenolics content. FRAP value of AY27 (13.00 mg TEAC/g DW) ranked the first in juice sacs, which is almost three times higher than CX (4.28 mg TEAC/g DW).
The ORAC method, which was widely used in animal and botany materials, tests the hydrogen atom transfer ability of antioxidant components [18]. The ORAC values were the highest among the four methods, which may due to its unique antioxidant type. TC showed the highest ORAC value in flavedo (468.96 mg TEAC/g DW) and albedo (677.90 mg TEAC/g DW), while NG20 showed the lowest value in flavedo (75.78 mg TEAC/g DW) and AY27 showed the lowest in albedo (55.49 mg TEAC/g DW). In the segment membrane, YHY and YXC showed the highest value (208.86 mg TEAC/g DW) and lowest value (37.26 mg TEAC/g DW), respectively. In juice sacs parts, interestingly, KZJ22 showed the highest ORAC value of 76.53 mg TEAC/g DW, although KZJ22 showed the lowest DPPH value in the same part, suggesting that different antioxidant measurements could show great differences in the antioxidant index.
The CUPRAC assay determines the capacities of tested materials to reduce divalent copper ions to cuprous ions [17]. The CUPRAC value ranking was similar to that of the FRAP value, which may be due to the similar antioxidant mechanisms involved. AY30 showed the highest CUPRAC value in flavedo (54.80 mg TEAC/g DW), OG ranked the first in albedo (46.63 mg TEAC/g DW), while ZXY showed the lowest CUPRAC value in both parts (24.44 mg TEAC/g DW in flavedo and 11.34 mg TEAC/g DW albedo). In segment membrane, HY showed the highest value (6.37 mg TEAC/g DW) and CX showed the lowest value (2.57 mg TEAC/g DW). In juice sacs, HY ranked the first with 6.54 mg TEAC/g DW and KZJ22 ranked the last with CUPRAC value of 2.30 mg TEAC/g DW.
To comprehensively compare the antioxidant capacities, an overall antioxidant potency composite (APC) index was calculated according to the method described by Seeram et al. [21]. The overall APC index showed obvious variations, ranging from 33.03 (SJY) to 92.01 (AY30) in flavedo, from 24.96 (YHY) to 86.39 (GAC) in albedo, from 40.08 (TCH) to 90.96 (GAC) in segment membrane, and from 50.03 (YXC) to 84.23 (AY27) in juice sacs

2.3. Tumor Cytotoxicity

In vitro tumor cytotoxicity of the citrus extracts were measured on three gastric cancer cell lines, i.e., SGC-7901, BGC-823 and AGS. Cell viability assays were performed with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and the corresponding IC50 values were calculated. Among the four parts, only flavedo extracts of each citrus variety showed significant tumor cytotoxicity, with IC50 values as shown in Table 6, while the other three parts showed no significant cytotoxicity effects (data not shown). Among the three cancer cell lines, the AGS cell line seem to be generally more sensitive to citrus extracts treatments than other two cell lines, which can be inferred from the lower IC50 values. Among the citrus types, pummelo fruits extracts showed the high IC50 value (>100 μg/mL) in all three cell lines, suggested that the tumor cytotoxicity of pummelo fruits to the cancer cells tested was weak. QJ (IC50 value = 20.36 μg/mL), CR (IC50 value = 18.71 μg/mL), NH (IC50 value = 15.77 μg/mL) showed the highest antitumor activity to SGC-7901, BGC-823, AGS cell, respectively. The highest IC50 value for each cell is more than 15 times higher than the lowest.

2.4. Identification and Quantification of Individual Flavonoid Compound

Further identification and quantification of individual flavonoid in citrus fruits were performed by LC-ESI-MS/MS and UPLC-DAD. A total of 39 flavonoid compounds, including four flavones, nine flavanones and 26 PMFs, were identified. The identification was based on comparison of the retention times and the maximum absorption wavelength of standards, as well as the fragment ion information reported in previous studies (Table 7 and Table S6, Figures S1–S5) [22,23,24].
The four flavones included three flavone C-glucosides (vicenin-2, apigenin-8-C-glusoide and diosmetin-6-C-glucoside) and one flavone O-glycoside (rhoifolin). Diosmetin-6-C-glucoside was only found in the Buzhihuo (BZH), NG20, SJY and MXG, with the highest concentration of 9.05 mg/g DW in the albedo part of BZH. Rhoifolin was only found in pomelo type fruit (Table S1 and S3–S5).
The nine flavanone O-glycosides included eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, didymin, poncirin and melitidin, in which narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin were the most common flavonoid components in the 35 citrus varieties (Table S1 and 3–S5). Naringin was very abundant in pummelo type fruit. The content of narirutin was generally low in the pomelo type fruit. Melitidin was only found in the flavedo part of MXG, while vicenin-2 was only existed in KZJ22. The content of hesperidin and neohesperidin showed a seesawing like relationship, that is, the varieties with abundant hesperidin tend to have low level of neohesperidin, which may due to the differentiation in synthetic metabolism.
The PMFs were only found in flavedo, including one trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, four trimethoxyflavones, seven tetramethoxyflavones, eight pentamethoxyflavones, five hexa-methoxyflavones and one heptamethoxyflavone (Table S2). Among the 26 PMFs identified, there were 12 monohydroxy PMFs, one dihydroxy PMFs and one trihydroxy PMF. The exact location of the methoxy groups of two monohydroxypentamethoxyflavones, two hexamethoxyflavones and three monohydroxypentamethoxyflavones need further identification and we added a number after their names according to the order they appeared in the UPLC chromatogram. The PMF contents differed among varieties. Trihydroxydimethoxyflavone only existed in HMR (3.78 mg/g DW) and 5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone only existed in AY27 (1.22 mg/g DW). Isosinensetin sinensetin, tetramethyl-O-isoscutellarein, nobiletin, tetramethyl-O-scutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxy-flavone, tangeretin, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone existed in most citrus varieties. Nobiletin was the maximum PMFs in almost all of the varieties except for TCH, WZ, DF, SYXX, SW and MXG.

2.5. Correlations between Total Phenolics and Bioactivites

Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between the phenolics content, antioxidant ability and cytotoxicity on gastric cancer cell (Table 8 and Table 9).
For the 4 antioxidant traits, DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC showed significant correlation with each other (p < 0.01), indicating that these 3 traits determined the same type of antioxidant capacities. However, ORAC method only showed correlation with other 3 traits in flavedo. In other 3 parts of citrus, ORAC traits showed very weak relation with other 3 methods, suggesting that ORAC value reflected a different type of antioxidant ability. Total phenolics contents in all the 4 parts showed significant correlations with all 4 the antioxidant traits and the APC overall index (Table 8 and Table 9), indicating that phenolics compounds were the principle contributor to antioxidant capacities of citrus. High correlation of total phenolics contents and antioxidant capacities also showed in the peach fruit [25], Chinese bayberry [26], vegetables and grains [27], indicating that this is a common phenomenon in nature.
The cytotoxicity of extracts showed high correlations among 3 cell traits. However, the correlations between antioxidant capacities and anticancer abilities were relatively low, indicating that the in vitro cytotoxicity of citrus extracts may not be caused by its antioxidant ability. In plenty previous anticancer studies, most of the flavanones were reported to be functioned through enhancing the body’s own function which was based on antioxidant capacities of flavanone [28,29,30]. However, the results of present study indicated a different functional mechanism of citrus flavonoids rich extracts.
For the cytotoxicity of individual compounds, the contents of 11 PMFs showed significant correlations with cytotoxicity of extracts on all three gastric cancer cell lines, in which nobiletin showed the highest correlation coefficient (r SGC-7901 = 0.587, p < 0.01; r BGC-823 = 0.530, p < 0.01; r AGS = 0.534, p < 0.01) (Figure 1, Tables S7–S10). None of the flavanones or flavones showed significant positive relationships with cytotoxicity and rhoifolin showed a significant negative relationship (r SGC-7901 = −0.378, p < 0.05; r BGC-823 = −0.366, p < 0.05; r AGS = −0.361, p < 0.05). These results suggested that PMFs might be the main contributors to the cytotoxicity of extracts. Similar results were observed in previous studies. PMFs have shown anti-proliferation abilities to many cancers in vitro [31,32] and in vivo [33,34]. They were suggested to be functioned through induction of cell apoptosis [33,35], cell cycle blocking [36,37] and autophagy, etc. [38,39].
For the antioxidant activity of individual compounds, the didymin showed the positive relationship with APC index and all four antioxidant tests in flavedo. Hesperidin in flavedo (r = 0.558, p < 0.01), neohesperidin in albedo (r = 0.718, p < 0.01), poncirin (r = 0.618, p < 0.01) in albedo showed strong relationship with CUPRAC. Naringin showed significant relationship with ORAC value in segment membrane (r = 0.592, p < 0.01). These results showed that didymin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, poncirin, naringin might played dominant roles in antioxidant ability of citrus extracts.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Materials

Citrus fruits at commercial maturity were harvested from orchards of Zhejiang Province in December 2015 (Table 1), and transported to the laboratory of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, within 6 h of harvest. Uniform fruit free from blemishes and mechanical injury was selected for the present study. The fruits were separated into four parts, i.e., flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs, and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. After freeze-drying (FM 25EL-85, VirTis, Gardiner, NY, USA), all samples were ground into a fine powder and stored at −80 °C for further experiments. The SGC-7901, BGC-823, AGS gastric cancer cell lines were obtained from the Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.

3.2. Chemicals and Reagents

All standards and reagents were of HPLC grade. Narirutin, neoeriocitrin, hesperidin, naringenin, poncirin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), Trolox, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), rutin, gallic acid, fluorescein sodium, copper chloride, neocuproine, ammonium acetate, methanol, acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Eriocitrin was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Inc. (Shanghai, China). Isosinensetin, and 5-demethylnobiletin were purchased from Biobiopha Co., Ltd. (Kunming, China). Didymin was purchased from J & K Scientific (Shanghai, China). Cell Counting Kit-8 was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc. (Shanghai, China). Samples for HPLC were filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane before injection. Double-distilled water (ddH2O) was used in all experiment. RPMI 1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid (HEPES), trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin solution was purchased from Hangzhou Keyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). All other solvents and reagents were of analytical grade purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

3.3. Fruit Quality Analysis (Color, Fruit Weight, Edible Proportion and Total Soluble Sugar)

Fruit color measurement was carried out using the Citrus Color Index (CCI) according to a previous report [40]. The raw data were adopted as L*, a* and b* with a MiniScan XE Plus Colorimeter (HunterLab, Reston, VA, USA) and the CCI was calculated as CCI = [1000 × a*/(L* × b*)]. Four evenly distributed equatorial sites were measured for each fruit and a mean value was obtained from the measurement of 15 fruits per variety. The edible rate was calculated as the weight percentage of pulp to the whole fruit. TSS of 15 fruits per variety were measured with a portable digital refractometer (Atago PR-101α, Tokyo, Japan) at 25 °C and the data were expressed as °Brix.

3.4. Extraction and Determination of Total Phenolics

One gram of citrus fruit ground powder was ultrasonically extracted in 20 mL of 95% ethanol at 25 °C in a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for three times. The extract was centrifuged at 10,000 ×g for 5 min and the supernatants were evaporated under reduced pressure at 35 °C to remove the ethanol. The phenolics were enriched by solid-phase extraction using a Sep-pak C18 cartridge (12 cc, 2 g sorbent, Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA). The citrus phenolic-rich extracts were used for further analysis.
Total phenolics contents were measured with a Folin-Ciocalteu method according to previous report [41] with slight modification. In brief, 4 mL of ddH2O and 0.5 mL appropriately-diluted citrus extracts was placed into a test tube, added with 0.5 mL Folin-Ciocalteu (0.5 mol/L) and incubated for 3 min. Then 1 mL of saturated sodium carbonate was added into the mixture following by incubating the reaction for 2 h in 30 °C water bath. The absorbance of the reaction product were measured at 760 nm using a microplate reader (Synergy H1, Biotek, Winooski, VT, USA). Gallic acid was used as the standard and the results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW.

3.5. Antioxidant Capacity Assays

The DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured according to our previous publication [42] with some modification. In brief, 2 μL diluted citrus extracts was mixed with 198 μL DPPH solution (60 μM), the mixture was allowed to react for 2 h at room temperature, away from light. Then the absorbance at 515 nm was measured using a microplate reader. Trolox was used as the standard and the results were expressed as mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW.
The FRAP assay was carried out according to Zhang et al. [43] with modifications. Briefly, the FRAP working solution was prepared by mixing 100 mL acetate buffer (300 mmol/L, pH 3.6), 10 mL TPTZ solution (10 mmol/L in 40 mmol/L HCl) and 10 mL FeCl3 (20 mmol/L). 10 μL appropriately diluted citrus extracts and 90 μL of FRAP working solution was mixed in a 96-well plate and incubated for 5 min. Then the absorbance of 593 nm was recorded with a microplate reader. Trolox was used as the standard and the results were expressed as mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW.
ORAC antioxidant activity was measured according to previous report [44] with some minor modifications. 25 μL appropriately diluted citrus extraction was placed into a black-walled 96-well plate, and mixed with 150 μL sodium fluorescein (40 nmol/L). The mixture was incubated for 10 min at 37 °C. Then 25 μL AAPH (150 mmol/L) was added and the fluorescence detection was performed immediately with a microplate reader (set with excitation wavelength of 485 nm, emission wavelength of 535 nm, time interval of 2 min for the 2 h detection). Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was used as a blank control and the final fluorescence measurements were expressed relative to the initial reading (fn). Results were calculated based on the differences in areas under the sodium fluorescein decay curve (AUC) between the blank and samples. Trolox was used as standard and the results were expressed as mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW. The AUC was calculated as:
AUC = (f0 + f1 + f2 + … + fn)/f0
The CUPARC assay was carried out according to previous report [16] with some modifications. Reaction system consisted of 20 μL appropriately diluted citrus extraction, 50 μL copper chloride (10 mmol/L), 50 μL neocuproine (7 mmol/L), 50 μL ammonium acetate (pH 7) and 50 μL ddH2O was added into a 96-well plate in order. After 30 min of incubation away from light in room temperature, absorbance of 450 nm was measured in a microplate reader. Trolox was used as standard and the results were expressed as mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW.
An overall APC index was applied to comprehensively evaluated the antioxidant traits of the extracts. For each antioxidant trait, antioxidant index score = [(sample score/best score) × 100]. The APC index was calculated as the average of the antioxidant index scores of the referred 4 methods.

3.6. Cell Culture and Cell Viability Assay

The human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823, AGS were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 20 mmol/L HEPEs, at 37 °C in an incubator (Thermo Scientific 3111, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) containing 5% CO2. Cells were passaged every 48 h using trypsin (0.25%)/EDTA (0.02%) solution. Exponentially growing cells were used for experimentation.
Cell viability assay was performed with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) analysis according to the methods described in previous study [45]. Briefly, cells (4000 cells per well for SGC-7901, 8000 cells per well for BGC-823 and 9000 cells per well for AGS) were seeded into 96-well plates. After 24 h incubation, the medium were moved and cells were treated with or without citrus extractions in a total volume of 200 μL each well. After 48 h incubation, the supernatant was removed and washed with PBS for 2 times. The cell viability was measured using CCK-8 kit according to the instruction. Taxol was used as positive control. The inhibition ratio was calculated:
Inhibition ratio = (A450 − A620)/A450.
The IC50 value was calculated by probit analysis method using SPSS 19.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

3.7. UPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Phonilic Compounds

Individual flavonoid compounds were identified and quantified combining LC-ESI-MS/MS and UPLC-DAD. Flavones and flavanones were detected at 280 nm and polymethoxylated flavonoids were detected at 330 nm. 13 flavanoids, i.e., eriocitrin, neoericitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, didmin, poncirin, isosinensetin, sinensitin, nobiletin, tangeretin, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone, were quantified with their own standard curves according to the retention time and the chromatographic peak area in the UPLC analysis. Other 26 flavonoids were quantified as equivalents of hesperidin at 280 nm. All tests were run in triplicate and data were expressed as mg/g DW.
The flavonoid compounds were determined with a UPLC system (2695 pump, 2996 diode array detector, Waters Corp.) coupled with an BEH C18 analytical column (ACQUITY UPLC, 2.1 × 150 mm, Waters Corp.). The column was operated at a temperature of 25 °C. The injection of sample was 2 μL and the flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. The compounds were detected between 200 and 500 nm. The mobile phase of UPLC consisted waters (Eluent A) and acetonitrile (Eluent B). the gradient program was as follows: 0–5 min, 20% of B; 5–8 min, 20–34% of B; 8–20 min, 34–60% of B; 20–22 min, 60–100% of B; 22–23 min, 100% of B; 23–24 min, 100–20% of B; 24–25 min, 20% of B.
Mass spectrometric analysis were performed according to our previous publication [25]. Briefly, an Agilent 6460 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used for mass analysis and the analysis were operated in positive ionization mode. The nebulizer pressure was set to 45 psi and drying gas flow rate was 5 L/min. The flow rate and the temperature of the sheath gas was 11 L/min and 350 °C, respectively. Chromatographic separations were done on an BEH C18 analytical column (ACQUITY UPLC, 2.1 × 150 mm) using an Agilent 1290 Infinity UPLC system (Agilent Technologies). The eluent was split and with a rate of 0.3 mL/min going into the mass detector. The data acquisition and processing were performed at an Agilent Mass Hunter Workstation.

3.8. Statistical Analysis

All data were obtained from at least three replications and expressed as the means ± standard deviation. The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 19.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Significant differences among the sample were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test at p < 0.05. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated at p < 0.05.

4. Conclusions

A total of 39 flavonoids, including four flavones, nine flavanones and 26 PMFs were identified and quantified from 35 varieties of five types of citrus fruit growing in Zhejiang Province of China. Among them, all 39 compounds could be found in the flavedo, three flavones and nine flavanones were found in the albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs, while PMFs were existing only in the flavedo. The flavonoids composition and bioactivity varied depending on the types and tissues of citrus fruit. According to the results of correlation analysis, phenolics were deduced to be the chief contributor for the antioxidant capacity of citrus fruit, in which the individual flavanone compounds including didymin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, poncirin, naringin were the principal contributing components. Phenolics extracts from flavedo showed significant cytotoxicity effects on gastric tumor cell lines, and PMFs were deduced to be the dominant contributors, with the nobiletin as the principle contributing component. The correlation between antioxidant capacities and the cytotoxicity effects was not significant. These results may offer important information for breeding and further utilization of citrus resources.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials are available online.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0400200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571838), the 111 project (B17039), and the Agricultural Outstanding Talents and Innovation Team of the State Agricultural Ministry on Health and Nutrition of Fruit. The authors would like to thank Don Grierson from the University of Nottingham (UK) for discussions, suggestions, and efforts in language editing.

Author Contributions

Yue Wang carried out the experiments and wrote the original manuscript. Jing Qian and Jinping Cao participated in experiments. Dengliang Wang, Chunrong Liu and Rongxi Yang contributed materials. Yue Wang and Jing Qian analyzed the data. Jinping Cao and Xian Li edited and revised the manuscript. Chongde Sun conceived and designed the study. All authors approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of citrus powders are not available from the authors.
Molecules 22 01114 g001 550
Figure 1. Correlation analysis of bioactive traits and individual flavonoid compounds in flavedo (A); albedo (B); segment membrane (C) and juice sacs (D).
Figure 1. Correlation analysis of bioactive traits and individual flavonoid compounds in flavedo (A); albedo (B); segment membrane (C) and juice sacs (D).
Molecules 22 01114 g001
Table
Table 1. Appearance and taste qualities of Citrus fruits of 35 cultivars. TSS = total soluble solids.
Table 1. Appearance and taste qualities of Citrus fruits of 35 cultivars. TSS = total soluble solids.
Cultivar (Abbreviation)Fruit TypeColor (CCI)Weight (g) *Edible Rate (%)TSS (°Brix) *
Aiyuan27 (AY27)Hybrids5.09 ± 0.09397.97 ± 27.47 ef84.1812.85 ± 0.05 abcdef
Aiyuan30 (AY30)Hybrids14.10 ± 0.26114.11 ± 11.15 lmno80.0612.51 ± 0.29 bcdefg
Aiyuan31 (AY31)Hybrids13.05 ± 0.32385.06 ± 21.19 efg84.5414.79 ± 0.04 ab
Buzhihuo (BZH)Hybrids4.69 ± 0.38216.62 ± 12.05 ij75.9510.91 ± 0.50 cdefghij
CaRaCaRa (CR)Oranges5.63 ± 1.85159.36 ± 2.56 ijklm75.1211.87 ± 0.60 bcdefghi
Chunxiang (CX)Hybrids−4.95 ± 0.44200.58 ± 9.23 ijk67.349.17 ± 0.28 ghij
Dafen (DF)Mandarins3.29 ± 0.33120.31 ± 12.15 klmno79.8210.49 ± 0.28 cdefghij
Gaocheng (GAC)Hybrids7.35 ± 0.09343.87 ± 20.94 gh74.5112.44 ± 0.25 bcdefgh
Gongneiyiyugan (GN)Hybrids2.76 ± 0.66241.55 ± 21.74 ij74.1410.21 ± 0.56 cdefghij
Gongchuan (GOC)Mandarins8.27 ± 0.33141.94 ± 5.75 jklmno82.5113.23 ± 0.45 abcd
Hongmeiren (HMR)Hybrids7.59 ± 0.49137.70 ± 4.03 jklmno85.3111.10 ± 0.08 cdefghij
Huyou (HY)Pummelos1.43 ± 0.80571.61 ± 46.24 d67.979.66 ± 0.08 efghij
Kouzhijin22 (KZJ22)Hybrids14.68 ± 0.2267.97 ± 3.80 o67.5916.08 ± 0.71 a
Mabuwendan (MBWD)Pummelos1.22 ± 0.051676.14 ± 81.74 a59.748.93 ± 0.08 cdefghij
Mantouhong (MTH)Tangerines16.75 ± 0.6384.27 ± 3.26 no79.8912.53 ± 0.38 bcdefg
Mixiagan (MXG)Hybrids1.97 ± 0.08303.59 ± 18.62 gh72.1312.96 ± 0.25 abcde
Nangan20 (NG20)Mandarins9.22 ± 0.12100.61 ± 3.60 mno74.0711.76 ± 0.15 bcdeghi
Newhall (NH)Oranges8.72 ± 0.38168.28 ± 5.15 ijklm71.6611.96 ± 0.70 bcdefghi
Ougan (OG)Mandarins−0.56 ± 1.09175.42 ± 3.55 ijklm64.129.46 ± 0.22 fghij
Ponkan (PG)Tangerines4.89 ± 0.94140.61 ± 2.34 jklmno74.689.08 ± 0.12 hij
Putaoyou (PTY)Pummelos0.24 ± 1.02442.38 ± 21.67 e77.499.56 ± 0.23 fghij
Qingji (QJ)Hybrids6.92 ± 0.20170.73 ± 8.25 ijklm73.1810.55 ± 0.41 cdefghij
Qingougan (QOG)Mandarins−6.97 ± 0.44146.74 ± 3.78 ijklmno69.338.42 ± 0.05 j
Rinan1 (RN1)Mandarins8.99 ± 0.08118.75 ± 5.82 klmno76.0413.48 ± 0.14 abc
Shangyexinxi (SYXX)Mandarins9.09 ± 0.20228.56 ± 5.10 hi80.2110.34 ± 0.36 cdefghij
Shiwen (SW)Mandarins3.12 ± 0.3074.16 ± 1.31 o80.4611.54 ± 0.09 bcdefghi
Sijiyou (SJY)Pummelos1.70 ± 0.191486.37 ± 21.38 b65.729.68 ± 0.30 efghij
Tiancao (TC)Hybrids7.32 ± 0.90138.75 ± 2.68 jklmno85.249.89 ± 0.42 defghij
Tianchun (TCH)Hybrids2.86 ± 0.21188.85 ± 6.50 ijkl69.1111.22 ± 0.18 cdefghij
Weizhang (WZ)Mandarins8.39 ± 0.54128.33 ± 4.86 klmno73.2910.05 ± 0.22 defghij
Wuheougan (WHOG)Mandarins−1.09 ± 0.98113.50 ±4.12 lmno64.258.74 ± 0.18 ij
Youliang (YL)Mandarins10.45 ± 0.17138.13 ± 12.12 jklmno75.3212.22 ± 0.50 bcdefgh
Yuanxiaochun (YXC)Hybrids1.34 ± 0.07135.94 ± 6.26 jklmno79.5412.76 ± 0.42 abcdef
Yuhuanyou (YHY)Pummelos0.68 ± 0.081754.10 ± 76.73 a73.1010.92 ± 0.20 cdefghij
Zaoxiangyou (ZXY)Pummelos1.80 ± 0.181585.77 ± 76.21 b56.1211.38 ± 0.09 cdefghij
* Results were the mean ± SD (n = 15) on a fresh weight (FW) (g) and TSS (°Brix) of citrus fruit. Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s tests.
Table
Table 2. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit flavedo of 35 cultivars.
Table 2. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit flavedo of 35 cultivars.
CultivarsTotal PhenolicsDPPHFRAPORACCUPRACAPC Index *Rank #
AY2715.05 ± 0.56 no11.36 ± 0.71 jklm9.63 ± 0.44 hijk153.73 ± 8.78 kl29.35 ± 1.09 pqr46.5726
AY3027.55 ± 0.29 a20.73 ± 0.12 a21.33 ± 1.31 a319.01 ± 44.63 bc54.80 ± 2.34 a92.011
AY3113.73 ± 0.36 op9.99 ± 0.93 mno7.12 ± 0.24 lmnop188.39 ± 15.19 hijkl32.85 ± 3.32 nop45.4228
BZH19.68 ± 0.58 defg16.91 ± 0.24 bc12.36 ± 1.65 efg221.30 ± 13.70 defghijkl42.76 ± 0.59 defg66.187
CR18.90 ± 0.45 ghi15.34 ± 0.80 bcdef11.94 ± 0.48 efgh224.91 ± 26.69 defghijk42.69 ± 0.59 defg63.9610
CX11.67 ± 0.40 q5.48 ± 0.56 r1.94 ± 0.16 s162.38 ± 18.82 jkl27.62 ± 0.34 qrs30.1435
DF18.07 ± 0.41 ghijk10.29 ± 0.83 lmn7.93 ± 0.30 klmno206.96 ± 18.53 efghijkl37.07 ± 0.65 hijklmn49.6524
GAC18.09 ± 0.38 ghijk17.48 ± 1.04 b14.80 ± 0.59 cd185.27 ± 27.39 hijkl35.14 ± 0.37 klmno64.338
GN16.44 ± 0.57 klmn10.72 ± 0.23 lmn4.85 ± 1.16 pqr208.48 ± 30.42 efghijkl36.08 ± 2.81 jklmn46.1927
GOC19.58 ± 0.50 efg13.46 ± 0.51 efghij11.12 ± 0.30 efghi163.88 ± 20.46 jkl42.45 ± 1.68 defg57.3715
HMR24.20 ± 0.69 b20.40 ± 0.24 a17.23 ± 0.29 b270.31 ± 13.88 cdefg51.74 ± 0.27 ab82.813
HY15.20 ± 0.60 mno14.47 ± 0.60 defgh8.67 ± 0.28 jklm196.63 ± 16.56 ghijkl33.55 ± 0.14 nop53.4021
KZJ2221.11 ± 1.05 cde14.92 ± 0.91 cdefg12.51 ± 1.15 def357.54 ± 0.53 b43.78 ± 1.07 def71.694
MBWD13.13 ± 0.18 pq9.17 ± 0.94 nopq4.92 ± 0.45 pqr178.20 ± 22.21 ijkl25.62 ± 0.50 rs38.0132
MTH21.65 ± 0.65 c14.77 ± 0.68 cdefg12.82 ± 0.48 de231.29 ± 39.15 defghij41.82 ± 1.70 efgh64.259
MXG14.86 ± 0.40 no13.04 ± 0.25 ghijk9.98 ± 0.96 ghijk75.78 ± 35.22 m24.50 ± 0.86 s42.6430
NG2019.30 ± 0.11 fgh13.39 ± 0.64 efghij9.43 ± 0.55 ijkl288.99 ± 3.61 bcd37.61 ± 0.26 hijklmn59.7613
NH20.60 ± 0.35 cdef16.50 ± 0.27 bcd12.82 ± 0.73 de213.25 ± 26.59 efghijkl45.70 ± 1.07 cde67.145
OG19.04 ± 0.60 fghi11.44 ± 0.83 jklm9.59 ± 0.49 hijk249.79 ± 21.33 cdefghi41.04 ± 0.60 efghi57.0816
PG18.36 ± 0.22 ghij14.39 ± 0.37 defgh11.31 ± 1.08 efghi250.70 ± 42.77 cdefghi39.87 ± 1.39 fghijk62.1611
PTY17.20 ± 0.76 jkl15.54 ± 0.58 bcde7.71 ± 0.45 klmno201.56 ± 18.04 fghijkl34.19 ± 0.78 mno54.1219
QJ21.45 ± 0.54 c16.36 ± 0.06 bcd10.36 ± 0.73 fghij256.04 ± 37.59 cdefgh46.81 ± 2.56 cd66.886
QOG18.29 ± 0.36 ghij10.62 ± 0.34 lmn8.42 ± 0.59 jklmn277.70 ± 15.99 cde40.36 ± 0.96 fghij55.8917
RN116.33 ± 0.48 lmn12.41 ± 0.95 hijkl8.52 ± 0.71 jklm214.83 ± 20.09 defghijkl30.71 ± 1.99 opq50.4123
SJY12.18 ± 0.32 pq7.80 ± 0.55 pq3.87 ± 0.07 rs149.67 ± 4.81 lm24.34 ± 0.32 s33.0334
SW21.32 ± 0.60 cd13.24 ± 0.92 fghij10.39 ± 0.76 fghij242.22 ± 28.50 defghi40.02 ± 1.70 fghij59.3114
SYXX16.85 ± 0.52 jklm11.74 ± 0.81 ijklm8.35 ± 0.83 jklmn209.35 ± 24.08 efghijkl36.65 ± 1.81 ijklmn51.8322
TC24.80 ± 0.55 b19.94 ± 0.30 a16.88 ± 1.60 bc468.96 ± 34.84 a49.16 ± 2.51 bc91.262
TCH16.82 ± 0.31 jklm10.04 ± 0.50 1mno5.57 ± 0.24 opqr227.70 ± 11.03 defghijk38.84 ± 0.88 ghijklm48.4925
WHOG17.64 ± 0.37 hijkl11.02 ± 0.23 klmn7.72 ± 0.62 klmno256.28 ± 28.81 cdefgh39.12 ± 2.01 fghijkl53.8520
WZ17.66 ± 0.14 hijkl11.77 ± 0.53 ijklm9.81 ± 0.53 hijk210.70 ± 16.96 efghijkl40.07 ± 1.88 fghij55.2018
YHY13.57 ± 0.17 op9.76 ± 0.63 mnop6.05 ± 0.53 nopqr158.18 ± 8.30 jkl26.28 ± 1.21 qrs39.2831
YL17.57 ± 0.99 ijkl13.75 ± 1.56 efghij9.22 ± 0.89 ijkl275.85 ± 27.24 cdef41.02 ± 0.88 efghi60.8112
YXC15.49 ± 0.73 mn7.89 ± 0.80 opq6.64 ± 0.04 mnopq188.26 ± 8.62 hijkl34.69 ± 0.80 lmno43.1629
ZXY11.52 ± 0.03 q7.40 ± 0.13 qr4.70 ± 0.08 qr158.83 ± 17.20 jkl24.44 ± 2.01 s34.0533
Results were the mean ± SD (n = 3) on a dried weight (g) of citrus basis. Total phenolics were calculated as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW. Antioxidant capacities (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and CUPRAC) were calculated as mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW. Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s tests. * Antioxidant index score = [(sample score/best score) × 100], averaged for all four tests for each cultivar for the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. # Ranked according to the APC index.
Table
Table 3. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit albedo of 35 cultivars.
Table 3. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit albedo of 35 cultivars.
CultivarsTotal PhenolicsDPPHFRAPORACCUPRACAPC Index *Rank #
AY2715.19 ± 0.73 fghijklm8.22 ± 0.38 defghi15.01 ± 0.08 d55.49 ± 7.65 m18.30 ± 0.83 mnop38.4022
AY3019.84 ± 1.30 bcd16.53 ± 0.49 a18.45 ± 0.88 c288.00 ± 39.86 efg36.77 ± 0.89 cd72.092
AY3111.68 ± 1.28 lmn4.73 ± 0.35 kl8.24 ± 0.68 ijkl73.31 ± 2.11 lm16.26 ± 0.55 opq26.3133
BZH14.45 ± 2.04 ghijklmn10.62 ± 1.57 cd11.64 ± 0.92 efg220.49 ± 24.87 ghijk31.25 ± 1.49 efg51.5211
CR13.46 ± 0.15 ijklmn5.88 ± 0.74 ijkl7.28 ± 0.27 jklmno232.58 ± 11.48 ghij17.42 ± 0.21 nop33.4926
CX10.35 ± 0.48 n4.37 ± 0.69 l5.68 ± 0.24 lmno177.82 ± 13.67 hijkl22.21 ± 1.10 jklm30.3332
DF13.13 ± 0.44 jklmn5.00 ± 0.36 jkl7.12 ± 0.03 jklmno417.66 ± 22.58 cd22.77 ± 0.44 jkl41.7920
GAC27.15 ± 3.53 a17.43 ± 0.93 a25.26 ± 2.77 a420.79 ± 53.79 cd39.34 ± 3.01 bc86.391
GN15.74 ± 1.16 defghijkl7.00 ± 0.81 fghijk7.24 ± 0.34 jklmno429.84 ± 62.99 cd26.20 ± 1.09 hij47.0415
GOC16.12 ± 1.71 defghijk6.97 ± 0.57 fghijk8.06 ± 0.88 jkl382.81 ± 24.59 de23.24 ± 0.15 jk44.4816
HMR17.78 ± 1.65 cdefgh11.65 ± 0.26 bc14.50 ± 0.44 d358.36 ± 33.63 def33.35 ± 0.31 def62.037
HY17.59 ± 0.15 cdefg8.60 ± 1.49 defg6.80 ± 0.51 jklmno424.62 ± 24.53 cd25.56 ± 0.60 ij48.3314
KZJ2216.39 ± 0.63 defghij6.90 ± 0.67 fghijk11.84 ± 0.46 ef245.27 ± 4.35 g23.53 ± 0.75 opq43.2117
MBWD13.82 ± 0.27 hijklmn7.37 ± 0.67 fghij8.02 ± 0.19 jkl206.45 ± 15.84 ghijk14.13 ± 2.06 pqr33.6025
MTH18.96 ± 0.50 cdef13.92 ± 0.55 b17.77 ± 1.23 c215.75 ± 28.81 ghijk34.77 ± 1.47 de63.986
MXG14.97 ± 2.42 fghijklm5.13 ± 0.06 jkl10.71 ± 0.64 fg177.63 ± 2.90 hijkl12.12 ± 0.39 qr30.9431
NG2015.35 ± 0.27 fghijklm4.86 ± 0.43 jkl9.22 ± 0.17 ghij176.15 ± 30.27 hijkl20.09 ± 0.61 klmno33.3227
NH13.73 ± 0.57 hijklmn6.55 ± 0.33 ghijkl7.67 ± 0.19 jklm116.37 ± 1.22 klm22.21 ± 1.39 jklm33.1229
OG20.98 ± 0.60 bc8.96 ± 1.10 defg13.28 ± 1.25 de549.63 ± 73.64 b46.43 ± 1.98 a71.104
PG15.49 ± 0.57 efghijklm17.65 ± 0.26 a21.56 ± 1.56 b179.13 ± 2.73 hijkl34.96 ± 2.78 de71.773
PTY24.00 ± 1.50 ab12.28 ± 0.33 bc11.57 ± 0.34 efgh508.19 ± 85.71 bc33.86 ± 1.85 def65.825
QJ15.49 ± 0.72 efghijklm10.23 ± 0.82 cde11.51 ± 0.36 efgh198.88 ± 12.12 ghijk28.14 ± 0.85 g48.3713
QOG19.69 ± 1.54 cde8.49 ± 0.86 defgh10.65 ± 0.56 fg404.23 ± 4.79 cd42.67 ± 1.95 ab60.458
RN114.18 ± 1.50 higklmn8.04 ± 0.78 efghi11.89 ± 0.52 ef126.91 ± 13.19 jklm20.40 ± 0.25 klmno38.8221
SJY14.37 ± 1.23 higklmn7.31 ± 0.74 fghij7.53 ± 0.33 jklmn224.79 ± 19.36 ghij12.41 ± 1.49 qr32.7830
SW15.54 ± 0.81 efghijklm7.35 ± 0.99 fghij9.12 ±0.83 ghij412.33 ± 29.49 cd26.11 ± 0.83 hij48.7012
SYXX13.41 ± 1.48 ijklmn5.22 ± 0.73 jkl6.51 ± 0.29 klmno360.47 ± 49.12 de18.66 ± 1.6l mno37.1823
TC16.12 ± 1.82 defghijk8.56 ± 0.66 defg9.04 ± 0.48 hijk677.90 ± 51.50 a22.61 ± 0.27 jkl58.259
TCH11.37 ± 1.58 mn4.75 ± 0.44 kl5.42 ± 0.60 mno253.81 ± 16.73 fg22.83 ± 1.49 jkl33.7524
WHOG18.67 ± 1.05 cdefg8.59 ± 0.44 defg10.66 ± 0.42 fg282.05 ± 78.31 efgh41.25 ± 1.21 b55.3310
WZ11.68 ± 1.24 lmn4.72 ± 0.18 kl6.33 ± 0.56 lmno248.27 ± 30.14 g20.81 ± 0.62 klmn33.3128
YHY16.85 ± 0.57 cdefghij4.56 ± 2.19 kl4.82 ± 0.37 o198.22 ± 10.99 ghijk11.92 ± 1.59 r24.9635
YL13.91 ± 0.64 higklmn5.92 ± 0.17 ijkl7.31 ± 0.84 jklmno436.49 ± 14.06 cd21.00 ± 0.18 klmn43.0219
YXC12.06 ± 1.41 klmn9.11 ± 0.70 def11.30 ± 1.01 efgh76.45 ± 8.52 lm30.19 ± 1.02 fgh43.1618
ZXY14.00 ± 0.39 higklmn6.09 ± 0.74 hijkl5.07 ± 0.70 no168.30 ± 11.89 ijkl11.34 ± 1.08 r25.9634
Results were the mean ± SD (n = 3) on a dried weight (g) of citrus basis. Total phenolics were calculated as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW. Antioxidant capacities (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and CUPRAC) were calculated as mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW. Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s tests. * Antioxidant index score = [(sample score/best score) × 100], averaged for all four tests for each cultivar for the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. # Ranked according to the APC index.
Table
Table 4. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit segment membrane of 35 cultivars.
Table 4. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit segment membrane of 35 cultivars.
CultivarsTotal PhenolicsDPPHFRAPORACCUPRACAPC Index *Rank #
AY278.84 ± 0.10 cdefgh5.12 ± 0.53 defghijk15.92 ± 0.77 cd49.03 ± 7.40 pq5.03 ± 0.20 def63.1218
AY308.59 ± 0.21 efgh6.84 ± 0.98 ab19.13 ± 0.70 ab102.13 ± 6.06 jklmn6.13 ± 0.09 ab83.704
AY317.84 ± 0.38 hi3.15 ± 0.29 opq10.60 ± 0.08 klm69.27 ± 5.44 nopq3.16 ± 0.23 lmn44.7933
BZH8.90 ± 0.16 cdefgh5.61 ± 0.15 cdef15.41 ± 0.28 cde129.18 ± 10.93 fghijk4.77 ± 0.26 defghi72.728
CR8.18 ± 0.67 gh3.62 ± 0.38 lmnopq9.40 ± 0.91 mno98.24 ± 3.84 klmno4.05 ± 0.33 ghijkl51.8330
CX6.27 ± 0.29 j3.55 ± 0.03 mnopq8.30 ± 0.27 o77.50 ± 5.45 lmnop2.57 ± 0.17 n41.9234
DF8.71 ± 0.18 defgh5.25 ± 0.50 defghi11.69 ± 0.07 ijkl132.53 ± 8.86 efghijk3.91 ± 0.30 ijklm63.8317
GAC12.56 ± 0.70 a5.73 ± 0.12 bcde19.83 ± 0.90 a183.38 ± 5.16 ab6.24 ± 0.34 ab90.961
GN9.70 ± 0.32 bcdef3.67 ± 0.17 lmnopq9.96 ± 0.16 lmno164.49 ± 10.28 bcdef3.30 ± 0.23 klmn57.7025
GOC9.44 ± 0.43 bcdefg5.27 ± 0.17 defgh12.83 ± 0.49 ghij139.82 ± 14.40 defghi3.89 ± 0.25 ijklm66.1312
HMR10.63 ± 0.33 b7.34 ± 0.39 a17.32 ± 0.13 ab133.80 ± 7.90 efghijk5.45 ± 0.21 bcd84.243
HY9.88 ± 0.74 bcde4.80 ± 0.52 efghijkl13.53 ± 0.89 efghi171.10 ± 19.05 bcd6.37 ± 0.18 a78.895
KZJ228.55 ± 0.60 efgh2.96 ± 0.22 pq10.39 ± 0.18 klmn98.58 ± 4.77 jklmno3.01 ± 0.17 mn46.7932
MBWD8.67 ± 0.12 defgh4.55 ± 0.55 efghijklmn8.50 ± 0.94 no147.93 ± 12.91 cdefg4.60 ± 0.46 defghi61.9719
MTH7.64 ± 0.34 hij5.73 ± 0.05 bcde13.26 ± 0.65 ghi72.25 ± 5.65 mnopq4.13 ± 0.08 ghijk61.0920
MXG7.77 ± 0.25 hi4.34 ± 0.15 hijklmno15.78 ± 0.92 cd59.10 ± 6.67 pq4.85 ± 0.29 defgh60.7821
NG208.84 ± 0.37 cdefgh3.42 ± 0.47 nopq9.96 ± 0.24 lmno139.79 ± 19.17 defghi3.43 ± 0.03 jklmn54.4028
NH9.55 ± 0.63 bcdefg4.50 ± 0.54 fghijklmn14.00 ± 0.35 defgh111.73 ± 2.57 hijkl4.64 ± 0.23 defghi64.5616
OG10.63 ± 0.56 b5.29 ± 0.34 defgh10.80 ± 0.42 jklm141.78 ±12.77 defgh2.73 ± 0.09 n59.3223
PG7.72 ± 0.38 hij6.31 ± 0.05 abcd14.59 ± 0.83 defg71.47 ± 6.54 mnopq4.23 ± 0.04 fghij65.0414
PTY9.66 ± 0.46 bcdef3.91 ± 0.17 klmopq14.86 ± 0.79 defg133.13 ± 6.13 efghijk4.60 ± 0.17 defghi66.0413
QJ8.70 ± 0.39 defgh5.64 ± 0.30 bcdef13.33 ± 0.13 fghi104.83 ± 9.21 ijklm5.12 ± 1.03 def68.6610
QOG9.06 ± 0.71 cdefgh4.44 ± 0.47 fghijklmn9.52 ± 0.35 mno123.99 ± 3.26 ghijk3.07 ± 0.13 mn54.0129
RN18.90 ± 0.58 cdefgh3.95 ± 0.25 jklmnop11.64 ± 0.71 ijkl106.21 ± 13.69 ijklm3.98 ± 0.28 hijkl56.4627
SJY8.49 ± 0.57 efgh3.52 ± 0.43 mnopq9.78 ± 0.63 lmno178.73 ± 28.31 abc4.88 ± 0.12 defg64.8615
SW9.01 ± 0.13 cdefgh5.57 ± 0.51 cdefg14.63 ± 1.00 defg152.56 ± 10.44 bcdefg4.42 ± 0.09 efghi73.027
SYXX9.70 ± 0.18 bcdef3.50 ± 0.33 mnopq9.51 ± 0.27 mno166.46 ± 2.43 bcde4.00 ± 0.07 ghijkl59.5322
TC9.58 ± 0.69 bcdefg6.64 ± 0.53 abc18.86 ± 1.38 ab170.14 ± 2.32 bcd6.02 ± 0.08 abc90.382
TCH6.42 ± 0.17 ij2.72 ± 0.18 q9.37 ± 0.27 mno64.69 ± 9.16 opq2.87 ± 0.10 n40.0835
WHOG8.44 ± 0.47 efgh4.12 ± 0.33 hijklmnop9.50 ± 0.83 mno101.30 ± 10.04 jklmn3.06 ± 0.10 mn50.1431
WZ8.36 ± 0.57 fgh4.65 ± 0.24 efghijklm10.00 ± 0.71 lmno131.91 ± 17.31 efghijk3.36 ± 0.03 jklmn57.4226
YHY10.10 ± 0.34 bcd4.06 ± 0.31 ijklmnop10.82 ± 0.61 jklm208.86 ± 0.33 a5.13 ± 0.12 cde72.609
YL10.20 ± 0.24 bc4.38 ± 0.21 ghijklmn12.24 ± 0.28 hijk153.20 ± 25.10 bcdefg4.63 ± 0.28 defghi66.8611
YXC6.66 ± 0.43 ij4.82 ± 0.47 efghijkl15.33 ± 0.52 cdef37.26 ± 3.92 q4.66 ± 0.43 defghi58.4924
ZXY8.96 ± 0.61 cdefgh5.14 ± 0.23 defghij9.95 ± 0.10 lmno179.93 ± 8.53 abc6.30 ± 0.19 ab76.316
Results were the mean ± SD (n = 3) on a dried weight (g) of citrus basis. Total phenolics were calculated as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW. Antioxidant capacities (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and CUPRAC) were calculated as mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW. Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s tests. * Antioxidant index score = [(sample score/best score) × 100], averaged for all four tests for each cultivar for the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. # Ranked according to the APC index.
Table
Table 5. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit juice sacs of 35 cultivars.
Table 5. Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of citrus fruit juice sacs of 35 cultivars.
CultivarsTotal PhenolicsDPPHFRAPORACCUPRACAPC Index *Rank #
AY276.35 ± 0.13 a4.73 ± 0.15 bcd13.00 ± 1.09 a62.32 ± 7.68 bc5.01 ± 0.27 cde84.231
AY306.10 ± 0.20 abc5.02 ± 0.36 abc8.54 ± 0.37 defgh32.26 ± 2.36 ghijk6.04 ± 0.20 ab70.688
AY314.75 ± 0.21 ghijk2.09 ± 0.27 opq7.42 ± 0.56 ghijkl40.59 ± 2.64 efg2.85 ± 0.16 mno47.0431
BZH5.25 ± 0.13 defghij4.29 ± 0.18 cdefgh8.36 ± 0.43 defghij20.35 ± 0.70 l6.32 ± 1.08 ab64.2212
CR5.84 ± 0.21 abcdef4.54 ± 0.12 cdefg8.27 ± 0.39 defghij53.06 ± 4.85 cd4.90 ± 0.20 de70.857
CX4.18 ± 0.10 k1.66 ± 0.03 pq4.28 ± 0.34 o27.56 ± 1.35 ijkl2.51 ± 0.04 no33.6034
DF5.89 ± 0.04 abcde3.74 ± 0.28 ghijk7.07 ± 0.55 hijklm38.83 ± 2.42 efgh3.97 ± 0.10 fghijkl57.0120
GAC6.06 ± 0.39 abcd4.41 ± 0.18 cdefg11.96 ± 0.53 ab54.12 ± 4.41 cd4.58 ± 0.20 defghi76.585
GN5.27 ± 0.05 cdefghij3.58 ± 0.26 hijk6.60 ± 0.28 jklmn28.76 ± 1.54 hijkl4.53 ± 0.51 defghij54.0926
GOC5.42 ± 0.18 bcdefghi3.80 ± 0.21 fghij6.74 ± 0.46 ijklmn29.49 ± 1.13 ghijkl3.87 ± 0.23 ghijkl53.1928
HMR5.27 ± 0.15 cdefghij3.23 ± 0.08 ijkl7.45 ± 0.61 ghijkl28.78 ± 1.70 hijkl4.47 ± 0.05 defghij53.9927
HY5.98 ± 0.31 abcd5.40 ± 0.21 ab10.04 ± 0.65 cd27.64 ± 0.39 hijkl6.96 ± 0.09 a77.004
KZJ225.70 ± 0.29 abcdef1.46 ± 0.15 q5.63 ± 0.33 mno75.63 ± 3.81 a2.30 ± 0.19 o50.4630
MBWD4.80 ± 0.14 ghijk4.22 ± 0.20 cdefgh7.61 ± 0.29 ghijkl20.15 ± 3.74 l4.53 ± 0.19 defghij55.9822
MTH5.39 ± 0.39 bcdefghi3.58 ± 0.15 hijk8.36 ± 0.43 defghij35.82 ± 3.47 ghi3.88 ± 0.27 ghijkl57.4719
MXG5.02 ± 0.11 fghij2.41 ± 0.11 mnop7.43 ± 0.34 ghijkl48.81 ± 3.20 de3.17 ± 0.30 lmno52.3229
NG205.44 ± 0.03 bcdefghi4.25 ± 0.18 cdefgh11.9 ± 1.19 ab26.84 ± 0.92 ijkl4.77 ± 0.14 defg67.439
NH6.39 ± 0.42 a4.74 ± 0.51 bcd9.13 ± 1.08 cdefg57.02 ± 2.10 bcd5.87 ± 0.13 bc78.173
OG6.18 ± 0.39 ab3.25 ± 0.15 ijkl5.97 ± 0.81 lmno55.16 ± 7.92 bcd3.62 ± 0.20 jklm56.9021
PG6.00 ± 0.23 abcd4.17 ± 0.16 defgh10.32 ± 0.46 bc36.58 ± 1.61 ghi4.36 ± 0.23 defghij65.7910
PTY5.84 ± 0.11 abcedf4.28 ± 0.27 cdefgh7.57 ± 0.29 ghijkl60.32 ± 7.35 bc5.02 ± 0.29 cde71.206
QJ5.10 ± 0.26 efghij4.68 ± 0.22 bcde7.82 ± 0.14 fghijk22.59 ± 1.15 kl5.10 ± 0.30 cd61.2414
QOG5.91 ± 0.35 abcde2.68 ± 0.36 lmno6.74 ± 0.12 ijklmn48.80 ± 2.53 de4.14 ± 0.15 efghijk55.6623
RN14.73 ± 0.42 ghijk3.31 ± 0.15 ijkl9.04 ± 0.21 cdefg37.03 ± 4.50 fghi4.15 ± 0.01 efghijk58.9716
SJY4.62 ± 0.15 ijk4.57 ± 0.09 cdef8.44 ± 0.39 defghi26.43 ± 4.43 ijkl4.81 ± 0.31 def62.1813
SW5.90 ± 0.42 abcde4.01 ± 0.20 defghi7.95 ± 0.05 efghijk35.24 ± 0.94 ghij4.63 ± 0.10 defghi61.0615
SYXX5.49 ± 0.10 bcdefgh3.51 ± 0.26 hijk6.18 ± 0.24 klmn53.77 ± 1.61 cd3.80 ± 0.18 ijkl58.6217
TC6.20 ± 0.17 ab5.73 ± 0.62 a9.73 ± 0.58 cde35.38 ± 5.10 ghi6.54 ± 0.22 ab78.902
TCH4.63 ± 0.31 hijk2.23 ± 0.26 nopq5.19 ± 0.51 no24.15 ± 1.38 jkl3.12 ± 0.20 lmno38.9033
WHOG6.14 ± 0.46 ab3.04 ± 0.03 jklm6.29 ± 0.02 klmn47.89 ± 1.22 def3.84 ± 0.12 hijkl54.9824
WZ4.67 ± 0.20 ghijkl2.98 ± 0.21 klmn5.83 ± 0.15 lmno23.84 ± 1.42 kl3.38 ± 0.04 klmn44.2332
YHY4.83 ± 0.13 ghijk4.61 ± 0.55 bcde9.48 ± 1.15 cdef27.52 ± 3.15 ijkl4.74 ± 0.14 defgh64.4711
YL5.46 ± 0.28 bcdefghi2.97 ± 0.10 klmn6.23 ± 0.57 klmn65.67 ± 2.39 ab3.29 ± 0.26 klmn58.4618
YXC4.36 ± 0.11 k2.79 ± 0.10 lmno7.05 ± 0.43 hijklm24.17 ± 1.26 jkl4.54 ± 0.47 defghij50.0335
ZXY4.53 ± 0.15 jk3.90 ± 0.23 efghi6.78 ± 0.28 hijklmn27.78 ± 1.10 hijkl4.35 ± 0.42 defghij54.8625
Results were the mean ± SD (n = 3) on a dried weight (g) of citrus basis. Total phenolics were calculated as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW. Antioxidant capacities (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and CUPRAC) were calculated as mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC)/g DW. Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s tests. * Antioxidant index score = [(sample score/best score) × 100], averaged for all four tests for each cultivar for the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. # Ranked according to the APC index.
Table
Table 6. The IC50 value of citrus flavedo extracts treatment to three gastric cancer cell lines.
Table 6. The IC50 value of citrus flavedo extracts treatment to three gastric cancer cell lines.
CultivarsSGC-7901 (μg/mL)BGC-823 (μg/mL)AGS (μg/mL)
AY2728.74 ± 0.61 abc22.61 ± 1.04 abc20.49 ± 0.97 abc
AY3027.50 ± 1.34 abc28.51 ± 0.81 abcd24.32 ± 1.01 abcd
AY3162.45 ± 2.49 efg68.62 ± 3.07 gh53.41 ± 0.78 ef
BZH40.65 ± 1.86 bcd38.90 ± 0.93 cde34.64 ± 1.11 bcd
CR28.50 ± 1.80 abc18.71 ± 0.82 a24.25 ± 1.32 abcd
CX80.58 ± 1.12 gh83.40 ± 5.94 hijk74.89 ± 2.43 gh
DF64.34 ± 2.31 efg42.39 ± 0.90 de36.52 ± 0.65 cde
GAC60.86 ± 1.78 ef70.37 ± 3.65 gh61.94 ± 2.18 fg
GN33.81 ± 2.01 abc35.80 ± 1.10 abcde34.51 ± 0.99 bcd
GOC55.61 ± 3.35 def49.43 ± 2.05 ef32.39 ± 1.39 abcd
HMR100.97 ± 4.35 i99.05 ± 1.97 k59.95 ± 1.34 fg
HY164.86 ± 6.31 k150.54 ± 7.45 l139.8 ± 8.13 j
KZJ39.07 ± 1.72 abcd37.80 ± 1.94 cde30.78 ± 1.55 abcd
MBWD203.51 ± 8.28 l153.78 ± 4.51 lm114.64 ± 4.46 i
MTH37.79 ± 1.71 abcd37.27 ± 1.36 cde29.34 ± 1.40 abcd
MXG89.16 ± 3.69 hi77.75 ± 4.93 ghij83.65 ± 2.86 h
NG20120.43 ± 6.27 j89.07 ± 3.92 ijk74.59 ± 2.65 gh
NH21.65 ± 0.63 ab19.88 ± 0.52 ab15.77 ± 0.66 a
OG34.60 ± 0.42 abc37.01 ± 1.37 bcde32.33 ± 0.64 abcd
PG37.76 ± 1.14 abcd33.21 ± 1.54 abcde34.02 ± 1.89 bcd
PTY207.37 ± 11.72 l192.10 ± 3.72 n165.46 ± 4.93 k
QJ20.36 ± 0.81 a24.44 ± 1.01 abc17.49 ± 0.65 ab
QOG34.39 ± 3.05 abc30.71 ± 0.63 abcd23.37 ± 0.57 abcd
RN1205.73 ± 5.71 l168.73 ± 4.87 m134.84 ± 4.77 j
SJY368.40 ± 20.35 o355.32 ± 17.47 p311.41 ± 21.54 m
SW92.66 ± 2.19 hi97.75 ± 8.99 k79.95 ± 4.45 h
SYXX81.40 ± 1.75 gh74.28 ± 3.77 ghi72.35 ± 2.11 gh
TC35.88 ± 1.39 abc33.75 ± 2.10 abcde24.24 ± 1.65 abcd
TCH69.14 ± 3.79 fg61.86 ± 2.55 fg53.82 ± 0.63 ef
WHOG26.42 ± 1.72 ab30.14 ± 1.59 abcd26.24 ± 0.93 abcd
WZ137.53 ± 6.09 j95.04 ± 1.86 jk76.47 ± 1.98 gh
YHY313.09 ± 12.31 n253.47 ± 14.60 o255.56 ± 18.56 l
YL81.39 ± 1.85 gh73.77 ± 5.29 ghi66.24 ± 0.78 fgh
YXC46.44 ± 2.30 cde34.07 ± 0.76 abcde39.32 ± 2.39 de
ZXY291.47 ± 13.15 m244.66 ± 9.86 o173.76 ± 5.97 k
Results were the mean ± SD (n = 3) on Half inhibition rate (IC50). Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s tests.
Table
Table 7. Determination of flavonoids from citrus fruits by LC-ESI-MS/MS (+ESI mode) and UPLC-DAD.
Table 7. Determination of flavonoids from citrus fruits by LC-ESI-MS/MS (+ESI mode) and UPLC-DAD.
Peak No.RT (min)λmax (nm)[M + H]+ (m/z)FormulaFragment Ions (m/z)Tentative Compounds
Flavone C-glycosides
12.30240.4, 330.6595.1665C27H30O15577, 559, 541, 529, 523, 505Vicenin-2
33.53255.0, 348.0433.1142C21H20O10415, 397, 379, 367, 337, 313Apigenin-8-C-glucoside
54.46272.3463.1234C22H22O11445, 427, 397, 380, 367, 343, 313Diosmetin-6-C-glucoside
Flavanone O-glycosides
23.18284.2597.1823C27H32O15435, 399, 355, 289, 263, 195Eriocitrin
43.61284.2597.1806C27H32O15433, 399, 355, 289, 263, 195Neoeriocitrin
65.02283.0, 329.4581.186C27H32O14419, 383, 339, 273, 195, 153Narirutin
85.94283.0, 329.4581.1865C27H32O14419, 383, 339, 315, 273, 195Naringin
96.68284.2, 331.8611.1987C28H34O15449, 413, 369, 303, 263, 195, 153Hesperidin
107.92284.2611.1974C28H34O15413, 369, 303, 263, 195Neohesperidin
1110.38283.0595.2019C28H34O14377, 353, 329, 287, 263, 195Didymin
1210.62328.2595.2017C28H34O14463, 379, 287, 263, 153Poncirin
1511.68337.7725.2283C33H30O31419, 404, 390, 361Melitidin
Flavone O-glycoside
75.65267.0, 334.0579.1704C27H30O14433, 315, 271, 195, 153, 127Rhoifolin
Polymethoxyflavonoids
1311.02215.6, 324.7329.1019C18H16O6314, 299, 271, 228Monohydroxytrimethoxyflavone (1)
1411.29328.2359.1114C19H18O7344, 329, 314, 286, 257Gardenin B
1611.97322.3329.1016C18H16O6314, 299, 268, 136Monohydroxytrimethoxyflavone (2)
1712.40343.4331.0817C17H14O7316, 301, 273, 245, 217, 168Trihydroxydimethoxyflavone
1812.57348.0389.1227C20H20O8374, 359, 341, 298Monohydroxy-pentamethoxyflavone (1)
1912.84323.5373.1277C20H20O7358, 343, 315, 287, 181, 153Isosinensetin
2013.26281.8359.1129C19H18O7344, 329, 314, 301, 163, 147Monohydroxytetramethoxyflavone
2113.53335.4389.1227C20H20O8374, 359, 341, 298Monohydroxypentamethoxyflavone (2)
2213.55 351.6403.1389C21H22O8388, 373, 359, 327, 183, 163Hexamethoxyflavone (1)
2314.25240.4, 330.6373.1289C20H20O7357, 343, 329, 312, 297, 153Sinensetin
2414.60268.0, 334.0343.118C19H18O6328, 313, 285, 257, 181, 153Tetramethyl-O-isoscutellarein
2514.80343.4345.0974C18H16O7330, 318Dihydroxytrimethoxyflavone
2614.96210.0, 336.6403.1392C21H22O8388, 373, 359, 327, 183, 163Hexa-O-methylgossypetin
2715.17337.7373.1282C20H20O7253, 211, 196, 181, 168, 1505,7,3′,4′,5′-Pentamethoxyflavone
2815.78249.8, 334.2403.1388C21H22O8388, 373, 358, 355, 327, 211, 183Nobiletin
2915.97321.1343.1175C19H18O6328, 313, 285, 257, 181, 153Tetramethyl-O-scutellarein
3016.32350.4375.1074C19H18O8345, 327. 1975,4′-Dihydroxyl-3,7,8,3′-tetramethoxyflavonol
3116.49254.6, 341.2433.1486C22H24O9417, 403, 388, 373, 303, 2173,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone
3217.42271.1, 323.5373.1281C20H20O7358, 343, 328, 297, 211, 183Tangeretin
3317.82282.0, 341.0359.1128C19H18O7344, 329, 311, 2836-O-Desmethyltangeritin/7-O-desmethyltangeritin
3418.49349.2403.1388C21H22O8388, 373, 359, 327, 183, 163Hexamethoxyflavone (2)
3518.56283.0, 341.3389.1229C20H20O8374, 359, 341, 331, 1975-Hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone
3618.99331.8329.1018C18H16O6299, 285, 268, 153Monohydroxytrimethoxyflavone
3719.36273.5, 357.6389.1232C20H20O8374, 359, 341, 298Monohydroxypentamethoxyflavone (3)
3819.65346.9419.1326C21H22O9404, 389, 372, 218Natsudaidai
3920.88290.0, 329.4359.1116C19H18O7344, 326, 298, 282, 255, 1625-Hydroxy-7,8,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone
Table
Table 8. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among total phenolics, antioxidant values and in vitro anticancer abilities in citrus flavedo.
Table 8. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among total phenolics, antioxidant values and in vitro anticancer abilities in citrus flavedo.
Bioactive CapacitiesTotal PhenolicDPPHFRAPORACCUPRACAPC Index1/IC50 SGC-79011/IC50 BGC-8231/IC50 AGS
Total Phenolic1
DPPH0.853 **1
FRAP0.888 **0.923 **1
ORAC0.735 **0.560 **0.563 **1
CUPRAC0.936 **0.766 **0.787 **0.741 **1
APC Index0.958 **0.919 **0.930 **0.781 **0.916 **1
1/IC50 SGC-79010.513 **0.375 *0.421 **0.366 **0.590 **0.482 **1
1/IC50 BGC-8230.456 **0.3160.395 **0.3090.536 **0.433 **0.947 **1
1/IC50 AGS0.548 **0.392 **0.456 **0.396 **0.617 **0.514 **0.965 **0.949 **1
1/IC50 means the reciprocal value of IC50; One and two asterisks represent statistical significance at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.
Table
Table 9. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among total phenolics, antioxidant values in albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs.
Table 9. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among total phenolics, antioxidant values in albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs.
Bioactive CapacitiesTotal PhenolicDPPHFRAPORACCUPRACAPC Index
Albedo
Total Phenolic1
DPPH0.679 **1
FRAP0.645 **0.901 **1
ORAC0.500 **0.1560.0151
CUPRAC0.656 **0.677 **0.626 **0.404 **1
APC Index0.804 **0.875 **0.806 **0.534 **0.876 **1
Segment membrane
Total Phenolic1
DPPH0.3221
FRAP0.346 *0.741 **1
ORAC0.725 **0.086−0.0591
CUPRAC0.422 *0.589 **0.681 **0.3581
APC Index0.649 **0.779 **0.754 **0.538 **0.884 **1
Juice sacs
Total Phenolic1
DPPH0.452 **1
FRAP0.421 *0.696 **1
ORAC0.576 **−0.1830.0331
CUPRAC0.409 *0.896 **0.606 **−0.2551
APC Index0.705 **0.853 **0.827 **0.2820.786 **1
One and two asterisks represent statistical significance at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.

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Wang, Y.; Qian, J.; Cao, J.; Wang, D.; Liu, C.; Yang, R.; Li, X.; Sun, C. Antioxidant Capacity, Anticancer Ability and Flavonoids Composition of 35 Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Varieties. Molecules 2017, 22, 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071114

AMA Style

Wang Y, Qian J, Cao J, Wang D, Liu C, Yang R, Li X, Sun C. Antioxidant Capacity, Anticancer Ability and Flavonoids Composition of 35 Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Varieties. Molecules. 2017; 22(7):1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071114

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yue, Jing Qian, Jinping Cao, Dengliang Wang, Chunrong Liu, Rongxi Yang, Xian Li, and Chongde Sun. 2017. "Antioxidant Capacity, Anticancer Ability and Flavonoids Composition of 35 Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Varieties" Molecules 22, no. 7: 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071114

APA Style

Wang, Y., Qian, J., Cao, J., Wang, D., Liu, C., Yang, R., Li, X., & Sun, C. (2017). Antioxidant Capacity, Anticancer Ability and Flavonoids Composition of 35 Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Varieties. Molecules, 22(7), 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071114

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