Comparative Analysis of Mollusc Assemblages from Different Hard Bottom Habitats in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea
by
, and
Edoardo Casoli
1
,
Andrea Bonifazi
2, 
Giandomenico Ardizzone
1, 
Maria Flavia Gravina
2,3,
Giovanni Fulvio Russo
3,4,
Roberto Sandulli
3,4
and
Luigia Donnarumma
3,4,* 1
Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Biology, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
3
CoNISMa (National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences), 00196 Rome, Italy
4
Department of Science and Technology, “Parthenope” University of Naples, 80143 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2019, 11(5), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050074
Submission received: 15 March 2019
/
Revised: 19 April 2019
/
Accepted: 4 May 2019
/
Published: 6 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)
Abstract
:Composition, trophic structure, and species-substrate relationships of molluscan assemblages inhabiting different hard bottom habitats (Sabellaria alveolata reef, photophilic bottoms, Phyllophora crispa sciaphilic assemblage, and coralligenous bioconstruction) were studied in two different sites of the Tyrrhenian Sea. In particular, molluscs from the Sabellaria alvevolata (Linnaeus, 1767) reef and coralligenous concretion were investigated, testing the hypothesis that bioconstructions increase the diversity and abundance of associated biota compared to the surrounding habitats. A total of 3134 individuals belonging to the classes of Polyplacophora (5 species, 24 individuals), Bivalvia (39 sp., 2734 ind.), and Gastropoda (53 sp., 376 ind.) were identified. These three taxonomic groups showed different distribution patterns in the studied habitats. Multivariate analyses revealed significant inter-habitat differences in the composition of mollusc assemblages, especially between bioconstructions and the other habitats. S. alveolata and coralligenous host the highest rich molluscan fauna when compared to the neighboring hard bottom habitats characterized by photophilic and sciaphilic assemblages. The first ones were dominated by bivalve suspension feeders, mainly represented by sessile and sedentary organisms, which act as bio-constructors, bio-eroders, or simply inhabit the several microhabitats provided by the bioconstructions, while the second ones host a rich molluscan fauna dominated by gastropod grazers and predators. The present study increases the comparative knowledge of molluscan assemblages inhabiting habitats of littoral plans of the Mediterranean Sea, providing pivotal information regarding biodiversity of coastal zones.
1. Introduction
In marine ecosystems, any structure built by living organisms that rises from the bottom toward the surface may be defined as bioconstruction, which strongly modifies the local environment through physical and ecological processes [1].
Although corals and calcareous algae are usually indicated as the builders of biotic reefs, barnacles, molluscs, encrusting bryozoans and tubeworms also play key roles in the creation of complex biogenic structures, especially in the Mediterranean Sea [2]. Ingrosso et al. [3] reviewed the most important biogenic habitats along the Italian coasts, and found that a total of seven different formations develop in infralittoral and circalittoral bottoms. Despite their ecological and economic importance within the Mediterranean basin, the knowledge of biology and ecology of bioconstructions is far from comprehensive. The interest of the scientific community has recently increased in regard to some of them, such as coralligenous and vermetid reefs, whereas others, like Sabellaria alveolata (Linnaeus, 1767) reefs, remain poorly investigated. Similarly, the knowledge of some algae-dominated habitats is still lacking, as in the case of Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S. Dixon, 1964 sciaphilic assemblages in central Tyrrhenian Sea [4].
S. alveolata (Annelida; Sabellariidae) is a gregarious polychaete worm that is able to build biogenic structures on infralittoral sandflats with laying portions of rocks, assembling tubes made by coarse sand and bioclastics. This species is considered as the most important building organism in temperate shallow environments, capable of increasing habitat heterogeneity by creating complex bioconstruction [5,6,7] and covering several square kilometers [8]. Therefore, this worm plays a pivotal role in coastal zone management and the provision of goods and services, stabilizing sediments [9,10] and filtering large volumes of water [11].
P. crispa is moderately common red alga which grows in sciaphilic habitats forming meadows or turfs. The vegetative growth of this species and the sedimentation rates likely contribute to the development of a dense twist of algal thalli, allowing for the rich presence of associated fauna and flora [4] which has recently been reported both in the Black Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea [12,13]. In the latter case, it develops mainly on hard bottoms, lying in proximity of coralligenous reefs [14]. The coralligenous habitat is the most important biogenic concretion in the Mediterranean Sea in terms of biodiversity, ecological, aesthetic, and economic values [15,16]. The primary builders are calcareous encrusting algae that grow in dim light conditions, followed by other builder species (e.g., bryozoans, polychaetes, and cnidarians) which contribute to the accretion of coralligenous reefs [15]. These concretions occur in the lower infralittoral or twilight zone, between 20 and 200 m in depth [3]. Time constraints associated with deep underwater sampling, conservation purposes, and spatial heterogeneity have contributed to the large diffusion of both photographic and visual census methods to investigate coralligenous reefs. This increased the number of studies focusing on sessile epimegabenthos assemblages, but partially overcame the lack of information regarding the real amount of species, such as vagile organisms, that thrive in coralligenous reefs [17,18,19,20,21]. Both S. alveolata and coralligenous reefs are included in the “reefs” category by the Habitat Directive (HD, 92/43/EEC), and are therefore also part of the Natura 2000 network [22].
The distribution of marine organisms is strongly influenced by environmental factors, such as depth, light, hydrodynamism, and salinity, producing a puzzle of rocky benthic communities in Mediterranean infralittoral and circalittoral bottoms [23] characterized by different habitat complexity, and defined as heterogeneity in spatial arrangement and physical structures [24]. Higher levels of habitat complexity are usually associated with bioconstructions [3]; spatial heterogeneity increases both species richness and trophic diversity of associated fauna by protection from predation [25], food supply [26], and reduction of stress [27]. In the Mediterranean Sea, the effect of algal morphology has especially been proven to help structure the associated fauna, such as polychaetes and molluscs [14,28,29,30,31].
Coll et al. [32] estimated around 2000 molluscan species in the Mediterranean Sea and identified this taxonomic group as one of the most well-known, although quantitative studies on this group occurring in peculiar Mediterranean habitats, such as S. alveolata reefs, P. crispa turf, and coralligenous concretions are still scarce. Molluscs show several adaptations to different environmental factors and food sources, resulting in being one of the main groups of benthic organisms able to colonize different marine coastal habitats [30,33,34,35,36]. In addition to their abundance and diversity, molluscan assemblages reveal a great variety of functional roles, both in bioconstructions and algae-dominated habitats [37,38,39,40]. Biodiversity is the first of eleven descriptors that have been chosen for the assessment of the Good Environmental Status (GES) within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). It has a pivotal role in terms of ecosystem services and in the supply of goods and services of the investigated coastal habitats [10,41,42,43]. Therefore, solid biological and ecological knowledge of marine habitats and ecosystems is pivotal, especially in the light of the increasing seawater pollution of coastal zones.
The aim of this work is to analyze molluscan assemblages inhabiting five different Mediterranean habitats, assessing both molluscs’ diversity and their functional trophic role in order to test the effect of habitat complexity.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Methods
The study was carried out in two different sites in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Figure 1). One is located along the Latium coast (Lido di Ostia, 41°43′03.8″ N 12°18′10.5″ E), and the other at the east coast of the Giglio Island, belonging to the Tuscany Archipelago (Punta del Lazzaretto, 42°21′40.9″ N, 10°55′16.0″ E).
At Lido di Ostia, samplings were performed in two habitats at 3 m depth: on a continuous S. alveolata bioconstruction (SABEL), developing parallel to the shoreline [7], and on the surrounding hard bottom (HARDB), represented by rocks very poorly covered by photophilic green and brown algae. The Sabellaria alveolata reef at Lido di Ostia reaches the greatest dimension among those reported in the Mediterranean Sea [44], and therefore can be used as a model for studies concerning the associated fauna.
At Punta del Lazzaretto, samplings were performed in three habitats, which characterize the substrate from 10 m to 40 m depth [14]. The rocky bottom at 10 m depth is characterized by shallow photophilous infralittoral algal assemblages (PHOTO), dominated by Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, 1960 and Acetabularia acetabulum (Linnaeus) P.C. Silva, 1952, while at 30 m depth, the rocky bottom is covered by Phyllophora crispa sciaphilic assemblage (PHYLL) or by coralligenous bioconstructions (CORAL). The P. crispa turf was exclusively reported by Bianchi et al. [12] and Casoli et al. [14] along the coasts of Sardinian and Tuscany; coralligenous bioconstruction at Punta del Lazzaretto, in the proximity of the P. crispa turf, is extremely relevant in dimension ([45] and references therein).
Samples were collected by SCUBA divers during late spring and summer of 2014. On SABEL, HARDB, PHOTO, and PHYLL, four replicate samples were collected by scraping the bottom within a 20 × 20 cm frame for a total thickness of 5 cm, using a hammer and chisel, and holding a 50 µm mesh bag below the sampling plot in order to minimize the loss of organisms. Sampling efforts were reduced on CORAL to four replicate samples with a surface of 10 × 10 cm and a thickness of 10 cm [14]. Then, samples were stored in 4% formaldehyde seawater solution to be transported to the laboratory, where the macrobenthos was sorted. All molluscs found were preserved in 70% alcohol solution and then identified to the lowest possible taxonomical level under a Leitz stereomicroscope.
2.2. Relation to the Substrate and Trophic Groups
Functional groups concerning molluscs’ motility (sessile, sedentary or vagile) and feeding guilds were assigned to the identified species. According to Donnarumma et al. ([35] and references therein), the following categories were considered: Micro- and Macro-grazers (MG), feeding on both diatoms and/or algae growing on rocks, on shells or on large plants; Deposit feeders (DF), feeding on both diatoms and/or microalgae of sandy sediments; Predators (P), actively feeding on sedentary or motile animals; Scavengers (SC), feeding on dead animals; Ectoparasites (E), feeding on much larger animals on which they live during their life cycle; Suspension feeders (SF), feeding on the organic particles suspended in water, which mainly comprise of bacteria, diatoms, and algal tissue, or, in coastal habitats, nano-zooplankton.
2.3. Data Analysis
Species-area curves were produced for each habitat to evaluate the efficiency of sampling. Molluscan assemblages were analyzed using sinecological indices, such as the species richness (SR), the number of individuals (N) per 2 dm3, the Pielou’s Evenness (J), and the Shannon-Weaver diversity (H’). The quantitative (DI, percentage of individuals of a given species upon the total of individuals) and qualitative (DQ, percentage of species of a given taxon upon the total of species) indices were also calculated. Further habitat comparisons were carried out by sample-based and individual-based interpolation (rarefaction) and extrapolation curves, following Colwell et al. [46] and Chao and Jost [47]. Differences on each sinecological index among habitats were assessed through a permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), based on Euclidean distance and performed as univariate analysis [48]. A one-way model was used with habitat as a fixed factor. With the same design, PERMANOVA analysis based on Bray-Curtis similarity was used to test differences in the mollusc assemblages among the five habitats with four replicates. The pairwise test was performed to further highlight differences among habitats, and non-metric multidimensional scaling (n-MDS) ordination [49] was then plotted. Data were transformed using log (x+1) to reduce the effect of the dominant species in the samples [50], and 4999 permutations of the raw data units were computed to obtain p-values. A similarity percentages–species contribution analysis (SIMPER) was carried out to identify the species that mostly contribute to the similarity among habitats, as well as the species that mostly characterized each one [50].
3. Results
3.1. Composition of Mollusc Assemblages
A total of 3134 individuals were collected from the five examined habitats. The taxonomic identification yielded 96 species, 62 of which were recorded in only one of the five habitats and were represented by one or a few individuals; only two species, the gastropod Bittium reticulatum and the bivalve Musculus costulatus, were widespread in all habitats (Table 1).
As for abundance, bivalves were the dominant group, with 2,734 individuals (87.23%) belonging to 38 species (39.58%). The main representative species were Mytilus galloprovincialis (1,116 ind., 40.82%) and Striarca lactea (1,088 ind., 39.80%). This group mainly occurred in HARDB (92.10%), SABEL (91.93%), and CORAL (79.95%) habitats (Figure 2a). A high number of very recently settled juveniles of M. galloprovincialis were detected in SABEL (125 ind.) and in HARDB (201 ind.), even though they were not considered for statistical analyses in order to exclude the background noise.
As for species richness, gastropods were the dominant group of molluscs (Figure 2b), with 53 species (55.20%) and an abundance of 376 individuals (12%). The main representative species were B. reticulatum (103 ind., 27.39%), Ocenebra edwardsii (56 ind., 14.89%), and Bittium latreillii (53 ind., 14.10%). This group mainly occurred in algae-dominated habitats (PHOTO 76.92%; PHYLL 66.67%; Figure 2a).
Polyplacophorans were poorly represented, both in abundance (24 ind.; 0.76%) and species richness (5 sp.; 5.20%). They were only detected in two habitats of the Giglio Island (Figure 2): in PHOTO, where the species Acanthochitona crinita was represented by only one individual, and in CORAL, where four species (Acanthochitona fascicularis, Callochiton septemvalvis, Chiton corallinus, and Lepidopleurus cf cimicoides) occurred, with a total abundance of 23 individuals.
3.2. Species-Substrate Relationship
Among the 96 species belonging to the three taxonomic groups, vagile species were 53.13%, sessile species 30.21% and sedentary species 16.67%.
Bivalve assemblages were composed of both sessile (71.05%) and sedentary (28.95%) species. Sessile bivalves included 17 byssate species (e.g., M. galloprovincialis) with 2408 individuals, six shell-cemented species (e.g., Chama gryphoides) with 38 individuals, and four rocky-borer species (e.g., Hiatella arctica) with 247 individuals, which mainly occurred in SABEL, HARDB, and CORAL habitats. Sedentary bivalves were represented by seven species buried in the sediments (e.g., Parvicardium scriptum) with 36 individuals and by four free-swimming species (e.g., Flexopecten hyalinus) with five individuals, which mainly occurred in the SABEL and PHYLL habitats, respectively.
On the contrary, gastropod assemblages were more greatly represented by vagile (96.23%) than sessile (3.77%) species. The first group, with 51 species and 367 individuals, was detected in all habitats, while the second, exclusively belonging to the Vermetidae family (Thylaeodus semisurrectus and Vermetus granulatus) with 9 individuals, was found only in CORAL habitats. As for polyplacophorans, they were exclusively sedentary and dominated the CORAL habitat.
3.3. Trophic Analysis
As for trophic analysis, six feeding guilds were identified in the five habitats (Figure 3). Suspension feeders (SF) were the most dominant group (2,743 ind.; 40 sp.) and mainly occurred in habitats characterized by hard substrates (SABEL, HARDB, CORAL; DI 88.40 ± 6.26%, DQ 59.99 ± 13.97%) (Figure 3a). This guild was mainly represented by the bivalves M. galloprovincialis (1,116 ind., 40.82%SF), S. lactea (1,088 ind., 39.80%SF), and H. arctica (179 ind., 6.55%SF). The second group consisted of micro- and macro-grazers (MG; 213 ind.; 18 sp.), dominant in the PHOTO habitat (Figure 3a), with a total abundance of 65.38% and species richness of 50%. The main representative grazers were the gastropods belonging to the genus Bittium (total abundance of 156 ind., 73.24%MG). Predators (P) were the third dominant feeding guild (106 ind.; 23 sp.). They were dominant in the PHYLL habitat (Figure 3a), with a total abundance of 33.33% and species richness of 41.94%. This guild is mainly represented by the gastropod O. edwardsii (56 ind., 52.83%P), occurring in SABEL and HARDB.
The three remaining feeding guilds reached a total of 72 individuals (2.03%) and 15 species (15.46%): Deposit feeders (DF) showed the highest abundance (44 ind., 1.40%), and were mainly represented by Crisilla semistriata (25 ind., 56.82%DF) and Scissurella costata (13 ind., 29.55%DF); Ectoparasites (E) showed the highest species richness (8 sp., 8.25%), and were mainly represented by the gastropods Spiralinella incerta (7 ind., 29.17%E) and Folinella excavata (5 ind., 20.83%E). Species belonging to these two feeding guilds mainly occurred in the CORAL habitat (Figure 3b) (DF: DQ 8.62%, DI 5.46%; E: DQ 10.34%, DI 2.18%); Scavengers (SC) were only represented by the gastropods Tritia incrassata and Tritia pygmaea, with a total abundance of four individuals, which occurred in the SABEL, CORAL, and PHOTO habitats (Figure 3b).
3.4. Inter-Habitat Comparison of the Molluscan Assemblages
Species accumulation curves (supplementary material, Figure S1) showed that the molluscan assemblages were well-represented by the four replicate samples in the studied habitats. The mean values among replicates of sinecological indices (Table 2) were higher in the bioconstructions (SABEL and CORAL) when compared to the neighboring habitats, except equitability (J) at Punta del Lazzaretto. Sample-based and individual-based interpolation (rarefaction) and extrapolation curves (supplementary material, Figure S2) corroborate the results of habitat comparisons. The PERMANOVA test on the sinecological indices displayed significant differences among habitats (Table 2).
A significant difference was also detected when analyzing mollusc composition (PERMANOVA test: df = 4, F = 9.9816, p = 0.0002; Pairwise comparison, Table 3). Their spatial differences were highlighted by the n-MDS plot (Figure 4), which showed a clear separation between all the five habitats, while the four replicates of each habitat were consistent each other. The similarity percentages–species contribution analysis (SIMPER) indicated a similarity among habitats of 22.08%, due to 2 bivalves and 2 gastropods (Table 4), while for each habitat the similarity of dominant species among replicates ranged from 37.17% to 68.95% (Table 5).
4. Discussion
The present paper provides quantitative data on molluscan assemblages from relevant coastal habitats which are widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. Sabellaria and coralligenous bioconstructions hosted richer molluscan fauna, dominated by suspension feeder bivalves, when compared to the neighboring hard bottom habitats characterized by photophilic and sciaphilic assemblages, dominated by grazer and predator gastropods.
S. alveolata bioconstruction revealed a huge variety of associated bivalves that shed light on the complex ecological system of the reef. This grows at a very shallow depth (from the mesolittoral to around 3 m) where high-water movement contributes to the transport of sediment and suspension of organic nutrients, promoting the occurrence of associated suspension feeders which are able to remove micro-particulates from the water column [51]. The suspension feeders M. galloprovincialis, H. arctica, and S. lactea were the main components of mollusc assemblage. M. galloprovincialis is well-known as the food competitor of S. alveolata, contributing to the regression of the bioconstruction [9], while the high abundance of H. arctica and the occurrence of other species of suspension feeders, such as Parvicardium spp. and Venerupsis corrugata, are indicators of the softness of the reef that is made of poorly adherent sand grains. Indeed, H. arctica is a soft rock borer, while the latter two are a soft-bottom burrower species [52], accounting for the presence of loose sandy sediment on the reef. Furthermore, the occurrence of the rock-boring bivalve R. dubia indirectly suggests the presence of carbonate fragments, probably shells or coarse gravels, on the S. alveolata bioconstruction. Concerning gastropods, the high occurrence of micrograzers belonging to the genus Bittium have been also detected by Gravina et al. [53] for Sabellaria spinulosa (Leuckart, 1849) reefs [54,55].
Overall, molluscs abundance and species richness found in the investigated reef were markedly higher than those previously reported for other Mediterranean and Atlantic Sabellaria reefs [9,11,53,56].
As for the hard bottoms surrounding the S. alveolata reef, characterized by photophilic algae, the highest dominance of M. galloprovincialis influenced the dynamic of associated faunal assemblages. There is evidence in literature that mussels alter the bottom topography, causing both positive and negative effects on the associated biota. They offer suitable substrate for the colonization of both algae and invertebrates, but at the same time, preempt the space preventing the settlement for other kinds of sessile suspension feeder species [57,58,59,60]. In particular, the dominant species which were detected here, also associated with the suspension feeder M. galloprovincialis, were its direct predator, the shell-boring gastropod O. edwardsii [61], and the micrograzer gastropod B. reticulatum. According to Huston [62], the dominance of very few species in mollusc assemblages suggests a remarkable species competition, which, in this case, increases from the Sabellaria reef to the surrounding hard bottom, together with a decrease of species number and evenness (Sinecological indices, Table 2).
According to Gili and Coma [63], suspension feeders play a pivotal role in coralligenous reefs. Indeed, coralligenous, like in Sabellaria reef and the surrounding hard bottom, reveals a rich habitat mainly characterized by high bivalves abundance and diversity. This richness is due to species which contribute both to the biological accretion and erosion of coralligenous itself. The sessile and byssate species detected, such as Barbatia barbata and S. lactea, and cemented ones, such as Spondylus gaederopus, T. semisurrectus, and V. granulatus, act as secondary builders, due to their abundance and shell structure [64]. On the other hand, boring bivalves such as L. lithophaga, P. lithophaga, and R. dubia settled in this calcareous formation, bore the calcareous substrate by their glandular secretions and act as bio-eroders [65,66,67]. The occurrence of sand-burrowing bivalve species, such as Venus casina and Papillicardium papillosum, accounts for the heterogeneity of bioconstruction, well-known as a promoter of biodiversity [35,68,69,70].
The presence of sandy sediments occurring in the coralligenous habitat favors the accumulation of organic materials and provides optimal condition for gastropod deposit feeders, such as Alvania spinosa, Alvania tenera, S. costata, and the most abundant species, C. semistriata. According to Terlizzi et al. [71], this latter species also characterizes the coralligenous reefs along Apulian coasts. In addition, the herbivore polyplacophorans were found almost exclusively on coralligenous habitats, due to the availability of their food source, such as diatoms and red algae [72,73]. Moreover, when compared with other habitats, the coralligenous also shows a high species richness belonging to several trophic groups, such as micro- and macro-grazers, carnivores, predators, and ectoparasites, sustaining complex food webs [15,74,75].
In light of these findings, the CorMol database proposed by Poursanidis and Koutsoubas [39] could be integrated with eight additional species associated with coralligenous formations: Alvania spinosa, Cerithiopsis barleei, Fusinus dimassai, Odostomella bicincta, Thylaeodus semisurrectus, Vermetus granulatus, Vitreolina philippi, and Venus casina.
The two algal-dominated hard bottom habitats sampled at Giglio Island greatly differ from the others (Figure 4), as vagile gastropods were the main components of mollusc assemblages instead of bivalves.
From the literature, the turf of the sciaphilic red alga P. crispa provides a complex habitat due to the algal architecture, supporting several algal and animal epiphytes as food of herbivorous and carnivorous gastropods, respectively [4,14]. Zaitsev [76] and Bonifazi et al. [4] reported a rich and heterogeneous community characterized by more than 140 animal species in the Black Sea and in the Tyrrhenian Sea, respectively. Our results are consistent with these data, stressing the importance of the micrograzer B. latreillii and the predator Pusia savignyi as the main gastropods of the Phyllophora algal turf. Here, although less abundant, byssate bivalves were mainly represented by the sessile S. lactea and M. costulatus, occurring on substrate where the Phyllophora alga was attached, and the sedentary F. hyalinus, settling on the algal tallus [77].
The photophilic habitat dominated by algae P. pavonica and A. acetabulum, when compared with all the other studied habitats, shows the lowest values of both species richness and abundance of mollusc assemblages. This is consistent with some literature [37,78,79], although Donnarumma et al. [40] recently described photophilic hard bottoms from different Italian Marine Protected Areas as the richest habitat of coastal environments in terms of gastropod species and feeding guilds. This might probably be due to the different sampling procedure adopted in the field (air-lift pump rather than classical method of scraping hard bottom). Several authors reported how the complexity of algal architecture contributes to diversifying molluscan assemblages [30,80,81]. In this case, the very simple shape of tallus provided by P. pavonica and A. acetabulum affects the low abundance of molluscan fauna, mainly represented by the two congeneric micrograzers, B. latreillii and B. reticulatum and very few other species.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, our findings clearly highlight that food availability and high habitat complexity due to biological structures growing on substrates may represent the key components determining mollusc assemblages, occurring from the infralittoral to the circalittoral plans of the Mediterranean Sea. Micro-topography and the tridimensional shape of bioconstructions (S. alveolata reef and coralligenous) promote the settlement surface and sheltered microhabitats which are mainly exploited by sessile bivalve-dominated assemblages, as well as suspension-feeding behavior. Instead, algal and their epiphytes, dominating the photophilic hard bottom, represent key factors of gastropod-dominated assemblages, mainly characterized by vagile micro- and macro-grazers.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/5/74/s1, Figure S1: Cumulative species-area curve for each habitat (CORAL—coralligenous concretion; PHYLL—P. crispa sciaphilic assemblage; PHOTO—shallow photophilic assemblage; SABEL—S. alveolata reef; HARDB—hard bottom with photophilic algae), Figure S2: (a) Sample-based and (b) individual-based interpolation (rarefaction) and extrapolation curves for the five habitats.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, E.C., G.A., M.F.G., G.F.R., R.S. and L.D.; Data curation, E.C., A.B., M.F.G. and L.D.; Formal analysis, E.C., M.F.G., G.F.R. and L.D.; Methodology, E.C., A.B., G.A., M.F.G. and L.D.; Supervision, G.A., M.F.G., G.F.R. and R.S.; Writing—original draft, E.C. and L.D.; Writing—review & editing, M.F.G., G.F.R., R.S. and L.D.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Andrea Belluscio and Daniele Ventura for the help and support during underwater sampling activities. Thanks are also due to the two anonymous reviewers for the suggestions and comments.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Study areas (a) Giglio Island and (b) Latium coast, with the locations of the sampling sites (black triangles) being Punta del Lazzaretto and Lido di Ostia, respectively.
Figure 1.
Study areas (a) Giglio Island and (b) Latium coast, with the locations of the sampling sites (black triangles) being Punta del Lazzaretto and Lido di Ostia, respectively.
Figure 2.
Percentages of abundance (%DI—a) and species richness (%DQ—b) of Polyplacophora, Gastropoda and Bivalvia for each habitat (SABEL—S. alveolata reef; HARDB—hard bottom with photophilic algae; CORAL—coralligenous concretion; PHYLL—P. crispa sciaphilic assemblage; PHOTO—shallow photophilic assemblage) and site (Lido di Ostia; Punta del Lazzaretto).
Figure 2.
Percentages of abundance (%DI—a) and species richness (%DQ—b) of Polyplacophora, Gastropoda and Bivalvia for each habitat (SABEL—S. alveolata reef; HARDB—hard bottom with photophilic algae; CORAL—coralligenous concretion; PHYLL—P. crispa sciaphilic assemblage; PHOTO—shallow photophilic assemblage) and site (Lido di Ostia; Punta del Lazzaretto).
Figure 3.
Percentages of (a) abundance (%DI) and (b) species richness (%DQ) of the feeding guilds (MG Micro- and Macro-grazers, DF Deposit feeders, P Predators, E Ectoparasites, SC Scavengers, SF Suspension feeders) for each habitat and site.
Figure 3.
Percentages of (a) abundance (%DI) and (b) species richness (%DQ) of the feeding guilds (MG Micro- and Macro-grazers, DF Deposit feeders, P Predators, E Ectoparasites, SC Scavengers, SF Suspension feeders) for each habitat and site.
Figure 4.
Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plot of molluscan assemblage, based on Bray-Curtis similarity matrix, of all replicates for each habitat.
Figure 4.
Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plot of molluscan assemblage, based on Bray-Curtis similarity matrix, of all replicates for each habitat.
Table 1.
Taxonomic list of species, occurring in each habitat (SABEL—S. alveolata reef; HARDB—hard bottom with photophilic algae; CORAL—coralligenous concretion; PHYLL—P. crispa sciaphilic assemblage; PHOTO—shallow photophilic assemblage), with their abundance (N), quantitative dominance (%DI), feeding guilds (MG Micro- and Macro-grazers, DF Deposit feeders, P Predators, E Ectoparasites, SC Scavengers, SF Suspension feeders) and relation with substrates (RS: V vagile, Sd sedentary, Ss sessile).
Table 1.
Taxonomic list of species, occurring in each habitat (SABEL—S. alveolata reef; HARDB—hard bottom with photophilic algae; CORAL—coralligenous concretion; PHYLL—P. crispa sciaphilic assemblage; PHOTO—shallow photophilic assemblage), with their abundance (N), quantitative dominance (%DI), feeding guilds (MG Micro- and Macro-grazers, DF Deposit feeders, P Predators, E Ectoparasites, SC Scavengers, SF Suspension feeders) and relation with substrates (RS: V vagile, Sd sedentary, Ss sessile).
| RS | FG | Species | Lido di Ostia | Punta del Lazzaretto | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SABEL | HARDB | CORAL | PHYLL | PHOTO | ||||||||
| N | %DI | N | %DI | N | %DI | N | %DI | N | %DI | |||
| Polyplacophora | ||||||||||||
| Sd | MG | Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant, 1777) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3.85 |
| Sd | MG | Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) | - | - | - | - | 7 | 0.95 | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | MG | Callochitonseptemvalvis (Montagu, 1803) | - | - | - | - | 3 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | MG | Chiton corallinus (Spengler, 1797) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | MG | Lepidopleurus cf cimicoides (Monterosato, 1879) | - | - | - | - | 12 | 1.64 | - | - | - | - |
| Gastropoda | ||||||||||||
| V | DF | Alvania spinosa (Monterosato, 1890) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | DF | Alvania tenera (Philippi, 1844) | - | - | - | - | 2 | 0.27 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Aplus scaber (Locard, 1892) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | MG | Bittium latreillii (Payraudeau, 1826) | 2 | 0.17 | - | - | 25 | 3.41 | 18 | 25.00 | 8 | 30.77 |
| V | MG | Bittium reticulatum (Costa, 1778) | 59 | 4.96 | 33 | 2.96 | 4 | 0.55 | 1 | 1.39 | 6 | 23.08 |
| V | MG | Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 4.17 | - | - |
| V | DF | Caecum auriculatum (de Folin, 1868) | - | - | - | - | 3 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Calliostoma conulus (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 7.69 |
| V | P | Calliostoma laugieri (Payraudeau, 1826) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | P | Cerithiopsis barleei (Jeffreys, 1867) | - | - | - | - | 4 | 0.55 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Cerithiopsis minima (Brusina, 1865) | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Chauvetia mamillata (Risso, 1826) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 5.56 | - | - |
| V | MG | Clanculus cruciatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | DF | Crisilla semistriata (Montagu, 1808) | 4 | 0.34 | - | - | 21 | 2.86 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 0.08 | 5 | 0.45 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Doris verrucosa (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Enginella leucozona (Philippi, 1844) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | P | Felimare tricolor (Cantraine, 1835) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | P | Felimida purpurea (Risso, 1831) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2.78 | - | - |
| V | MG | Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | 9 | 0.81 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Folinella excavata (Philippi, 1836) | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.68 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Fusinus dimassai (Buzzurro & Russo, 2007) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | 3 | 4.17 | - | - |
| V | MG | Jujubinus exasperatus (Pennant, 1777) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | 2 | 2.78 | - | - |
| V | MG | Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803) | - | - | 1 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.14 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | P | Metaxia metaxa (Delle Chiaje, 1828) | - | - | - | - | 3 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Mitrella scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | P | Murexsul aradasii (Monterosato in Poirier, 1883) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2.78 | - | - |
| V | P | Muricopsis cristata (Brocchi, 1814) | - | - | - | - | 2 | 0.27 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Ocenebra edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826) | 16 | 1.35 | 40 | 3.59 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | E | Odostomella bicincta (Tiberi, 1868) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Odostomella doliolum (Philippi, 1844) | 2 | 0.17 | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Odostomia cf plicata (Montagu, 1803) | - | - | - | - | 4 | 0.55 | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Odostomia sp. | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Parthenina emaciata (Brusina, 1866) | - | - | - | - | 2 | 0.27 | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Pusia savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 6.94 | - | - |
| V | P | Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | MG | Pusillina philippi (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | MG | Pusillina sp. | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | P | Raphitoma linearis (Montagu, 1803) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| V | P | Retusa crossei (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1886) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3.85 |
| V | MG | Rissoa sp. | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| V | MG | Rissoa variabilis (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3.85 |
| V | MG | Rissoina bruguieri (Payraudeau, 1826) | - | - | - | - | 3 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - |
| V | DF | Scissurella costata (d’Orbigny, 1824) | - | - | - | - | 13 | 1.77 | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Spiralinella incerta (Milaschewich, 1916) | 5 | 0.42 | - | - | 2 | 0.27 | - | - | - | - |
| V | MG | Tecturea virginea (O.F. Müller, 1776) | - | - | - | - | 8 | 1.09 | - | - | 1 | 3.85 |
| Ss | SF | Thylaeodus semisurrectus (Bivona-Bernardi, 1832) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| V | SC | Tritia incrassata (Strøm, 1768) | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 3.85 |
| V | SC | Tritia pygmaea (Lamarck, 1822) | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Vermetus granulatus (Gravenhorst, 1831) | - | - | - | - | 8 | 1.09 | - | - | - | - |
| V | E | Vitreolina philippi (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Bivalvia | ||||||||||||
| Ss | SF | Anomia ephippium (Linnaeus, 1758) | 6 | 0.50 | 1 | 0.09 | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Arca noae (Linnaeus, 1758) | 3 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2.78 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Arca tetragona (Poli, 1795) | - | - | - | - | 11 | 1.50 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Asperarca nodulosa (O. F. Müller, 1776) | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.68 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Barbatia barbata (Linnaes, 1758) | - | - | - | - | 9 | 1.23 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Chama gryphoides (Linnaeus, 1758) | 10 | 0.84 | - | - | 7 | 0.95 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) | 2 | 0.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Crenella arenaria (Monterosato, 1875 ex H. Martin, ms.) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Flexopecten hyalinus (Poli, 1795) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2.78 | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Gouldia minima (Montagu, 1803) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Gregariella petagnae (Scacchi, 1832) | 2 | 0.17 | 5 | 0.45 | 3 | 0.41 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Gregariella semigranata (Reeve, 1858) | 11 | 0.93 | 3 | 0.27 | 36 | 4.91 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) | 99 | 8.33 | 4 | 0.36 | 73 | 9.96 | 2 | 2.78 | 1 | 3.85 |
| Ss | SF | Irus irus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 8 | 0.67 | 1 | 0.09 | 3 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Limaria hians (Gmelin, 1791) | 5 | 0.42 | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758) | 2 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.09 | 43 | 5.87 | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Modiolula phaseolina (Philippi, 1844) | 8 | 0.67 | 5 | 0.45 | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Modiolus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 13 | 1.09 | - | - | 5 | 0.68 | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Musculus costulatus (Risso, 1826) | 5 | 0.42 | 7 | 0.63 | 27 | 3.68 | 4 | 5.56 | 4 | 15.38 |
| Ss | SF | Musculus subpictus (Cantraine, 1835) | 2 | 0.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Mytilaster minimus (Poli, 1795) | - | - | 8 | 0.72 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) | 133 | 11.19 | 983 | 88.24 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Neolepton sulcatulum (Jeffreys, 1859) | - | - | - | - | 7 | 0.95 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) | 3 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.18 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Palliolum incomparabile (Risso, 1826) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791) | - | - | - | - | 2 | 0.27 | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791) | 1 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Parvicardium scriptum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892) | 15 | 1.26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Petricola lithophaga (Retzius, 1788) | 7 | 0.59 | 1 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Pseudochama gryphina (Lamarck, 1819) | - | - | - | - | 4 | 0.55 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Rocellaria dubia (Pennant, 1777) | 3 | 0.25 | - | - | 10 | 1.36 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Spondylus gaederopus (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
| Ss | SF | Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758) | 753 | 63.33 | 4 | 0.36 | 326 | 44.47 | 5 | 6.94 | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Talochlamys multistriata (Poli, 1795) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1.39 | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) | 1 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sd | SF | Venus casina (Linnaeus, 1758) | - | - | - | - | 8 | 1.09 | - | - | - | - |
Table 2.
Mean values (± SD) of sinecological indices (SR = number of species; N = number of individuals per 2 dm3; J = evenness; H′ = Shannon-Weaver diversity) for each habitat and site, and results of permutational analysis of variance [PERMANOVA test-F: F-value; p(perm): calculated probability value; Unique perms: the number of unique permutations].
Table 2.
Mean values (± SD) of sinecological indices (SR = number of species; N = number of individuals per 2 dm3; J = evenness; H′ = Shannon-Weaver diversity) for each habitat and site, and results of permutational analysis of variance [PERMANOVA test-F: F-value; p(perm): calculated probability value; Unique perms: the number of unique permutations].
| Site | Habitat | SR | N | J | H′ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lido di Ostia | SABEL | 22.25 ± 3.77 | 297.25 ± 192.21 | 0.52 ± 0.14 | 2.30 ± 0.55 |
| HARDB | 10.75 ± 3.59 | 278.50 ± 164.29 | 0.30 ± 0.21 | 1.04 ± 0.72 | |
| Punta del Lazzaretto | CORAL | 34.50 ± 2.88 | 366 ± 97.43 | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 3.44 ± 0.32 |
| PHYLL | 12.5 ± 1.291 | 18 ± 2 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 3.35 ± 0.36 | |
| PHOTO | 4.25 ± 0.96 | 6.5 ± 1.29 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 1.97 ± 0.36 | |
| PERMANOVA test | F | 72.942 | 7.7411 | 19.719 | 17.251 |
| p(perm) | 0.0002 | 0.0028 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | |
| Unique perms | 1927 | 4975 | 4982 | 4988 |
Table 3.
Results of PERMANOVA pair-wise test of mollusc assemblages among the five habitats. Significant values are highlighted in bold.
Table 3.
Results of PERMANOVA pair-wise test of mollusc assemblages among the five habitats. Significant values are highlighted in bold.
| PERMANOVA Pair-Wise Test | t | p | Pair-Wise Test | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SABEL vs. PHYLL | 2.9552 | 0.031 | CORAL vs. PHYLL | 3.0418 | 0.0308 |
| SABEL vs. PHOTO | 3.2232 | 0.0292 | CORAL vs. PHOTO | 3.3665 | 0.0318 |
| SABEL vs. HARDB | 3.2896 | 0.0272 | CORAL vs. HARDB | 5.1407 | 0.0284 |
| SABEL vs. CORAL | 3.7467 | 0.0272 | PHYLL vs. PHOTO | 1.9856 | 0.0308 |
| HARDB vs. PHYLL | 3.0418 | 0.0268 | HARDB vs. PHOTO | 3.3091 | 0.0308 |
Table 4.
Results of the similarity percentages–species contribution analysis (SIMPER), showing molluscan species mostly responsible for the 22.04% similarity among habitats. (Cum%-50% cut-off).
Table 4.
Results of the similarity percentages–species contribution analysis (SIMPER), showing molluscan species mostly responsible for the 22.04% similarity among habitats. (Cum%-50% cut-off).
| Species | Av.Abund | Av.Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Striarca lactea | 2.26 | 2.90 | 0.75 | 13.12 | 13.12 |
| Bittium latreillii | 1.07 | 2.86 | 0.52 | 12.94 | 26.08 |
| Bittium reticulatum | 1.12 | 2.41 | 0.56 | 10.91 | 36.98 |
| Mytilus galloprovincialis | 1.72 | 2.35 | 0.37 | 10.65 | 47.63 |
Table 5.
Results of the SIMPER analyses, showing dominant species mostly responsible for the similarity among replicates for each habitat. (Cum%-50% cut-off).
Table 5.
Results of the SIMPER analyses, showing dominant species mostly responsible for the similarity among replicates for each habitat. (Cum%-50% cut-off).
| Average Similarity | Species | Av.Abund | Av.Sim | Sim/SD | Contrib% | Cum.% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CORAL—68.95% | Striarca lactea | 5.04 | 7.96 | 31.94 | 11.55 | 11.55 |
| Hiatella arctica | 3.43 | 4.89 | 7.54 | 7.10 | 18.64 | |
| Lithophaga lithophaga | 3.07 | 4.77 | 11.73 | 6.92 | 25.56 | |
| Musculus costulatus | 2.67 | 4.33 | 19.60 | 6.27 | 31.83 | |
| Gregariella semigranata | 2.83 | 4.13 | 4 | 5.99 | 37.82 | |
| Crisilla semistriata | 2.39 | 3.56 | 8.12 | 5.17 | 43.99 | |
| Bittium latreillii | 2.47 | 3.49 | 3.53 | 5.06 | 48.05 | |
| SABEL—67.10% | Striarca lactea | 4.93 | 13.49 | 11.11 | 20.11 | 20.11 |
| Mytilus galloprovincialis | 3.38 | 9.36 | 15.85 | 13.95 | 34.06 | |
| Hiatella arctica | 3.11 | 8.47 | 4.93 | 12.63 | 46.69 | |
| HARDB—64.65% | Mytilus galloprovincialis | 5.21 | 28.13 | 4.59 | 43.51 | 43.51 |
| PHOTO—42.21% | Bittium reticulatum | 0.9 | 20.22 | 4.19 | 47.91 | 47.91 |
| PHYLL—37.17% | Bittium latreillii | 1.57 | 11.4 | 2.23 | 30.67 | 30.67 |
| Pusia savignyi | 0.79 | 6.72 | 22.28 | 18.09 | 48.76 |
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Casoli, E.; Bonifazi, A.; Ardizzone, G.; Gravina, M.F.; Russo, G.F.; Sandulli, R.; Donnarumma, L. Comparative Analysis of Mollusc Assemblages from Different Hard Bottom Habitats in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. Diversity 2019, 11, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050074
AMA Style
Casoli E, Bonifazi A, Ardizzone G, Gravina MF, Russo GF, Sandulli R, Donnarumma L. Comparative Analysis of Mollusc Assemblages from Different Hard Bottom Habitats in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. Diversity. 2019; 11(5):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050074
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasoli, Edoardo, Andrea Bonifazi, Giandomenico Ardizzone, Maria Flavia Gravina, Giovanni Fulvio Russo, Roberto Sandulli, and Luigia Donnarumma. 2019. "Comparative Analysis of Mollusc Assemblages from Different Hard Bottom Habitats in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea" Diversity 11, no. 5: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050074
APA StyleCasoli, E., Bonifazi, A., Ardizzone, G., Gravina, M. F., Russo, G. F., Sandulli, R., & Donnarumma, L. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Mollusc Assemblages from Different Hard Bottom Habitats in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. Diversity, 11(5), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050074
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