Species-Specific Functional Morphology of Four US Atlantic Coast Dune Grasses: Biogeographic Implications for Dune Shape and Coastal Protection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How do the four dominant dune grass species compare in their distribution and abundance with latitude and location on the foredune profile?
- How do the four species of dune grasses differ in their functional morphology and sand accretion in the field?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Setting
2.2. Foredune Plant and Grass Distribution and Abundance Along the US Outer Banks Islands
2.3. Dune Grass Growth Form, Morphology, and Changes in Sand Elevation
2.4. Data and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Foredune Plant and Grass Distribution and Abundance Along the Outer Banks Foredunes
3.2. Dune Grass Growth Form and Morphology and Changes in Sand Elevation
4. Discussion
4.1. Species–Specific Functional Morphology and Associated Changes in Sand Elevation
4.2. Dune Grass Distributions and the Consequences for Foredune Geomorphology and Coastal Protection Along the Outer Banks
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hacker, S.D.; Jay, K.R.; Cohn, N.; Goldstein, E.B.; Hovenga, P.A.; Itzkin, M.; Moore, L.J.; Mostow, R.S.; Mullins, E.V.; Ruggiero, P. Species-Specific Functional Morphology of Four US Atlantic Coast Dune Grasses: Biogeographic Implications for Dune Shape and Coastal Protection. Diversity 2019, 11, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050082
Hacker SD, Jay KR, Cohn N, Goldstein EB, Hovenga PA, Itzkin M, Moore LJ, Mostow RS, Mullins EV, Ruggiero P. Species-Specific Functional Morphology of Four US Atlantic Coast Dune Grasses: Biogeographic Implications for Dune Shape and Coastal Protection. Diversity. 2019; 11(5):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050082
Chicago/Turabian StyleHacker, Sally D., Katya R. Jay, Nicholas Cohn, Evan B. Goldstein, Paige A. Hovenga, Michael Itzkin, Laura J. Moore, Rebecca S. Mostow, Elsemarie V. Mullins, and Peter Ruggiero. 2019. "Species-Specific Functional Morphology of Four US Atlantic Coast Dune Grasses: Biogeographic Implications for Dune Shape and Coastal Protection" Diversity 11, no. 5: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050082
APA StyleHacker, S. D., Jay, K. R., Cohn, N., Goldstein, E. B., Hovenga, P. A., Itzkin, M., Moore, L. J., Mostow, R. S., Mullins, E. V., & Ruggiero, P. (2019). Species-Specific Functional Morphology of Four US Atlantic Coast Dune Grasses: Biogeographic Implications for Dune Shape and Coastal Protection. Diversity, 11(5), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050082