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Article

An Operational Checklist of the Birds of Northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley)

by
Giovanni Boano
1,2,
Marco Pavia
1,3,*,
Gianfranco Alessandria
1 and
Toni Mingozzi
1,4
1
Gruppo Piemontese Studi Ornitologici “F.A. Bonelli” at Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Via San Francesco di Sales, 188, I-10022 Carmagnola, Italy
2
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Via San Francesco di Sales, 188, I-10022 Carmagnola, Italy
3
Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso, 35, I-10125 Torino, Italy
4
Dipartimento di Biologia Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, I-87030 Rende, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2023, 15(4), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040550
Submission received: 20 February 2023 / Revised: 7 April 2023 / Accepted: 10 April 2023 / Published: 13 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity in Italy: Past and Future Perspectives)
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Abstract

:
This paper provides the fourth edition of the checklist of birds recorded in northwestern Italy (the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions) and covers more than 300 years of ornithological data, including subspecies. This work updates the previous works published in 1981, 2003, and 2009, with the revision of the AERC codes and the addition of special annotations for several species. We also provide some new settings to make the bird checklist a more useful tool for all users, particularly scholars and professionals interested in biodiversity assessment and conservation reports. To this end, (a) new coding concerning population estimates and trends, as well as risk categories (Red List), is introduced; (b) bird lists are structured for analysis at two temporal levels: the General Checklist (GCL), covering the period from 1685 to 2022, and the Operational Checklist (OCL), covering the decade 2010–2019, providing periods of reference for comparison and analysis; and (c) an electronic spreadsheet is provided as part of the online Supplementary Materials to allow for further data analysis by readers, if necessary. The list presently contains 408 species and 444 taxonomic units, which consist of both subspecies and monotypic species. Each of them has been allocated to one of the AERC categories A, B, C, or D, while category E has been excluded. Since the publication of the previous list (2009), 19 species have been added. The avifauna currently breeding in the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions comprises 197 species, with an additional 9 species that were once breeders but are now considered regionally extinct.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Checklists are a complete count (inventory) of all species identified in a defined time within a given area or biota [1]. As a general rule, this metric, which is referred to as species richness, is the “most frequently and widely applied measure of biodiversity” [2].
This is the reason the species-level approach “will continue to be important foci of inventory, monitoring, and assessment efforts” [3], despite the “lack of an agreed and universally applied definition” [2]. Recently, molecular techniques of species discrimination have revolutionized the taxonomy of various animal groups, including birds [4], which has replaced phenotypic approaches [5,6].
Nevertheless, checklists remain essential tools for providing basic knowledge for biogeographical studies, biodiversity assessments, conservation reports, and citizen science programs. It is worth noting that checklists can be useful for comparisons over time and/or between areas/regions if (i) categories of phenology, population sizes and ranges, and conservation status of each species are precisely and consistently coded; and (ii) space and time, the two main variables related to species diversity [2], are clearly defined and of similar amplitude.
Due to their high mobility, birds require special assessments of species/population movements (resident vs. migratory), status (breeding vs. non-breeding), and temporal occurrence (regular vs. irregular/vagrants). This type of coding is almost unheard of among other terrestrial vertebrates. However, this same distinctive feature makes birds quickly responsive to environmental changes, combined with other biological and ecological traits. For this reason, birds are considered, on a large scale, “very useful (although still imperfect) indicators of species richness” and biodiversity [7].
As a matter of fact, among animals, birds are the taxonomic group where checklists are most commonly carried out and regularly updated at any spatial scale (from local to continental or worldwide scales, e.g., [8,9,10]).
In Italy, the first “modern” checklist of national birds was published by Arrigoni degli Oddi [11], followed by various updated versions [12,13,14,15,16,17]. Checklists of birds have been published since the early 1980s for each of the 20 Italian regions (some of which are listed in [18]).
In NW Italy, specifically the Piedmont and the Aosta Valley regions (hereafter, PAV), the first modern checklist was published more than forty years ago [19]. Since then, two other versions have been published, an update in 2000 [20] and an update in 2009 [21]. During the last decade, data collection has increased significantly due to the development and implementation of various citizen science repositories of ornithological data (Aves.Piemonte, eBird, iNaturalist, and Ornitho.it), which both ornithologists and birdwatchers are populating with thousands of data per year. In addition, regional avifauna has undergone important changes (decrease/increase or arrival/disappearance of some species/populations), as a likely consequence of the ongoing environmental and climatic changes.
Consequently, the aim of this study is primarily to provide an updated version of the birds of PAV that is based on information from available sources (published or not). Moreover, we developed some new settings to make the checklist a more useful tool (i.e., “responsive to real-life management and regulatory questions” [3]) for all users, in particular, scholars and professionals interested in biodiversity assessment and conservation reports.
To this end, (a) new code concerning population estimates and trends, as well as the risk categories (Red List), is introduced; (b) the bird list is structured for analysis at two temporal levels: the General Checklist (GCL), covering from 1685 [22,23] to 2022, and the Operational Checklist (OCL), covering the decade 2010–2019, providing periods of reference for comparison and analysis with the previous checklist; and (c) an electronic spreadsheet is provided as online Supplementary Materials to allow for further data analysis by readers, if necessary.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Piedmont and Aosta Valley (25,387 km2 and 3261 km2, respectively) are two administrative regions in northwestern Italy, a sector of the country that also includes the Ligurian region (5418 km2), which is not considered in this study (Figure 1). The PAV region is divided into nine provinces, as shown in Figure 1, which are often referred to in the discussions in this paper. Overall, the PAV region covers 28,648 km2, an extension equal to 9.5% of the total national area (n = 302,068 km2). The average population density is 152.4 inhabitant/km2.
The geography of the PAV region is mountainous for about half (49.7%) of its extension, whereas the remaining part includes hills (26.9%) and plains (23.4%). From a biogeographical point of view, the PAV region encompasses two main biogeographical regions, Alpine and Continental, with a limited extension of the Mediterranean region in the Southeastern part along the Apennines, and the Aosta Valley region falling entirely in the Alpine region [24,25,26].

2.2. Main Sources of Ornithological Information

The main sources of information included previous checklists ranging from the historical [27,28] to the most recent, both regional [19,20,21] and local [29,30,31], including three recent and in-depth ornithological studies concerning large administrative sectors in the region [32,33,34]. Other information was sourced from the atlases of breeding [25,35,36], wintering [37], and migrating birds [38,39,40,41], as well as from the regional analysis of vagrant birds [42,43,44]. Other important sources of information were the “Resoconti Ornitologici Annuali” (Regional Ornithological Reports), published annually for 36 years (1979–2015) by the Gruppo Piemontese Studi Ornitologici F. A. Bonelli (GPSO) [45], as well as local and recent reports published between 2007 and the present by the Torino Birdwatching ornithological group [46].
The population estimates (in size classes) were based on previous data [20] and upgraded with species maps from the Italian Atlas of Breeding Birds [36]. Other sources used for the population estimates were the Italian Breeding Bird Monitoring Program (MITO2000) [47], the Farmland Bird Index (FBI) project [48,49], 30 years (1979–2008) of census data of wintering waterfowl [50], and census data on the migration of raptors through the Alps [51].
The results of the Farmland Bird Index (FBI) project have also been used to estimate the population trends of many species, for example, Passeriformes [48,49].
When available, actual census data or specific estimates were used [52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62].

2.3. Taxonomy

The classification, taxonomy, and English names are based on the HBW-Birdlife Checklist [63], which is also used by the CISO-COI Checklist of Italian birds [17]. The Italian bird names listed in the online spreadsheet are consistent with the most recent Italian bird checklist [17].

2.4. Coding System

Two different coding systems were applied. The first one (Table 1) refers to the General Checklist (GCL) (1685–2022) and is compatible with the coding system used by many national lists, in particular, the Italian checklist [17]. The alpha-numeric code comprises the AERC (alphabetical) category [64] followed by two numbers that represent (i) the general status (four classes, 1 to 4), and (ii) the breeding status (five classes, 0 to 4), as defined by the Swiss Bird Commission (CAvS) for the national checklist [65,66].
The second coding system (Table 2) was defined specifically for the Operational Checklist (OCL) (2010–2019). It comprised two categories, with one option indicating inclusion and the other exclusion of each taxon in the GCL or OCL. These categories are represented by alpha mnemonic symbols that code for breeding status (three classes) and occurrence (phenology) (seven classes). It should be noted that for the OCL, we only considered species as breeding if they were defined as “Confirmed Breeding” according to the EBCC Categories [67]. However, we also considered species that have bred regularly according to the AERC (breeding in almost 9 of the 10 last years), even if there was only evidence of probable breeding [67] in some of the years in the last decade.
Three more criteria (range extension, population abundance, and population trend) were specifically applied to define the Red List (breeding species only) (see Table 3):
(a)
Range Extension: This value is measured with reference to the UTM 10 × 10 km squares that comprise the regional area (n = 343). The number of squares occupied by each species was extracted from the Italian Atlas of Breeding Birds [36]. This criterion includes four classes ranging from the more (with 10% of occupied squares or less) to the less vulnerable conditions (with more than 60% of occupied squares).
(b)
Population Abundance: This value represents the number of pairs occurring in the PAV region. The figure was based on previous estimates [20] and includes updated data collected through the Italian Breeding Bird Monitoring Program (MITO2000) [47] and the Farmland Bird Index (FBI) project [48,49]. This criterion includes seven size classes ranging from the most vulnerable (no more than 1–9 breeding pairs) to the class with the lowest risk (hundreds of thousands of breeding pairs). An additional class “0” was reserved for species not confirmed to be breeding.
(c)
Population Trend: The results of the Farmland Bird Index (FBI) project were used to estimate the population trends of many species, especially Passeriformes [48,49]. When available, actual census data or specific estimates were used [52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63]. Another source of information was the variation in the number of occupied squares between the Regional Atlas of Breeding Birds [25] and the Italian Atlas of Breeding Birds [36].
Consequently, the conservation status of each breeding species was calculated by combining the different classes of each criterion. As shown in Table 4, five risk levels were defined, ranging from an “Acceptable Conservation status” (AC) to a taxon “Vanished in the last ten Years” as a local breeder in PAV, i.e., no longer reported as breeding in the decade 2010–2019. We named the five classes established here differently from the IUCN categories [68], taking into account the regional scale of our OCL. This is because the IUCN categories are based on different criteria and are applied to the species as a whole, whereas our analysis focuses on a local subset.
The Red List categories were not applied to breeding species that escaped from captivity (AERC, category E).

3. Results

3.1. General Results

All the taxa recorded in PAV from 1 January 1685 to 31 December 2022 (338 years) are shown in Table 5. Each taxon (species and, where appropriate, subspecies) is listed in taxonomic order, together with its scientific and English name. The AERC category identifies the species belonging to the GCL, whereas the columns OC (occurrence), BR (breeding status), POP (population abundance), and RL (Red List) (see Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4) are reserved for species belonging to the OCL in 2010–2019. Numbered notes were added for n = 104 species (both for GCL and OCL) to illustrate any relevant points about their regional status. We also provide an open access spreadsheet in the Supplementary Materials, which includes all the information in Table 5, the Italian names for each taxon, and the scores we used to assess the Red List risk level for each breeding species in the decade 2010–2019. We also include all the records for the vagrant species, as well as notes, which are presented here following Table 5. The spreadsheet can be filtered in order to facilitate the analysis of the various categories presented in both the General and Operational Checklists, as well as the relevant information about each taxon.

3.1.1. Notes on Selected Taxa

  • Coturnix japonica: Singing males of presumed hybrid origin (C. japonica × C. coturnix) were reported by Caula and Beraudo [33]. Potential wild-born juveniles were also captured during ringing activities [38].
  • Alectoris rufa: Genetic evidence of hybridization between A. rufa and A. chukar was detected in Alessandria province in individuals introduced from captivity [69].
  • Phasianus colchicus: Introduced pheasants came from different subspecies (e.g., P. c. colchicus, P. c. mongolicus) and their hybrids.
  • Bonasa bonasia: The breeding range was historically restricted to the Ossola Valley [25]. A slow but progressive westward expansion to the Aosta Valley in the last few decades has been determined [34].
  • Tetrao urogallus: Last documented presence in Ossola Valley, with two birds shot in 1957 after decades of absence [70].
  • Oxyura leucocephala: Some recent observations of birds near a Wildfowl Center where a breeding program was established; most likely escaped individuals. A few individuals of Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis have also been reported.
  • Cygnus cygnus: Most, if not all, of the observations recorded from 2000 onward are attributed to escaped birds.
  • Branta leucopsis: Only two winter observations (AL 2010, 2011) were recorded as probably referring to wild birds, due to the date, location, and behavior [71,72].
  • Anser anser: Most migrating and/or wintering birds recorded in Italy are regarded as A. a. rubrirostris [73,74]. Breeding of some introduced A. a. anser pairs has been reported [36,73].
  • Anser erythropus: A specimen collected on the Po River (AL 1958) was presumed to be an A. erythropus × A. albifrons hybrid [75]. A genetic assessment of this specimen would be interesting given the results of [76].
  • Mergus merganser: First breeding was recorded in 1998 on Lake Maggiore. Since then, the population has regularly increased in terms of both numbers (about 20 pairs in 2019) and locations ([77] and GPSO unpubl.).
  • Tadorna tadorna: Confirmed breeding of 1–4 pairs (VC 2017–2022) [78].
  • Tadorna ferruginea: The presence of truly wild birds was previously questioned by Boano [79]. The current records refer to escaped birds or individuals from European feral populations.
  • Cairina moschata: A small self-sustaining population has been present since the early 2000s at Lake Orta [80]. This population has recently disappeared [73].
  • Callonetta leucophrys: After some observations during the breeding period in 2019, wild breeding of an escaped pair has recently been recorded in 2020 in CN province (GPSO unpubl.).
  • Netta rufina: First breeding was recorded in 2006 [81]. Breeding pairs increased from 2 to 7 (2019) in two sites along the rivers Tanaro and Po [61]. Like in other mainland sites in Italy, it is unknown whether the colonization was due to an extension of the natural range extension or was improved by the addition of escaped birds from Wildfowl Centers [73].
  • Aythya ferina: As in the past, breeding has been irregularly documented (NO 2009, 2012–2013; TO 2017) [32,82].
  • Aythya nyroca: Known for breeding at the beginning of the twentieth century [83], and reconfirmed as such, with growing numbers in the past decade (GPSO unpubl.). It is unclear whether escaped birds contributed to this expansion.
  • Spatula clypeata: Only two breeding records in the past [25]. A new successful breeding record was reported near a Wildfowl Center (CN 2020) [84].
  • Mareca strepera: After the first breeding record (VC 2007) [85], a noticeable increase in observations in various localities during breeding seasons has been documented in the last decade [86,87,88], but with very few documented breeding records.
  • Anas crecca: No reliable breeding records in the last thirty years. Therefore, the few records reported by Mingozzi et al. [25] should be considered insufficiently documented.
  • Podiceps grisegena: Courtship and nest construction were recorded at Lake Viverone in 2018 without any other signs of breeding [89].
  • Podiceps nigricollis: Repeated breeding of 1–3 pairs at Lake Maggiore in 2009–2019 [32]. Considered here irregular, contra [36].
  • Caprimulgus europaeus: The Piedmont breeding population has been referred to as C. e. meridionalis due to its biometric measurements [90].
  • Clamator glandarius: Some observations of full-grown juveniles recorded in June-July [71,87] and one observation of a male offering food to a female (VC 2009) [91] are the only putative breeding records of the species.
  • Crex crex: Very few documented breeding events were known prior to the early 1950s [92,93]. A recent data review showed the regular presence of some singing males in two Alpine areas during the breeding period but without any evidence of breeding [94].
  • Porzana porzana: A single breeding event observed in 1984 [25].
  • Zapornia parva: First breeding records of single pairs with juveniles in two localities (CN, VC 2012) [95]. Other singing and territorial males were recorded in the same or nearby sites in 2011, 2013, and 2014, followed by a new breeding event in 2021 (VC) [96].
  • Zapornia pusilla: Given the detection difficulty of migrant birds, it is not surprising that only one observation has been recorded in the past decade (VC 2018) [89], whereas observations of the similar-in-behavior Zapornia parva have greatly increased.
  • Porphyrio porphyrio: The first observation of this species in the PAV region was documented in Vercelli province in 2020 [97].
  • Porphyrio alleni: The first record of this species in the PAV region was documented in Turin province in 2021 [97].
  • Anthropoides virgo: Aimassi and Boano [98] reassessed the historical Bonelli’s record (CN 1802); two other records (TO 1955, NO 1958) are considered doubtful [99].
  • Otis tarda: The only record in this century (TO 2005) is likely to be related to the reintroduction project in Great Britain [42].
  • Ciconia nigra: After the first breeding record (1 pair, VC 1994) [100], the population was still small but breeding was regular, with four pairs present in 2016 [101].
  • Ciconia ciconia: Very few breeding records in the past [102]. As a result of a reintroduction project, the number of nesting pairs had increased to 47 pairs by 2014 [59].
  • Platalea leucorodia: Four pairs bred for the first time in PAV in a heronry (VC 1990) [103]; reconfirmed (2–3 pairs) in 1991 [104] and 2007-2008 [85].
  • Threskiornis aethiopicus: 572 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Plegadis falcinellus: Two breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Nycticorax nycticorax: 2005 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Ardeola ralloides: 32 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Bubulcus ibis: 776 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Ardea cinerea: 1691 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Ardea purpurea: 42 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Ardea alba: 1–2 breeding pairs in 2016-2018 [32,58].
  • Egretta garzetta: 1984 breeding pairs in 2018 [58].
  • Egretta gularis: The subspecific attribution of the observed birds remains uncertain but what is certain is that E. g. gularis was reported in Lombardy along the Sesia River on the PVA border [42].
  • Pelecanus onocrotalus: Most recent observations are usually considered to be of doubtful origin or escaped birds. The oldest checklist record (AL 1685) reported in [20] is referred to as Phoenicopterus roseus [23].
  • Phalacrocorax carbo: Ph. carbo sinensis is common year-round, with the first breeding record in 1989 [105] and 716 breeding pairs in 2018 [58]. Observations of Cormorants with a “gular pouch angle” of about 50° which can be attributed to Ph. carbo carbo [106] were recently documented (GPSO, unpubl.); however, ring recoveries or genetic confirmations are lacking.
  • Burhinus oedicnemus: About 50 pairs were recorded in PAV in 2014 [52].
  • Charadrius alexandrinus: 4-6 breeding pairs were documented in 1984–1985 on a sandy island in the Sesia River [25]. There is only one other observation during a breeding period and in a similar habitat (Po River) in 2020 [107].
  • Vanellus spinosus: This species is considered to belong to AERC category A at an Italian scale [17], but we believe that it is more appropriate for AERC category D [108].
  • Numenius tenuirostris: The last two regional records, one in approximately 1960 [43] and the other in 1986 [109], both from Vercelli province, are insufficiently documented [20,42]. We thus consider this species to be in AERC category B.
  • Numenius arquata: First breeding records (1–2 pairs) in 1996 and 1998 near Biella [110], which were reconfirmed in 2014 (for details, see [73,111].
  • Limnodromus scolopaceus: New to the region (VC 2020) [112].
  • Scolopax rusticola: Few breeding records [32,34,72,113], patchily distributed in the Alps and Apennines. The breeding occurrence of the species has been underestimated due to its elusive behavior.
  • Gallinago gallinago: Only two breeding records (CN 1958, AL 1986) [114,115].
  • Tringa totanus: The first breeding record was in 1994 in the rice fields of Vercelli province, where 1–5 pairs were regularly recorded up to 2002 [116]. Only 1–2 pairs were bred again from 2014 to 2017 [117].
  • Larus michahellis: First breeding pair observed in 1985. The population was estimated at 32 pairs in 2008 [118] but was included in the AC Red List category due to the very large (order 4) summer resident non-breeding population [119].
  • Onychoprion fuscatus: The only record from PAV (CN 1862) is considered doubtful, which aligns with the views of Boano and Mingozzi [43] and Brichetti and Fracasso [73].
  • Sternula albifrons: Once had regular breeding with more than a hundred pairs in 1998 [120]. This was reduced to 24–35 pairs in 2016–2017 [121] and to a single pair in 2020 along the Po River [107].
  • Chlidonias leucopterus: From 10 to 18 breeding pairs in the rice fields of Vercelli province during 1993–1999, now reduced to 1–2 pairs in 2018–2019 [117].
  • Sterna paradisea: The first record of this species in the PAV region was in Cuneo province in 2021 [97].
  • Athene noctua: Taxonomic analyses revealed that some individuals shared genetic characteristics with the western clade (A. n. vidalii) but without a clear correspondence with morphology [122,123,124].
  • Gypaetus barbatus: Following the reintroduction project, the first pair was breeding in 2010 in the Gran Paradiso National Park [125]. The PAV population began to grow, with six observed to be breeding in 2019 [126].
  • Aquila chrysaetos: More than 180 breeding pairs in 2013 [53,56].
  • Circus pygargus: On average, 8 pairs (max. 16) were breeding in the western half of the region, mostly in Cuneo province [127], followed by a strong decline and the last breeding confirmed in 2014 [87].
  • Milvus milvus: First breeding record TO 2018 [128]; 1–2 pairs yearly confirmed in the same area up to 2022 [129].
  • Alcedo atthis: Following the biometric evidence, the PAV breeding birds can be referred to as A. a. atthis [130], but two recoveries of ringed birds from Spain and France [38] indicate the arrival of individuals from the A. a. ispida range.
  • Picus viridis: The PAV population is considered to belong to the nominate subspecies [131,132].
  • Falco biarmicus: The occurrence of some escaped birds from falconry cannot be ruled out.
  • Falco cherrug: The occurrence of some escaped birds from falconry cannot be ruled out.
  • Falco peregrinus: About 150 breeding pairs were recently estimated [34,133]. Similarly to other large Falco species, the occurrence of some escaped birds from falconry cannot be ruled out.
  • Myiopsitta monachus: The first breeding was observed in PAV in 1997 [33], and the existence of small colonies (about 2–5 pairs in Cuneo and Turin provinces) has been confirmed up until 2014 [87].
  • Lanius minor: Documented as breeding until 2007 [85]. Afterward, breeding was irregularly observed in PAV, with little evidence of possible and one probable breeding in traditional sites in 2017 [134].
  • Lanius excubitor: The three museum specimens attributed to L. e. homeyeri [20] should be regarded as doubtful and need to be re-examined to avoid confusion with the nominal subspecies [135].
  • Lanius senator: Once an uncommon breeding species [25], it rapidly decreased after the last confirmed breeding in Alessandria province in 2005 [136]. Afterward, there were only sparse records of these birds during the breeding season, without any evidence of certain breeding. The certain breeding record reported by Lardelli et al. [36] was not supported by evidence. It would be useful to review the taxonomic attribution of the museum specimens of L. s. niloticus and L. s. badius given the results of Nasuelli et al. [137].
  • Garrulus glandarius: Keve [138] (1966) considered the Italian Jays to be G. g. albipectus but we did not find any clear differences with European G. g. glandarius, which is consistent with Shirirhai and Svensson [139].
  • Nucifraga caryocatactes: The records attributed to N. c. macrorhynchos remain doubtful and need reassessment [21,29].
  • Corvus monedula: The occurrence of the nominate subspecies was confirmed only by the winter recovery of a ringed bird in Austria [39], but is likely less rare, as winter migrants often associated with the migrant Corvus frugilegus should come from the C. m. monedula (or C. m. soemmerringii) range.
  • Remiz pendulinus: Contra Pavia and Boano [21], there are documented breeding records up to 2002–2003 [32,33]. In the decade 2010–2019, only single singing males were observed at two sites (TO, VC 2010) [71].
  • Calandrella brachydactyla: The breeding population declined from 60–80 pairs [25] to 2 pairs in 1996 [31]. A few birds were still present in the breeding period at traditional sites up to 2008–2010 [71,85,91].
  • Alauda arvensis: Taxonomic information on the breeding population is insufficient. We agree with Shirirai and Svensson [140] and consider that A. a. cantarella is included in A. a. arvensis.
  • Galerida cristata: Localized breeders in southeastern Piedmont [25] have now significantly declined. Two breeding pairs were observed in 2016 in Novara province [32].
  • Cisticola juncidis: The first breeding was confirmed in 2020 in Vercelli province [117] but singing males and territorial pairs in variable numbers were observed in the same area in the last decade without certain breeding evidence [25,35].
  • Acrocephalus melanopogon: A female with a brood patch was ringed in early July 2013 [86] at a site regularly monitored during the breeding season, where the species is regularly present in winter [39].
  • Acrocephalus schoenobaenus: The only certain breeding record of the species in PAV was found in 2009 in Vercelli province [91], without any further breeding evidence in the following years.
  • Locustella luscinioides: After the last confirmed breeding record at Lake Maggiore in 2015 [88], singing territorial males were observed in a few other wetlands and years without any proof of breeding, as in the decade 2000–2009, when the species was considered as an extinct breeder in PAV [21].
  • Delichon urbicum: We agree with Shirirai and Svensson [140] and include D. u. meridionale in the nominate subspecies.
  • Cecropis daurica: The breeding sites in Alessandria province have been deserted since 1984 [25] and thus the species was considered extinct as a breeder in PAV according to Pavia and Boano [21]. However, recently, 1–2 breeding pairs were observed between 2011 and 2015 in the Langhe area [72,86,87,88,95].
  • Aegithalos caudatus: The taxonomic assessment of the PAV birds is complex. In fact, birds morphologically resembling the subspecies A. c. italiae are not uncommon during the breeding period, whereas birds with a clear A. c. europaeus morphology prevail in winter. Although individuals with all-white heads have been recorded, there are no certain records of A. c. caudatus.
  • Sylvia nisoria: The former population in the Ossola Valley and surrounding areas (Lake Orta) declined from 10 pairs in the 1980s to 1 pair in 2007 [141], when the last breeding record in PAV was documented.
  • Sylvia hortensis: Always a very rare breeder in PAV [21,142]. More recently, only territorial males in the Aosta Valley in 1999 and 2009 [34]; in Apennines in 2003 [143]; and in Biella province in 2019–2021 [97,112,144] have been reported but always without any breeding evidence.
  • Sylvia cantillans: This species shows a fairly widespread breeding population in the alpine xerothermic areas of the Susa Valley, with some other scattered pairs. It is referred to as the taxon S. c. iberiae based on its morphology and genetic evidence [145]. In addition, single pairs in the Aosta Valley [34] and, although less certain, the southern valley of Cuneo province [146], can be referred to as the nominate subspecies based on their calls and morphology.
  • Sylvia undata: Rare breeder in the southern part of the region both in Alessandria [25] and Cuneo provinces (1999, 2007–2008) [33].
  • Cyanecula svecica: One breeding pair of the subspecies C. s. svecica was confirmed in 1983 near Lake Moncenisio (Susa Valley, but in French political territory) [25]. Since then, just one territorial pair has been observed in 2017 in the nearby Chisone Valley [82].
  • Ficedula parva: In addition to one historical record (1875), one more recent and reliable observation (2002), not yet accepted by Ornitho.it, has been reported for the Ossola Valley [147].
  • Ficedula hypoleuca: First confirmed breeding for PAV (and Italy) in 2021: a pair nested in May-June in a nest box in the Ossola Valley; however, a storm, unfortunately, destroyed the nest and the nestlings inside [148].
  • Ficedula albicollis: In the same Apennines valley of SE Piedmont where a little breeding population was discovered in 1983 [149], up until 2009 there were a few observations during the breeding period [91].
  • Prunella modularis: The breeding birds from the PAV Alps were confirmed as belonging to the nominate subspecies based on their morphology and genetics [150,151].
  • Anthus richardi: Seven records dated back to the 1800s but none of the five most recent observations (2007–2021) were documented with accompanying photos or sound recordings.
  • Motacilla alba: Regarding the M. a. yarrellii subspecies, two recent observations (VB 2018, BI 2022), both documented with accompanying pictures [152,153], confirm this taxon. Other records should be re-evaluated after a thorough analysis of the photographic documentation.
  • Acanthis flammea: An old record of A. f. cabaret correctly reported by Camusso [154] was previously mistakenly identified as A. f. flammea [21]. Therefore, there is only one accepted record of this taxon in PAV.
  • Emberiza melanocephala: Singing males have been regularly observed since 2001 [155], nest building was observed in 2013 [86], and a nest with eggs was found in 2022 [156] in the same area of the Northern Apennines in Alessandria province.
  • Emberiza schoeniclus: Once a relatively common breeder in marsh areas [25], although the population decreased in the last three decades, it is still considered a regular breeder with the nominate subspecies [21]. After 2009, only singing males have been found in less than ten sites, without evidence of certain breeding. The certain breeding record reported by Lardelli et al. [36] was due to an erroneous record (GPSO unpubl.).

3.1.2. Comments on the GCL and OCL

Overall, 408 species (444 taxa) were included in the GCL, whereas during the decade 2010–2019, 355 (87.0%) bird species (383 taxa, 86.3%) were relevant to the OCL for the same region. The 53 species excluded from the OCL with respect to the GCL were exclusively vagrant species. Additionally, it should be noted that since the previous checklist [21], eleven vagrant species (Porphyrio porphyrio, Porphyrio alleni, Anthropoides virgo, Limnodromus scolopaceus, Xema sabini, Larus pipixcan, Larus hyperboreus, Sterna paradisaea, Aquila heliaca, Oenanthe deserti, and Motacilla citreola) and six subspecies (Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis, Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, Larus canus heinei, Alcedo atthis ispida, Corvus monedula monedula, and Sylvia cantillans iberiae) have been added to the GCL, as they were sufficiently documented. Four more species were escaped birds breeding in the region or elsewhere (Branta canadensis, Alopochen aegyptiaca, Callonnetta leucophrys, and Myiopsitta monachus) and one (Geronticus eremita) was a species involved in an ongoing introduction project [157]. Interestingly, one species (Ficedula hypoleuca) was documented for the first time as breeding in Italy in PAV [148].
The GCL comprised 396 species in AERC categories A (n = 363), B (n = 26), and C (n = 7). Twelve species in AERC categories D (n = 6) and E (n = 6) were considered for the scope of this list. All but 21 species were listed under one AERC category, and the exceptions are represented by species where some records concerned wild birds with a significant proportion of them being escaped individuals or individuals from established introduced populations. Among the recorded species, 268 (277 taxa) were considered to occur regularly and 47 (56 taxa) irregularly, whereas there were 93 (111 taxa) vagrants, 23 (26 taxa) of which have not been observed in PAV since 1950. Overall, 213 species in categories A–C have been recorded as breeding, with 174 of them considered regular breeders, 23 irregular breeders, 7 accidental breeders, and 9 former breeders.
The OCL included 355 bird species (383 taxa), 267 (276 taxa) of which were regularly observed, 47 (56 taxa) of which were irregularly observed, and 41 (51 taxa) of which were only accidentally recorded in PAV (i.e., vagrants). Among the taxa regularly or irregularly observed, 149 species (151 taxa) were observed in all the periods of the year and 48 species (57 taxa) were observed only during migration periods. The confirmed breeders include 197 species (200 taxa), 173 of which are regular breeders (175 taxa), 14 are irregular breeders, and 10 are new compared to the previous decade (Anser anser, Alopochen aegyptiaca, Tadorna tadorna, Aythya nyroca, Podiceps nigricollis, Zapornia pusilla, Ardea alba, Gypaetus barbatus, Milvus milvus, and Cecropis daurica). Another eight species nesting in the decade 2000–2009 (Cairina moschata, Platalea leucorodia, Lanius minor, Lanius senator, Remiz pendulinus, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sylvia nisoria, Sylvia undata, and Emberiza schoeniclus) were not confirmed in 2010–2019 (see notes following Table 5 for more details).

3.2. Red List of Breeding Birds 2010–2019

According to our evaluation protocol (Table 3), almost half of the species (47.3%, n = 96, out of the 203 evaluated) (Figure 2) can be classified as having an acceptable conservation status (category AC). Of the remaining 107 species, 50 (24.6%) show signs of a decline in numbers or a restricted range/population that require conservation efforts (category PA). The other species are in need of urgent monitoring and conservation care and protocols, as 18 (8.9%) species are considered as having an unsafe conservation status (category UN) and 31 (15.3%) are on the verge of local extinction due to very small breeding populations (category VP). Finally, eight (3.9%) species can be confirmed extinct in the last decade (category VY): Platalea leucorodia, Lanius minor, Lanius senator, Remiz pendulinus, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sylvia nisoria, Sylvia undata, and Emberiza schoeniclus). For some of them, indications of possible or probable breeding were irregularly collected (Lanius minor, Lanius senator, Remiz pendulinus, Sylvia undata, Emberiza schoeniclus) (see notes following Table 5).
The eight species that became extinct as breeders in the decade 2010–2019 (category VY) were added to the four species (Tetrao urogallus, Crex crex, Sylvia hortensis, and Ficedula albicollis) already considered extinct as breeders in PAV from the last checklist [21]. Among them, the only confirmed extinct species in the region is Tetrao urogallus. The others are uncertain due to insufficient or doubtful data (see Section 3.1.1).

4. Discussion

The 396 species listed (AERC categories A–C) in the GCL represent 71.9% of all species recorded at the national level (n = 551), whereas the 204 breeding species represented 71.1% (Italy n = 287) and the 90 vagrant species represented 67.7% (Italy n = 133). The area of the PAV region represents 9.5% of the total national territory (Table 6).
The biogeographical significance of the figures can be assessed by comparing the PAV values (total species number as a proxy of general biodiversity; breeding number as a proxy of the landscape heterogeneity; and the vagrant number as a proxy of the relevance of the migratory pathways) to those of other regional checklists that are based on similar assumptions. The regions were also selected with reference to their geographical characteristics, i.e., the area extension (similar or minor to PAV), and to their continental or insular condition. Considering that differences among regions may reflect some methodological aspects (in particular, differences in systematic and nomenclature adopted by the various lists and variations in the level of ornithological investigation), a few considerations can be made with reference to Table 6.
Sicily, whose geographical extension is very similar to that of PAV, had the highest total number of species. Latium, whose territorial extension corresponds to about 60.1% of that of PAV, had a higher total number of species than PAV. The highest number of vagrant species, very close to the national number, was in Sicily and Sardinia. Conversely, PAV had the highest number of breeding species, followed by Veneto, whereas Sicily had the lowest number.
These findings can be attributed to biogeographic patterns such as the species-area relationship and the island biogeography [163,164]. In addition, the strategic position with respect to the main migratory routes, as well as the high degree of ornithological investigation, could explain the high numbers of accidental species in Sicily and Sardinia. It is well known that many vagrants are encountered on seacoasts or little islands, where drift due to crosswinds can displace birds from their normal routes, especially during misty or rainy weather [165]. The relatively low number of species found in PAV with respect to other less extended regions may be a consequence of the geographic and landscape characteristics of the region. PAV is a mostly mountainous region with urbanized, densely cultivated lowlands and hilly areas with restricted woodland patches, and with relatively few lakes and wetlands areas. PAV is much less attractive to aquatic, marshland, or open-habitat bird species in comparison with other parts of Italy. In addition, the presence of the large alpine chain that surrounds the north and west of the region for more than half of its perimeter makes it marginal with respect to other migratory flyways. However, the relatively large number of breeding birds in this region, as well as the almost identical value of the Veneto region, can be at least partially explained by the great landscape diversity of the alpine chain, with its conspicuous altitudinal gradient.
A comparison of the data in the PVA Red List and that in the Italian Red List [165] reveals interesting aspects for further analysis. Despite the different criteria for assigning species to risk categories and grouping related categories, we can see a similar percentage of relatively safe species (55% LC in Italy vs. 47% AC in PAV), as well as more threatened or endangered species (20% EN-EX in Italy vs. 19% VP-VY in PAV). On the other hand, the number of species classified as being at an intermediate threat level in PVA (33% UN-PA), clearly exceeds that identified at the national level (20% NT-VU). This is likely influenced by the 5% of species not evaluated (data deficient) at the national level but could also be linked to the different survey areas, which inevitably entails smaller populations for many species at the regional level, consequently making them more worthy of attention.

5. Conclusions

As our work has the potential to be a useful tool for characterizing the avifauna of PAV, especially with the help of the online spreadsheet. Therefore, it is important to stress the necessity of more efficient data collection, in particular for breeding species, to adapt to environmental and climatic changes in the near future. Although birdwatching activities have increased significantly in the past year, most people have focused on birding in more suitable or productive spots or randomly looking for uncommon or rare observations. Although standardized monitoring efforts have also increased, they have mostly been focused on establishing bird communities and monitoring their trends using point counts or similar rapid assessment surveys. Although these methods are useful for estimating species richness and relative abundance [166], with an emphasis on the bird species related to the Farmland Bird Index [48,49], they are insufficient for in-depth research on breeding biology and ecology. More precise and repeatable surveys are needed for a greater number of breeding populations that can actually track trends in real numbers (and not only in orders of magnitude) over time [167].
For these reasons, over the next ten years (decade 2020–2029) more efficient, widespread, and focused efforts are needed for (a) better tracking of the trends of breeding species of major concern; and (b) locating and proving the confirmed status for all the breeding species in the PAV, with a particular emphasis on the species not recently documented or only found irregularly and/or in a very few localities in the region such as Crex crex, Galerida cristata, Calandrella brachydactyla, Locustella luscinioides, and Emberiza schoeniclus. On the other hand, even more widespread species, such as Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Sylvia borin, Pyrrhula pyrrhula, and Coccothraustes coccothraustes, consistently have very few confirmed breeding records each year, if any.
In conclusion, we stress the need for a more standardized approach to the regional checklist both in terms of category codes and the considered time frame. From this point of view, a decade is suggested as the best time frame for monitoring and comparing temporal changes in the same region and biodiversity differences between regions.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/d15040550/s1, Document S1: Boano et al. bird checklist_Operational Checklist online.

Author Contributions

All authors participated in the conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and writing of this article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to all the GPSO members for supplying data or other information. Special thanks are given to R. Alba, G. Assandri, P. Beraudo, E. Caprio, F. Carpegna, B. Caula, M. Della Toffola, S. Fasano, P. Marotto, P. G. Meneguz, C. Pulcher, F. Sartirana, G. Vaschetti, and R. Toffoli. Thanks are also given to B. Brichetti, B. Massa, and S. Surdo for helping to collect information, as well as B. Gai, M. Giordano, and G.P. Masserano for providing the images of birds used in the graphical abstract. Finally, we are also indebted to K. Horvath for the English revision and R. Lardelli for supplying the distribution maps of the breeding birds from the web platform Ornitho.it.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Map of northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley, PAV). The nine provinces (the capital cities and administrative areas) are indicated on the map; the most important geographical sectors, lakes, and rivers are also indicated.
Figure 1. Map of northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley, PAV). The nine provinces (the capital cities and administrative areas) are indicated on the map; the most important geographical sectors, lakes, and rivers are also indicated.
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Figure 2. Risk level (percentage classes) expressed for each breeding species (n = 203) in PAV belonging to the Operational Checklist 2010–2019 (see Table 4 for details).
Figure 2. Risk level (percentage classes) expressed for each breeding species (n = 203) in PAV belonging to the Operational Checklist 2010–2019 (see Table 4 for details).
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Table
Table 1. Alpha-numeric codes were adopted for each taxon belonging to the GCL (1685–2022) (see text for details).
Table 1. Alpha-numeric codes were adopted for each taxon belonging to the GCL (1685–2022) (see text for details).
CategoryClassCode
AERC CategoriesATaxon that has been recorded in a wild state at least once since 1 January 1950.
BTaxon that has been recorded in a wild state between 1800 and 1949.
CTaxon that has been released or escaped; species that have established self-supporting breeding populations in their own countries; birds coming from a category C population in another country (with the species not breeding in their own country).
DEvery taxon, unless it is almost certainly a genuine vagrant (in which case it enters cat. A) or an escape from captivity (cat. E).
ETaxon recorded as introductions, human-assisted transportees, or escapees from captivity whose breeding populations (if any) are thought not to be self-sustaining.
General status1Regular: taxon recorded in at least 9 out of the last 10 years.
2Irregular: taxon recorded more than 10 times and in more than 5 years since 1950 but in fewer than 9 out of the last 10 years.
3Vagrant: taxon recorded 1–10 times or in 1–5 years since 1950.
4Taxon recorded at least once but not since 1950.
Breeding status1Regular breeder: recorded breeding in at least 9 out of the last 10 years.
2Irregular breeder: recorded breeding more than 3 times overall but in less than 9 out of the last 10 years.
3Occasional breeder: recorded breeding 1–3 times.
4Former breeder: taxa that regularly bred during an earlier period but have not been recorded breeding in the last 10 years.
0Taxon never recorded breeding.
Table
Table 2. Alphabetical codes defined for each taxon belonging to the OCL (2010–2019) (see text for details). In the Operational Checklist, the breeding status and occurrence codes are followed, where appropriate, by an “r” (taxon regularly present in at least nine of the ten years from 2010 to 2019) or an “i” (taxon irregularly present in less than nine of the ten years from 2010 to 2019).
Table 2. Alphabetical codes defined for each taxon belonging to the OCL (2010–2019) (see text for details). In the Operational Checklist, the breeding status and occurrence codes are followed, where appropriate, by an “r” (taxon regularly present in at least nine of the ten years from 2010 to 2019) or an “i” (taxon irregularly present in less than nine of the ten years from 2010 to 2019).
CategoryClassCode
OccurrenceYRYear-round/Resident: taxon present in all months of the year.
YMYear-round/Migrant/: migratory taxon, present in the region with a population partially resident.
MSMigrant/Summer: taxon present mainly from March/April to September/October.
MWMigrant/Winter: taxon present mainly from September/October to March/April.
MTMigrant/Strictly Transient: migratory taxon present in pre- and/or post-nuptial periods.
VAVagrant: taxon recorded in total 1–10 times or in 1–5 years from 1950 and recorded almost once in the decade.
VEFormer Vagrant, now Escaped: taxon recorded 1–10 times or in 1–5 years from 1950 but recorded only as escaped in the last decade.
Breeding StatusBCBreeder/Confirmed
BNBreeder/New: not nesting in the previous decade, whether regular or irregular.
BPBreeder/Past: breeding in the previous but not in the present decade.
Table
Table 3. Criteria, classes, and codes applied to define the Red List (conservation status) for each breeding taxon (See text for details).
Table 3. Criteria, classes, and codes applied to define the Red List (conservation status) for each breeding taxon (See text for details).
CategoryClassCode
Range Extension1<10% of occupied UTM 10 × 10 km squares
2>10–<40% of occupied UTM 10 × 10 km squares
3>40–<60% of occupied UTM 10 × 10 km squares
4>60% of occupied UTM 10 × 10 km squares
Population abundance0Breeding not ascertained: only one or a few singing or territorial males.
1unit (1–9 pairs)
2tens (10–99 pairs)
3hundreds (100–999 pairs)
4thousands (1000–9999 pairs)
5tens of thousands (pairs)
6hundreds of thousands (pairs)
Population Trend+Increasing
−Decreasing
=Stable
Unknown/Insufficiently known
Table
Table 4. Red List: risk levels expressed for each taxon belonging to the OCL (2010–2019) (see text for details).
Table 4. Red List: risk levels expressed for each taxon belonging to the OCL (2010–2019) (see text for details).
Risk LevelCode
ACAcceptable: taxon with range extension ≥ 2, abundance ≥ 3, and no clear sign of decreasing population trend in the last 10 years.
PAPay Attention: taxon with range extension ≤ 3 and population abundance > 2; taxon with range extension > 1 is included here if its population trend is decreasing.
UNUnsafe: taxon with range extension = 1 and population abundance = 2, but no clear sign of decreasing population trend in the decade 2010–2019; taxon with range extension = 2 is included here if its population trend is decreasing.
VPVanishing Prone: taxon with range extension = 1 and population abundance = 1; taxon with population trend = 2 is included here if its population trend is decreasing. We also include here taxa that are almost extinct as breeders but with probable breeding records in the current decade.
VYVanished in the last ten years: taxon ascertained as breeding in the previous decade (2000–2009) but no longer reported as certain or probable breeders [67] in the following decade (2010–2019).
Table
Table 5. The General Checklist (GCL), 1685–2022, and Operational Checklist (OCL), 2010–2019, for the birds of Piedmont and Aosta Valley (PAV). Additional information on the status of some species is reported in Section 3.1.1. Both the complete GCL and complete OCL can be found in the spreadsheet in the Supplementary Materials.
Table 5. The General Checklist (GCL), 1685–2022, and Operational Checklist (OCL), 2010–2019, for the birds of Piedmont and Aosta Valley (PAV). Additional information on the status of some species is reported in Section 3.1.1. Both the complete GCL and complete OCL can be found in the spreadsheet in the Supplementary Materials.
GCL
Updated to December 2022		OCL
2010–2019
Species
Subspecies		English NameAERCOCBRPOPRLNote
Galliformes
Odontophoridae
Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern BobwhiteC11YRBCr3−AC
   C. v. virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Phasianidae
Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)Common QuailA11MSrBCr4PA
   C. c. coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1848Japanese QuailE10YR 1
Alectoris graeca (Meisner, 1804)Rock PartridgeA11YRBCr4−PA
   A. g. saxatilis (Bechstein, 1805)
Alectoris rufa (Linnaeus, 1758)Red-legged PartridgeAC11YRBCr3−PA2
   A. r. rufa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758Common PheasantC11YRBCr4−AC3
Perdix perdix (Linnaeus, 1758)Gray PartridgeAC11YRBCr2−VP
   P. p. perdix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bonasa bonasia (Linnaeus, 1758)Hazel GrouseA11YRBCr2+UN4
   B. b. styriaca (von Jordans and Schiebel, 1944)
Lagopus muta (Montin, 1781)Rock PtarmiganA11YRBCr4−PA
   L. m. helvetica (Thienemann, 1829)
Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758Western CapercaillieA34 5
   T. u. crassirostris C. L. Brehm, 1831
Lyrurus tetrix (Linnaeus, 1758)Black GrouseA11YRBCr4−PA
   L. t. tetrix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anseriformes
Anatidae
Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769)White-headed DuckB40 6
Cygnus olor (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)Mute SwanAC11YRBCr2+AC
Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758)Whooper SwanAE30VE 7
Cygnus columbianus (Ord, 1815)Tundra SwanA30VA
   C. c. bewickii Yarrell, 1830
Branta bernicla (Linnaeus, 1758)Brent GooseAE30
   B. b. bernicla (Linnaeus, 1758)
Branta leucopsis (Bechstein, 1803)Barnacle GooseDE10YR 8
Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769)Red-breasted GooseA30VA
Branta canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)Canada GooseDE10YR
Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758)Greylag GooseAE12YRBN1AC9
   A. a. anser (Linnaeus, 1758) AE12YRBN1AC
   A. a. rubrirostris Swinhoe, 1871 A10MWr
Anser fabalis (Latham, 1787)Bean GooseA20MWi
   A. a. rossicus Buturlin, 1933
Anser albifrons (Scopoli, 1769)Great White-fronted GooseA20MWi
   A. a. albifrons (Scopoli, 1769)
Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758)Lesser White-fronted GooseA30 10
Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758)Long-tailed DuckA20MTi
Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758)Common EiderA20MWi
   S. m. mollissima (Linnaeus, 1758)
Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus, 1758)Velvet ScoterA10MWr
Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)Common ScoterA20MWi
Bucephala clangula (Linnaeus, 1758)Common GoldeneyeA10MWr
   B. c. clangula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Mergellus albellus (Linnaeus, 1758)SmewA20MWi
Mergus merganser Linnaeus, 1758GoosanderA11YMrBCr2+UN11
   M. m. merganser Linnaeus, 1758
Mergus serrator Linnaeus, 1758Red-breasted MerganserA10MWr
Alopochen aegyptiaca (Linnaeus, 1766)Egyptian GooseE12YRBN1
Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758)Common ShelduckAD12YMrBN1VP12
Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764)Ruddy ShelduckDE10YMi 13
Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)Muscovy DuckE13YRBP 14
Callonetta leucophrys (Vieillot, 1816)Ringed TealE23YR 15
Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758)Mandarin DuckCE11YMrBCr2+AC
Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773)Red-crested PochardAD11YMrBCr1VP16
Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758)Common PochardA12YMrBCi1VP17
Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770)Ferruginous DuckAD12YMrBN1VP18
Aythya collaris (Donovan, 1809)Ring-necked DuckA30VA
Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus, 1758)Tufted DuckA11YMrBCr2+UN
Aythya marila (Linnaeus, 1761)Greater ScaupA20MWi
   A. m. marila (Linnaeus, 1761)
Spatula querquedula (Linnaeus, 1758)GarganeyA11MSrBCr1VP
Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern ShovelerA13YMr 19
Sibirionetta formosa (Georgi, 1775)Baikal TealD30
Mareca strepera (Linnaeus, 1758)GadwallA12YMrBCi1VP20
   M. s. strepera (Linnaeus, 1758)
Mareca penelope (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian WigeonA10MWr
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758MallardAC11YMrBCr4=AC
   A. p. platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758
Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758Northern PintailA10MWr
Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758Common TealA10YMr 21
   A. c. crecca Linnaeus, 1758
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764)Little GrebeA11YMrBCr3+AC
   T. r. ruficollis (Pallas, 1764)
Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert, 1783)Red-necked GrebeA10MWr 22
   P. g. grisegena (Boddaert, 1783)
Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Great Crested GrebeA11YMrBCr3+AC
   P. c. cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus, 1758)Horned GrebeA10MWr
   P. a. auritus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Podiceps nigricollis C. L. Brehm, 1831Black-necked GrebeA12YMrBN1 VP23
   P. n. nigricollis C. L. Brehm, 1831
Phoenicopteriformes
Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, 1811Greater FlamingoA20MTi
Columbiformes
Columbidae
Columba livia J. F. Gmelin, 1789Rock DoveC11YRBCr6+AC
   C. l. var. domestica Feral Pigeon
Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758Stock DoveA11YMrBCr3+AC
   C. o. oenas Linnaeus, 1758
Columba palumbus Linnaeus, 1758Common WoodpigeonA11YMrBCr6+AC
   C. p. palumbus Linnaeus, 1758
Streptopelia turtur (Linnaeus, 1758)European Turtle DoveA11MSrBCr5−PA
   S. t. turtur (Linnaeus, 1758)
Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838)Eurasian Collared DoveA11YRBCr6+AC
Pterocliformes
Pteroclidae
Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas, 1773)Pallas’s SandgrouseB40
Pterocles alchata (Linnaeus, 1766)Pin-tailed SandgrouseB40
   P. a. caudacutus (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)
Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758European NightjarA11MSrBCr3=AC24
   C. e. europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 A10MTr
   C. e. meridionalis E. J. O. Hartert, 1896 A11MSrBCr3=AC
Apodidae
Tachymarptis melba (Linnaeus, 1758)Alpine SwiftA11MSrBCr4+AC
   T. m. melba (Linnaeus, 1758)
Apus pallidus (Shelley, 1870)Pallid SwiftA11MSrBCr4=PA
   A. p. brehmorum E. J. O. Hartert, 1901
Apus apus (Linnaeus, 1758)Common SwiftA11MSrBCr5AC
   A. a. apus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cuculiformes
Cuculidae
Clamator glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758)Great Spotted CuckooA20MTi 25
Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)Yellow-billed CuckooB40
Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758Common CuckooA11MSrBCr4 AC
   C. c. canorus Linnaeus, 1758
Gruiformes
Rallidae
Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758Western Water RailA11YMrBCr2 UN
   R. a. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758
Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758)CorncrakeA14MSr 26
Porzana porzana (Linnaeus, 1766)Spotted CrakeA13MTr 27
Zapornia parva (Scopoli, 1769)Little CrakeA12MSrBN1 VP28
Zapornia pusilla (Pallas, 1776)Baillon’s CrakeA20MTi 29
   Z. p. intermedia (Hermann, 1804)
Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758)Purple SwamphenA30 30
   P. p. porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758)
Porphyrio alleni T. R. H. Thomson, 1842Allen’s GallinuleA30 31
Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)Common GallinuleA11YMrBCr4−PA
   G. c. chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758Common CootA11YMrBCr4+AC
   F. a. atra Linnaeus, 1758
Gruidae
Anthropoides virgo (Linnaeus, 1758)Demoiselle CraneB40 32
Grus grus Linnaeus, 1758)Common CraneA10MWr
   G. g. grus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Otidiformes
Otididae
Tetrax tetrax (Linnaeus, 1758)Little BustardA30VA
Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758Great BustardBD30 33
       O. t. tarda Linnaeus, 1758
Gaviiformes
Gaviidae
Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan, 1763)Red-throated LoonA10MWr
Gavia arctica (Linnaeus, 1758)Arctic LoonA10MWr
   G. a. arctica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Gavia immer (Brünnich, 1764)Common LoonA30VA
Procellariiformes
Procellariidae
Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761)Northern FulmarA30
   F. g. auduboni Bonaparte, 1857
Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769)Scopoli’s ShearwaterB40
Puffinus lherminieri Lesson, 1839Audubon’s ShearwaterB40
   P. l. baroli (Bonaparte, 1857)
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiidae
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)Black StorkA11YMrBCr1VP34
Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758)White StorkAC11YMrBCr2+PA35
   C. c. ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pelecaniformes
Threskiornithidae
Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian SpoonbillA12YMrBP VY36
   P. l. leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758
Threskiornis aethiopicus (Latham, 1790)African Sacred IbisC11YRBCr3+AC37
Geronticus eremita Linnaeus, 1758Northern Bald IbisE20YMi
Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766)Glossy IbisA12YMrBCi1 VP38
Ardeidae
Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian BitternA11YMrBCr2+UN
   B. s. stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus, 1766)Common Little BitternA11MSrBCr2−UN
   I. m. minutus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Ixobrychus eurhythmus (Swinhoe, 1873)Schrenck’s BitternB40
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758)Black-crowned Night HeronA11MSrBCr4−PA39
   N. n. nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli, 1769)Squacco HeronA11MSrBCr2=UN40
   A. r. ralloides (Scopoli, 1769)
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)Cattle EgretA11YMrBCr3+PA41
   B. i. ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758Grey HeronA11YMrBCr4−PA42
   A. c. cinerea Linnaeus, 1758
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766Purple HeronA11MSrBCr2=UN43
   A. p. purpurea Linnaeus, 1766
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758Great White EgretA12YMrBN1 VP44
   A. a. alba Linnaeus, 1758
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766)Little EgretA11YMrBCr4−PA45
   E. g. garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766)
Egretta gularis (Bosc, 1792)Western Reef EgretD30VE 46
Pelecanidae
Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758Great White PelicanBD30VE 47
Suliformes
Sulidae
Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern GannetA30
Phalacrocoracidae
Microcarbo pygmaeus (Pallas, 1773)Pygmy CormorantA10YMr
Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758)Great CormorantA11YMrBCr3+AC48
   P. c. carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) A30VA
   P. c. sinensis (Staunton, 1796) A11YMrBCr3+AC
Charadriiformes
Burhinidae
Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Thick-kneeA11MSrBCr2+UN49
   B. o. oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Haematopodidae
Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian OystercatcherA20MTi
   H. o. ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758
Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus, 1758Pied AvocetA20MTi
Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)Black-winged StiltA11MSrBCr3−PA
   H. h. himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Charadriidae
Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758)Grey PloverA10MTr
   P. s. squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pluvialis apricaria (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Golden PloverA10MWr
   P. a. apricaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian DotterelA10MTr
Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758Common Ringed A10MSr
   C. h. hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758Plover
Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786Little Ringed PloverA11MSrBCr2−UN
   C. d. curonicus J. F. Gmelin, 1789
Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758Kentish PloverA23MTi 50
   C. a. alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758
Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern LapwingA11YMrBCr4=AC
Vanellus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758)Spur-winged LapwingD30 51
Vanellus gregarius (Pallas, 1771)Sociable LapwingA30VA
Scolopacidae
Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758)WhimbrelA10MTr
   N. p. phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817Slender-billed CurlewB40 52
Numenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian CurlewA12YMrBCi1 VP53
   N. a. arquata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758)Bar-tailed GodwitA20MTi
   L. l. taymyrensis Engelmoer and Roselaar, 1998
Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758)Black-tailed GodwitA11MSrBCr1 VP
   L. l. limosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758)Ruddy TurnstoneA20MTi
   A. i. interpres (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758)Red KnotA20MTi
   C. c. canutus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calidris pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758)RuffA10MTr
Calidris falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763)Broad-billed SandpiperA30VA
   C. f. falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763)
Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763)Curlew SandpiperA10MTr
Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812)Temminck’s StintA10MTr
Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764)SanderlingA10MTr
   C. a. alba (Pallas, 1764)
Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758)DunlinA10MTr
   C. a. alpina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calidris maritima (Brünnich, 1764)Purple SandpiperA30
Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812)Little StintA10MTr
Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819)Pectoral SandpiperA30VA
Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say, 1822)Long-billed DowitcherA30 54
Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian WoodcockA12YMrBCi1VP55
Gallinago media (Latham, 1787)Great SnipeA20MTi
Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758)Common SnipeA13MWr 56
   G. g. gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lymnocryptes minimus (Brünnich, 1764)Jack SnipeA10MWr
Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, 1819Wilson’s PhalaropeA30
Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Red-necked PhalaropeA30VA
Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus, 1758)Red PhalaropeA30VA
Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758)Common SandpiperA11YMrBCr2−UN
Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766)Spotted SandpiperA30VA
Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758Green SandpiperA10YMr
Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764)Spotted RedshankA10MTr
Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767)Common GreenshankA10YMr
Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758)Common RedshankA12MSrBCi1VP57
   T. t. totanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758Wood SandpiperA10MSr
Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803)Marsh SandpiperA10MTr
Glareolidae
Cursorius cursor (Latham, 1787)Cream-colored CourserA30
   C. c. cursor (Latham, 1787)
Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766)Collared PratincoleA20MTi
   G. p. pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766)
Laridae
Hydrocoloeus minutus (Pallas, 1776)Little GullA10YMr
Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819)Sabine’s GullA30VA
   X. s. sabini (Sabine, 1819)
Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758)Black-legged KittiwakeA20MTi
   R. t. tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758)
Larus genei Brème, 1839Slender-billed GullA30VA
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766Black-headed GullA11YMrBCr2=UN
Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831Franklin’s GullA30VA
Larus melanocephalus Temminck, 1820Mediterranean GullA10MTr
Larus audouinii Payraudeau, 1826Audouin’s Gull A30VA
Larus canus Linnaeus, 1758Mew GullA10MWr
   L. c. canus Linnaeus, 1758 A10MWr
   L. c. heinei Homeyer, 1853 A30VA
Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758Lesser Black-backed GullA10MWr
   L. f. graellsii A. E. Brehm, 1857 A10MWr
   L. f. intermedius Schiøler, 1922 A20MWi
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763European Herring GullA20MWi
   L. a. argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763
Larus michahellis J. F. Naumann, 1840Yellow-legged GullA11YMrBCr2+AC58
   L. m. michahellis J. F. Naumann, 1840
Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811Caspian GullA10MWr
Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767Glaucous GullA30VA
   L. h. hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767
Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758Great Black-backed GullA30
Onychoprion fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766)Sooty TernB40 59
   O. f. fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764)Little TernA11MSrBCr2−VP60
   S. a. albifrons (Pallas, 1764)
Gelochelidon nilotica (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)Common Gull-billed TernA10MTr
   G. n. nilotica (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770)Caspian TernA20MTi
Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811)Whiskered TernA10MTr
   C. h. hybrida (Pallas, 1811)
Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815)White-winged TernA12MSrBCi1 VP61
Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758)Black TernA11MSrBCr2−VP
   C. n. niger (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758Common TernA11MSrBCr3−PA
   S. h. hirundo Linnaeus, 1758
Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763Arctic TernA30 62
Thalasseus sandvicensis (Latham, 1787)Sandwich TernA20VA
   T. s. sandvicensis (Latham, 1787)
Stercorariidae
Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819Long-tailed JaegerA20MTi
   S. l. longicaudus Vieillot, 1819
Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758)Arctic JaegerA20MTi
Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815)Pomarine JaegerA30VA
Catharacta skua Brünnich, 1764Great SkuaA30
Alcidae
Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus, 1758)Atlantic PuffinB40
Alca torda Linnaeus, 1758RazorbillB40
   A. t. islandica C. L. Brehm, 1831
Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763)Common MurreB40
   U. a. aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763)
Strigiformes
Tytonidae
Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)Common Barn OwlA11YMrBCr1VP
   T. a. alba (Scopoli, 1769) A11YMrBCr1VP
   T. a. guttata (C. L. Brehm, 1831) A30VA
Strigidae
Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Pygmy OwlA11YRBCr3+PA
   G. p. passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769)Little OwlA11YRBCr4+AC63
   A. n. noctua (Scopoli, 1769)
Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758)Boreal OwlA11YMrBCr3=PA
   A. f. funereus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Otus scops (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Scops-OwlA11MSrBCr3+AC
   O. s. scops (Linnaeus, 1758)
Asio otus (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern Long-eared OwlA11YMrBCr4−PA
   A. o. otus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763)Short-eared OwlA10MWr
   A. f. flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763)
Strix aluco Linnaeus, 1758Tawny OwlA11YRBCr4+AC
   S. a. aluco Linnaeus, 1758
Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Eagle-OwlA11YRBCr2=UN
   B. b. bubo (Linnaeus, 1758)
Accipitriformes
Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)OspreyA10MTr
   P. h. haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Accipitridae
Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789)Black-winged KiteA30VA
   E. c. caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789)
Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus, 1758)European Honey-buzzardA11MSrBCr3+AC
Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Bearded VultureBC11YRBN1VP64
   G. b. barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758)Egyptian VultureA20MTi
   N. p. percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Circaetus gallicus (J. F. Gmelin, 1788)Short-toed Snake-eagleA11MSrBCr2+PA
Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783)Griffon VultureAC10MSr
   G. f. fulvus (Hablizl, 1783)
Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus, 1766)Cinereous VultureC10MSr
Clanga pomarina (C. L. Brehm, 1831)Lesser Spotted EagleA30VA
Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811)Greater Spotted EagleA20MWi
Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833Tawny EagleB40
   A. n. orientalis Cabanis, 1854
Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809Eastern Imperial EagleA30VA
Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758)Golden EagleA11YRBCr3+AC65
   A. c. chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758)
Aquila fasciata Vieillot, 1822Bonelli’s EagleA30VA
   A. f. fasciata Vieillot, 1822
Hieraaetus pennatus (J. F. Gmelin, 1788)Booted EagleA10MTr
Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758)Western Marsh HarrierA11YMrBCr1 VP
   C. a. aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)Hen HarrierA10MWr
Circus macrourus (S. G. Gmelin, 1770)Pallid HarrierA10MTr
Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758)Montagu’s HarrierA12MSrBCi1VP66
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian SparrowhawkA11YMrBCr4+AC
   A. n. nisus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern GoshawkA11YRBCr3+AC
   A. g. gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758)White-tailed EagleA30VA
Milvus milvus (Linnaeus, 1758)Red KiteA12YMrBN1VP67
   M. m. milvus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)Black KiteA11MSrBCr2+PA
   M. m. migrans (Boddaert, 1783)
Buteo lagopus (Pontoppidan, 1763)Rough-legged BuzzardA20MWi
   B. l. lagopus (Pontoppidan, 1763)
Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian BuzzardA11YMrBCr4=AC
   B. b. buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) A11YMrBCr4=AC
   B. b. vulpinus (Gloger, 1833) A20MTi
Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829)Long-legged BuzzardA20MTi
Bucerotiformes
Upupidae
Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758Common HoopoeA11MSrBCr3=AC
   U. e. epops Linnaeus, 1758
Coraciiformes
Meropidae
Merops persicus Pallas, 1773Blue-cheeked Bee-eaterA30
   M. p. chrysocercus Cabanis and Heine, 1860 A30VA
   M. p. persicus Pallas, 1773 A30
Merops apiaster Linnaeus, 1758European Bee-eaterA11MSrBCr4+AC
Coraciidae
Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, 1758European RollerA11MSrBCr1VP
   C. g. garrulus Linnaeus, 1758
Alcedinidae
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758)Common KingfisherA11YMrBCr3AC68
   A. a. ispida Linnaeus, 1758 A20MWi
   A. a. atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) A11YMrBCr3 AC
Piciformes
Picidae
Jynx torquilla Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian WryneckA11MSrBCr3−PA
   J. t. torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 A10MTr
   J. t. tschusii O. Kleinschmidt, 1907 A11MSrBCr3−PA
Picus canus J. F. Gmelin, 1788Grey-faced WoodpeckerB40
   P. c. canus J. F. Gmelin, 1788
Picus viridis Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian Green WoodpeckerA11YRBCr4=AC69
   P. v. viridis Linnaeus, 1758
Dryocopus martius (Linnaeus, 1758)Black WoodpeckerA11YRBCr3+AC
   D. m. martius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Leiopicus medius (Linnaeus, 1758)Middle Spotted WoodpeckerB40
   L. m. medius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dryobates minor (Linnaeus, 1758)Lesser Spotted WoodpeckerA11YRBCr3+AC
   D. m. buturlini E. J. O. Hartert, 1912
Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechstein, 1802)White-backed WoodpeckerB40
   D. l. lilfordi (Sharpe and Dresser, 1871)
Dendrocopos major (Linnaeus, 1758)Great Spotted WoodpeckerA11YRBCr5+AC
   D. m. pinetorum (C. L. Brehm, 1831)
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Falco naumanni Fleischer, 1818Lesser KestrelA10MTr
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758Common KestrelA11YMrBCr4=AC
   F. t. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758
Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766Red-footed FalconA10MTr
Falco eleonorae Gené, 1839Eleonora’s FalconA10MTi
Falco columbarius Linnaeus, 1758MerlinA10MWr
   F. c. aesalon Tunstall, 1771
Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian HobbyA11MSrBCr3+AC
   F. s. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758
Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825Lanner FalconAD30VA 70
   F. b. feldeggii Schlegel, 1843
Falco cherrug J. E. Gray, 1834Saker FalconAD30VA 71
   F. c. cherrug J. E. Gray, 1834
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771Peregrine FalconA11YMrBCr3+AC72
   F. p. calidus Latham, 1790 A20MWi
   F. p. peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 A11YMrBCr3+AC
Psittaciformes
Psittacidae
Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert, 1783)Monk ParakeetE12YRBCi1 73
   M. m. monachus (Boddaert, 1783)
Passeriformes
Oriolidae
Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Golden OrioleA11MSrBCr4=AC
Laniidae
Lanius collurio Linnaeus, 1758Red-backed ShrikeA11MSrBCr4−PA
Lanius minor J. F. Gmelin, 1788Lesser Grey ShrikeA24MSiBP0VY74
   L. m. minor J. F. Gmelin, 1788
Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, 1758Great Grey ShrikeA10MWr 75
   L. e. excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 A10MWr
   L. e. homeyeri Cabanis, 1873 B40
Lanius meridionalis Temminck, 1820Southern Grey ShrikeA30
Lanius senator Linnaeus, 1758Woodchat ShrikeA14MSrBP0VY76
   L. s. senator Linnaeus, 1758 A14MSrBP0VY
   L. s. niloticus (Bonaparte, 1853) B40
   L. s. badius Hartlaub, 1854 A30
Corvidae
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linnaeus, 1758)Red-billed ChoughA11YRBCr3=AC
   P. p. erythroramphos (Vieillot, 1817)
Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linnaeus, 1766)Yellow-billed ChoughA11YRBCr4=AC
   P. g. graculus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian JayA11YMrBCr5+AC77
   G. g. glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pica pica (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian MagpieA11YRBCr6+AC
   P. p. pica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern NutcrackerA11YRBCr4=AC78
   N. c. caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758) A11YRBCr4=AC
   N. c. macrorhynchos C. L. Brehm, 1823 B40
Corvus monedula Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian JackdawA11YMrBCr4+AC79
   C. m. monedula Linnaeus, 1758 A30
   C. m. spermologus Vieillot, 1817 A11YMrBCr4+AC
Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758RookA10MWr
   C. f. frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758
Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758Common RavenA11YRBCr4+AC
   C. c. corax Linnaeus, 1758
Corvus corone Linnaeus, 1758Carrion CrowA11YRBCr6+AC
   C. c. corone Linnaeus, 1758 A11YRBCr4=AC
   C. c. cornix Linnaeus, 1758 A11YRBCr5+AC
Paridae
Periparus ater (Linnaeus, 1758)Coal TitA11YMrBCr5=AC
   P. a. ater (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lophophanes cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Crested TitA11YRBCr4=AC
   L. c. mitratus (C. L. Brehm, 1831)
Poecile palustris (Linnaeus, 1758)Marsh TitA11YRBCr5=AC
   P. p. italicus (Tschusi and Hellmayr, 1900)
Poecile montanus (Conrad, 1827)Willow TitA11YRBCr4=AC
   P. m. montanus (Conrad, 1827)
Cyanistes caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Blue TitA11YMrBCr5=AC
   C. c. caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758Great TitA11YMrBCr6+AC
   P. m. major Linnaeus, 1758
Remizidae
Remiz pendulinus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Penduline-titA14MWrBP0VY80
   R. p. pendulinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Alaudidae
Melanocorypha calandra (Linnaeus, 1766)Calandra LarkA20MSi
   M. c. calandra (Linnaeus, 1766)
Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (J. R. Forster, 1768)Black LarkB40
Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisler, 1814)Greater Short-toed LarkA22MSrBCi1VP81
   C. b. brachydactyla (Leisler, 1814)
Eremophila alpestris (Linnaeus, 1758)Horned LarkA30
   E. a. flava (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
Lullula arborea (Linnaeus, 1758)WoodlarkA11YMrBCr4+AC
   L. a. arborea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian SkylarkA11YMrBCr4−PA82
   Alauda a. arvensis Linnaeus, 1758
Galerida cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)Crested LarkA12YMrBCi1VP83
   G. c. cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Panuridae
Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758)Bearded ReedlingA20MWi
   P. b. biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cisticolidae
Cisticola juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810)Zitting CisticolaA12YMrBCi1VP84
   C. j. cisticola (Temminck, 1820)
Acrocephalidae
Hippolais polyglotta (Vieillot, 1817)Melodious WarblerA11MSrBCr4=AC
Hippolais icterina (Vieillot, 1817)Icterine WarblerA10MTr
Acrocephalus paludicola (Vieillot, 1817)Aquatic WarblerA30VA
Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck, 1823)Mustached WarblerA10MWr 86
   A. m. melanopogon (Temminck, 1823)
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758)Sedge WarblerA13MTrBP VY86
Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein, 1798)Marsh WarblerA11MSrBCr4−PA
Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804)Common Reed WarblerA11MSrBCr3−PA
   A. s. scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804)
Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon, 1845)Paddyfield WarblerA30VA
   A. a. septimus Gavrilenko, 1954
Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)Great Reed WarblerA11MSrBCr3−PA
   A. a. arundinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Locustellidae
Locustella luscinioides (Savi, 1824)Savi’s WarblerA12MSrBCi1VP87
   L. l. s luscinioides (Savi, 1824)
Locustella naevia (Boddaert, 1783)Common Grasshopper WarblerA10MTr
   L. n. naevia (Boddaert, 1783)
Hirundinidae
Delichon urbicum (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern House MartinA11MSrBCr5−PA88
   D. u. urbicum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cecropis daurica (Laxmann, 1769)Red-rumped SwallowA22MSiBN1VP89
   C. d. rufula (Temminck, 1835)
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758Barn SwallowA11MSrBCr5=AC
   H. r. rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Ptyonoprogne rupestris (Scopoli, 1769)Eurasian Crag MartinA11MSrBCr4+AC
Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)Collared Sand MartinA11MSrBCr3=PA
   R. r. riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Phylloscopidae
Phylloscopus bonelli (Vieillot, 1819)Western Bonelli’s WarblerA11MSrBCr4=AC
Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein, 1793)Wood WarblerA11MSrBCr3=AC
Phylloscopus inornatus (Blyth, 1842)Yellow-browed WarblerA20MWi
Phylloscopus humei (W. E. Brooks, 1878)Hume’s Leaf WarblerA30
   P. h. humei (W. E. Brooks, 1878)
Phylloscopus proregulus (Pallas, 1811)Pallas’s Leaf WarblerA30
Phylloscopus trochilus (Linnaeus, 1758)Willow WarblerA10MTr
   P. t. trochilus (Linnaeus, 1758) A10MTr
   P. t. acredula (Linnaeus, 1758) A30
Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot, 1817)Common ChiffchaffA11YMrBCr5=AC
   P. c. abietinus (Nilsson, 1819) A20MTi
   P. c. collybita (Vieillot, 1817) A11YMrBCr5=AC
Phylloscopus tristis Blyth, 1843Siberian ChiffchaffA20MWi
Scotocercidae
Cettia cetti (Temminck, 1820)Cetti’s WarblerA11YRBCr3−PA
   C. c. cetti (Temminck, 1820)
Aegithalidae
Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Long-tailed TitA11YRBCr5=AC90
   A. c. europaeus (Hermann, 1804)
   A. c. italiae Jourdain, 1910
Sylviidae
Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian BlackcapA11YMrBCr6+AC
   S. a. atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sylvia borin (Boddaert, 1783)Garden WarblerA11MSrBCr4−PA
   S. b. borin (Boddaert, 1783)
Sylvia nisoria (Bechstein, 1792)Barred WarblerA24MSiBP VY91
   S. n. nisoria (Bechstein, 1792)
Sylvia hortensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)Western Orphean WarblerA24MSi 92
   S. h. hortensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
Sylvia curruca (Linnaeus, 1758)Lesser WhitethroatA11MSrBCr4=AC
   S. c. curruca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sylvia melanocephala (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)Sardinian WarblerA11YRBCr2+UN
   S. m. melanocephala (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
Sylvia cantillans (Pallas, 1764)Subalpine WarblerA11MSrBCr2UN93
   S. c. iberiae Svensson, 2013 A11MSrBCr2UN
   S. c. cantillans (Pallas, 1764) A22MSiBCi1VP
   S. c. albistriata (C. L. Brehm, 1855) A30VA
Sylvia subalpina Temminck, 1820Moltoni’s WarblerA11MSrBCr4+AC
Sylvia communis Latham, 1787Common WhitethroatA11MSrBCr3−PA
   S. c. communis Latham, 1787
Sylvia conspicillata Temminck, 1820Spectacled WarblerA30VA
   S. c. conspicillata Temminck, 1820
Sylvia sarda Temminck, 1820Marmora’s WarblerA30
Sylvia undata (Boddaert, 1783)Dartford WarblerA22YMiBP0VY94
   S. u. undata (Boddaert, 1783)
Leiotrichidae
Leiothrix lutea (Scopoli, 1786)Red-billed LeiothrixC30
Certhiidae
Certhia brachydactyla C. L. Brehm, 1820Short-toed TreecreeperA11YRBCr4=AC
   C. b. brachydactyla C. L. Brehm, 1820
Certhia familiaris Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian TreecreeperA11YRBCr4=AC
   C. f. macrodactyla C. L. Brehm, 1831
Sittidae
Sitta europaea Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian NuthatchA11YRBCr5+AC
   S. e. cisalpina Sachtleben, 1919
Tichodroma muraria (Linnaeus, 1766)WallcreeperA11YRBCr3=AC
   T. m. muraria (Linnaeus, 1766)
Troglodytidae
Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern WrenA11YMrBCr5−PA
   T. t. troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cinclidae
Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758)White-throated DipperA11YRBCr3=AC
   C. c. aquaticus Bechstein, 1797
Sturnidae
Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758Common StarlingA11YMrBCr6=AC
   S. v. vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758
Sturnus unicolor Temminck, 1820Spotless StarlingB40
Pastor roseus (Linnaeus, 1758)Rosy StarlingA20MTi
Turdidae
Zoothera aurea (Holandre, 1825)White’s ThrushB40
   Z. a. aurea (Holandre, 1825)
Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758Mistle ThrushA11YMrBCr4=AC
   T. v. viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758
Turdus philomelos C. L. Brehm, 1831Song ThrushA11YMrBCr5=AC
   T. ph. philomelos C. L. Brehm, 1831
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758RedwingA10MWr
   T. i. iliacus Linnaeus, 1758
Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758Eurasian BlackbirdA11YMrBCr6+AC
   T. m. merula Linnaeus, 1758
Turdus obscurus J. F. Gmelin, 1789Eyebrowed ThrushA30
Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, 1758FieldfareA11YMrBCr3−PA
Turdus torquatus Linnaeus, 1758Ring OuzelA11MSrBCr4−PA
   T. t. torquatus Linnaeus, 1758 A10MTr
   T. t. alpestris (C. L. Brehm, 1831) A11MSrBCr4−PA
Turdus eunomus Temminck, 1831Dusky ThrushA30VA
Turdus atrogularis Jarocki, 1819Black-throated ThrushB40
Muscicapidae
Muscicapa striata (Pallas, 1764)Spotted FlycatcherA11MSrBCr4−PA
   M. s. striata (Pallas, 1764)
Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)European RobinA11YMrBCr6=AC
   E. r. rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cyanecula svecica (Linnaeus, 1758)BluethroatA13MTr 95
   C. s. svecica (Linnaeus, 1758) A23MTi
   C. s. cyanecula (Meisner, 1804) A10MTr
Luscinia luscinia (Linnaeus, 1758)Thrush NightingaleA30VA
Luscinia megarhynchos C. L. Brehm, 1831Common NightingaleA11MSrBCr5=AC
   L. m. megarhynchos C. L. Brehm, 1831
Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas, 1773)Orange-flanked Bush RobinA30VA
Ficedula parva (Bechstein, 1792)Red-breasted FlycatcherA30 96
Ficedula semitorquata (Homeyer, 1885)Semi-collared FlycatcherA30
Ficedula hypoleuca (Pallas, 1764)European Pied FlycatcherA13MTr 97
   F. h. hypoleuca (Pallas, 1764)
Ficedula albicollis (Temminck, 1815)Collared FlycatcherA24MSi 98
Phoenicurus ochruros (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)Black RedstartA11YMrBCr5+AC
   P. o. gibraltariensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus, 1758)Common RedstartA11MSrBCr5+AC
   P. p. phoenicurus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Monticola saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1766)Rufous-tailed Rock-ThrushA11MSrBCr3=AC
Monticola solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758)Blue Rock-ThrushA11YRBCr2 UN
   M. s. solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Saxicola rubetra (Linnaeus, 1758)WhinchatA11MSrBCr4−PA
Saxicola torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766)Common StonechatA11YMrBCr4−PA
   S. t. rubicola (Linnaeus, 1766)
Oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758)Northern WheatearA11MSrBCr4=AC
   O. o. leucorhoa (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) A30
   O. o. oenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758) A11MSrBCr4=AC
Oenanthe deserti (Temminck, 1825)Desert WheatearA30VA
   O. d. deserti (Temminck, 1825)
Oenanthe hispanica (Linnaeus, 1758)Black-eared WheatearA20MSi
   O. h. hispanica (Linnaeus, 1758) A30VA
   O. h. melanoleuca (Güldenstädt, 1775) A30VA
Oenanthe leucura (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)Black WheatearB40
   O. l. leucura (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
Regulidae
Regulus regulus (Linnaeus, 1758)GoldcrestA11YMrBCr4=AC
   R. r. regulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Regulus ignicapilla (Temminck, 1820)Common FirecrestA11YRBCr4+AC
   R. i. ignicapilla (Temminck, 1820)
Bombycillidae
Bombycilla garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758)Bohemian WaxwingA20MTi
   B. g. garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Prunellidae
Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1769)Alpine AccentorA11YRBCr4=AC
   P. c. collaris (Scopoli, 1769)
Prunella modularis (Linnaeus, 1758)DunnockA11YMrBCr5=AC99
   P. m. modularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Passeridae
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)House SparrowA11YRBCr3 PA
   P. d. domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Passer italiae (Vieillot, 1817)Italian SparrowA11YRBCr6=AC
Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian Tree SparrowA11YMrBCr5−PA
   P. m. montanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Petronia petronia (Linnaeus, 1766)Rock SparrowA11YMrBCr2+UN
   P. p. petronia (Linnaeus, 1766)
Montifringilla nivalis (Linnaeus, 1766)White-winged SnowfinchA11YMrBCr3−PA
   M. n. nivalis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Motacillidae
Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus, 1758)Tree PipitA11MSrBCr5−PA
   A. t. trivialis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anthus cervinus (Pallas, 1811)Red-throated PipitA10MTr
Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758)Meadow PipitA10MWr
Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758)Water PipitA11YMrBCr5=AC
   A. s. spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anthus petrosus (Montagu, 1798)Rock PipitB40
   A. p. littoralis C. L. Brehm, 1823
Anthus richardi Vieillot, 1818Richard’s PipitA30VA 100
   A. r. richardi Vieillot, 1818
Anthus campestris (Linnaeus, 1758)Tawny PipitA11MSrBCr2 UN
Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758Western Yellow WagtailA11MSrBCr5−PA
   M. f. thunbergi Billberg, 1828 A10MTi
   M. f. flavissima (Blyth, 1834) A30VA
   M. f. flava Linnaeus, 1758 A10MTr
   M. f. beema (Sykes, 1832) A30VA
   M. f. feldegg Michahelles, 1830 A20MTi
   M. f. iberiae E. J. O. Hartert, 1921 A30VA
   M. f. cinereocapilla Savi, 1831 A11MSrBCr5−PA
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771Grey WagtailA11YMrBCr4+AC
   M. c. cinerea Tunstall, 1771
Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776Citrine WagtailA30VA
   M. c. citreola Pallas, 1776
Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758White WagtailA11YMrBCr5=AC101
   M. a. yarrellii Gould, 1837 A30VA
   M. a. alba Linnaeus, 1758 A11YMrBCr5=AC
Fringillidae
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758Common ChaffinchA11YMrBCr6=AC
   F. c. coelebs Linnaeus, 1758
Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, 1758BramblingA10MWr
Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Linnaeus, 1758)HawfinchA11YMrBCr3=AC
   C. c. coccothraustes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas, 1770)Common RosefinchA30VA
   C. e. erythrinus (Pallas, 1770)
Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian BullfinchA11YMrBCr4−PA
   P. p. pyrrhula (Linnaeus, 1758) A20MWi
   P. p. europaea Vieillot, 1816 A11YRBCr4−PA
Chloris chloris (Linnaeus, 1758)European GreenfinchA11YMrBCr5=AC
   C. c. chloris (Linnaeus, 1758) A10MWr
   C. c. aurantiiventris (Cabanis, 1851) A11YMrBCr5=AC
Linaria flavirostris (Linnaeus, 1758)TwiteA30
   L. f. flavirostris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Linaria cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758)Common LinnetA11YRBCr5−PA
   L. c. cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acanthis flammea (Linnaeus, 1758)RedpollA11YRBCr4−PA102
   A. f. cabaret (Statius Müller, 1776) A11YRBCr4−PA
   A. f. flammea (Linnaeus, 1758) A30
Loxia pytyopsittacus Borkhausen, 1793Parrot CrossbillA30
Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758Red CrossbillA11YMrBCr4=AC
   L. c. curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758
Loxia leucoptera J. F. Gmelin, 1789Two-barred CrossbillA30
   L. l. bifasciata (C. L. Brehm, 1827)
Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758)European GoldfinchA11YMrBCr5−PA
   C. c. carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Carduelis citrinella (Pallas, 1764)Citril FinchA11YMrBCr3=AC
Serinus serinus (Linnaeus, 1766)European SerinA11YMrBCr5=AC
Spinus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758)Eurasian SiskinA11YMrBCr2 PA
Calcariidae
Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus, 1758)Lapland LongspurA30VA
   C. l. lapponicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758)Snow BuntingA20MWi
   P. n. nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Emberizidae
Emberiza melanocephala Scopoli, 1769Black-headed BuntingA12MSiBCi1 VP103
Emberiza calandra Linnaeus, 1758Corn BuntingA11YMrBCr4−PA
   E. c. calandra Linnaeus, 1758
Emberiza cia Linnaeus, 1766Rock BuntingA11YRBCr5=AC
   E. c. cia Linnaeus, 1766
Emberiza hortulana Linnaeus, 1758Ortolan BuntingA11MSrBCr3−PA
Emberiza caesia Cretzschmar, 1827Cretzschmar’s BuntingA30
Emberiza cirlus Linnaeus, 1766Cirl BuntingA11YMrBCr5=AC
Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, 1758YellowhammerA11YRBCr5−PA
   E. c. citrinella Linnaeus, 1758
Emberiza leucocephalos S. G. Gmelin, 1771Pine BuntingA20MWi
   E. l. leucocephalos S. G. Gmelin, 1771
Emberiza schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758)Reed BuntingA14YMrBP0VY104
   E. s. schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758) A14YMrBP0VY
   E. s. intermedia Degland, 1849 A20MWi
Emberiza rustica Pallas, 1776Rustic BuntingA30VA
   E. r. rustica Pallas, 1776
Emberiza pusilla Pallas, 1776Little BuntingA20MWi
Table
Table 6. Total number of recorded species (AERC A–C categories), breeding species, and vagrant species on the national checklist and some regional checklists. The regions are ordered by surface area. Data source: Italy [17]; Piedmont and Aosta Valley, this work; Sicily [158]; Sardinia [159]; Apulia [160]; Veneto [161]; Latium [162]. See text for details.
Table 6. Total number of recorded species (AERC A–C categories), breeding species, and vagrant species on the national checklist and some regional checklists. The regions are ordered by surface area. Data source: Italy [17]; Piedmont and Aosta Valley, this work; Sicily [158]; Sardinia [159]; Apulia [160]; Veneto [161]; Latium [162]. See text for details.
ItalyPiedmont and Aosta ValleySicilySardiniaApuliaVenetoLatium
Area (km2)302.06828.64825.83224.10019.54118.34517.232
%1009.58.68.06.56.15.7
Total n of species (AERC A–C)551396437405370412415
%10071.979.373.567.274.875.3
Number of breeding species287204155170173203187
%10071.154.059.260.370.765.2
Number of vagrant species13390120112885692
%10067.790.284.266.242.169.2
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Boano, G.; Pavia, M.; Alessandria, G.; Mingozzi, T. An Operational Checklist of the Birds of Northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley). Diversity 2023, 15, 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040550

AMA Style

Boano G, Pavia M, Alessandria G, Mingozzi T. An Operational Checklist of the Birds of Northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley). Diversity. 2023; 15(4):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040550

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boano, Giovanni, Marco Pavia, Gianfranco Alessandria, and Toni Mingozzi. 2023. "An Operational Checklist of the Birds of Northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley)" Diversity 15, no. 4: 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040550

APA Style

Boano, G., Pavia, M., Alessandria, G., & Mingozzi, T. (2023). An Operational Checklist of the Birds of Northwestern Italy (Piedmont and Aosta Valley). Diversity, 15(4), 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040550

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