Next Issue
Volume 14, May
Previous Issue
Volume 14, March
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
6.1
4.3
Journals
Pharmaceuticals
Volume 14
Issue 4
share announcement

Pharmaceuticals, Volume 14, Issue 4 (April 2021) – 98 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging often uses spin-echo-based pulse sequences that are sensitive to the transverse relaxation time. Here, we investigated the pH dependence of the apparent transverse relaxation time constant (denoted here as T2) of [1-13C]acetate, [1-13C]alanine, [1,4-13C2]fumarate, [1-13C]lactate, [1-13C]pyruvate and 13C-urea. At 7 T, the T2‑variation in the physiological pH range (pH 6.8–7.8) was the highest for [1-13C]pyruvate (ΔT2 = 0.95 s/0.1pH) and [1-13C]acetate (ΔT2 = 0.44 s/0.1pH). For [1-13C]acetate, spatially resolved pH measurements using T2-mapping was demonstrated in vitro. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
19 pages, 391 KiB  
Review
Probiotics as a Treatment for “Metabolic Depression”? A Rationale for Future Studies
by Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka and Dominik Strzelecki
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040384 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4522
Abstract
Depression and metabolic diseases often coexist, having several features in common, e.g., chronic low-grade inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. Different microbiota interventions have been proposed to be used as a treatment for these disorders. In the paper, we review the efficacy of probiotics in [...] Read more.
Depression and metabolic diseases often coexist, having several features in common, e.g., chronic low-grade inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. Different microbiota interventions have been proposed to be used as a treatment for these disorders. In the paper, we review the efficacy of probiotics in depressive disorders, obesity, metabolic syndrome and its liver equivalent based on the published experimental studies, clinical trials and meta-analyses. Probiotics seem to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms when administered in addition to antidepressants. Additionally, probiotics intake may ameliorate some of the clinical components of metabolic diseases. However, standardized methodology regarding probiotics use in clinical trials has not been established yet. In this narrative review, we discuss current knowledge on the recently used methodology with its strengths and limitations and propose criteria that may be implemented to create a new study of the effectiveness of probiotics in depressive disorders comorbid with metabolic abnormalities. We put across our choice on type of study population, probiotics genus, strains, dosages and formulations, intervention period, as well as primary and secondary outcome measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychopharmacology of Affective Disorders)
31 pages, 470 KiB  
Review
Sleep-Based Interventions in Alzheimer’s Disease: Promising Approaches from Prevention to Treatment along the Disease Trajectory
by Susanna Cordone, Serena Scarpelli, Valentina Alfonsi, Luigi De Gennaro and Maurizio Gorgoni
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040383 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6389
Abstract
The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has led scientific researchers to focus on the modifiable and treatable risk factors of AD. Sleep fits into this context, given the bidirectional relationship with AD confirmed by several studies over the last years. Sleep disorders [...] Read more.
The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has led scientific researchers to focus on the modifiable and treatable risk factors of AD. Sleep fits into this context, given the bidirectional relationship with AD confirmed by several studies over the last years. Sleep disorders appear at an early stage of AD and continue throughout the entire course of the pathology. Specifically, sleep abnormalities, such as more fragmented sleep, increase in time of awakenings, worsening of sleep quality and primary sleep disorders raise with the severity and progression of AD. Intervening on sleep, therefore, means acting both with prevention strategies in the pre-clinical phase and with treatments during the course of the disease. This review explores sleep disturbances in the different stages of AD, starting from the pre-clinical stage. Particular attention is given to the empirical evidence investigating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) disorder and the mechanisms overlapping and sharing with AD. Next, we discuss sleep-based intervention strategies in the healthy elderly population, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. We mention interventions related to behavioral strategies, combination therapies, and bright light therapy, leaving extensive space for new and raising evidence on continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment effectiveness. Finally, we clarify the role of NREM sleep across the AD trajectory and consider the most recent studies based on the promising results of NREM sleep enhancement, which use innovative experimental designs and techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Alzheimer Disease)
5 pages, 214 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Novel Antibacterial Agents”
by Fiorella Meneghetti and Daniela Barlocco
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040382 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
This Special Issue of Pharmaceuticals is devoted to significant advances achieved in the field of antibacterial agents [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antibacterial Agents)
46 pages, 2503 KiB  
Review
Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview
by Tapan Behl, Gabriele Rocchetti, Swati Chadha, Gokhan Zengin, Simona Bungau, Arun Kumar, Vineet Mehta, Md Sahab Uddin, Gaurav Khullar, Dhruv Setia, Sandeep Arora, Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan, Gunes Ak, Predrag Putnik, Monica Gallo and Domenico Montesano
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040381 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 11678
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow [...] Read more.
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Pharmacons: Biologically Active Plant Based Pharmaceuticals)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 10247 KiB  
Article
Celecoxib Decrease Seizures Susceptibility in a Rat Model of Inflammation by Inhibiting HMGB1 Translocation
by Hadeel Alsaegh, Hala Eweis, Fatemah Kamel and Aziza Alrafiah
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040380 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3554
Abstract
The risk of developing epilepsy is strongly linked to peripheral inflammatory disorders in humans. High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) has the most focus for being a suspect in this scenario. The current study aimed to detect the celecoxib effect, an anti-inflammatory drug, [...] Read more.
The risk of developing epilepsy is strongly linked to peripheral inflammatory disorders in humans. High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) has the most focus for being a suspect in this scenario. The current study aimed to detect the celecoxib effect, an anti-inflammatory drug, on decreasing seizure susceptibility and organ damage in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/pilocarpine (PILO) pretreated Wistar rats. Rats were divided into 6 groups (8 each): group 1 (control), group 2 (PILO), group 3 (PILO+LPS), group 4 (PILO+LPS+(VPA) Valproic acid), group 5 (PILO+LPS+Celecoxib), and group 6 (PILO+LPS+VPA+Celecoxib). LPS was used to induce sepsis and PILO to induce seizures. Oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and HMGB1 levels in serum and brain homogenate were evaluated. Histopathological studies were conducted on the hippocampus, liver, lung, and kidney. Treatment with celecoxib either alone or in combination with VPA significantly reduced Racine score and delays latency to generalized tonic-clonic seizures onset with a significant decrease in hippocampal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and increase in reduced glutathione. In addition, celecoxib treatment either alone or in combination with VPA suppressed HMGB1translocation into peripheral circulation more than treatment with VPA alone. Furthermore, hippocampus, liver, lung, and kidney histopathological changes were improved in contrast to other epileptic groups. Celecoxib either alone or combined with VPA has antiepileptic and multiorgan protective effects on acute seizures and inflammatory models induced by PILO with LPS. It decreased histopathological findings, oxidative, and inflammatory effects induced by VPA and LPS. This might be due to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-HMGB1 mediated effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epilepsy and Neurodegeneration: Current Therapeutic Implications 2021)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1240 KiB  
Article
Aminoalkylamides of Eremomycin Exhibit an Improved Antibacterial Activity
by Elena I. Moiseenko, Réka Erdei, Natalia E. Grammatikova, Elena P. Mirchink, Elena B. Isakova, Eleonora R. Pereverzeva, Gyula Batta and Andrey E. Shchekotikhin
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040379 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
After decades, the glycopeptide vancomycin is still the preferred antibiotic against resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. Although its clinical use is strictly regulated, the gradual spread of vancomycin-resistant bacteria, such as glycopeptide-resistant and glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., is a serious [...] Read more.
After decades, the glycopeptide vancomycin is still the preferred antibiotic against resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. Although its clinical use is strictly regulated, the gradual spread of vancomycin-resistant bacteria, such as glycopeptide-resistant and glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., is a serious health problem. Based on the literature data and previous studies, our main goal was to assess the antimicrobial potential and to study the structure–activity relationship of new eremomycin aminoalkylamides. We designed and synthesized a series of new eremomycin amides in which eremomycin is conjugated with a hydrophobic arylalkyl group via an alkylenediamine spacer, and tested their antibacterial activities on a panel of Gram-positive strains that were sensitive and resistant to a “gold-standard” vancomycin. Based on the data obtained, the structure–activity relationships were investigated, and a lead compound was selected for in-depth testing. Research carried out using an in vivo model of staphylococcus sepsis, acute toxicity studies, and the estimated therapeutic index also showed the advantage of the selected eremomycin amide derivative in particular, as well as the chosen direction in general. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycopeptide Antibiotics 2021)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1667 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Subtype Selective Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Agonists as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents
by Yaliang Tang, Barbara Wolk, Ryan Nolan, Caitlin E. Scott and Debra A. Kendall
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040378 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2568
Abstract
Activation of the CB2 receptor has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects without causing psychoactive effects. Previously, we reported that the compound ethyl 2(2-(N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) phenylsulfonamido)acetamido)benzoate (ABK5) is a CB2 subtype selective agonist with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. [...] Read more.
Activation of the CB2 receptor has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects without causing psychoactive effects. Previously, we reported that the compound ethyl 2(2-(N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) phenylsulfonamido)acetamido)benzoate (ABK5) is a CB2 subtype selective agonist with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. In the present study, we tested four ABK5 derivatives, ABK5-1, ABK5-2, ABK5-5, and ABK5-6, to analyze the structure of ABK5 to obtain CB2-selective agonists with higher affinity and efficacy. Affinity, subtype selectivity, and G-protein coupling were determined by radioligand binding assays. Selected compounds were then subjected to evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects using two different cell lines, Jurkat (ABK5-1 and 5-2) and BV-2 cells (ABK5-1), which are models of T cells and microglia, respectively. ABK5-1, ABK5-2, and ABK5-6 had comparable CB2 binding affinity with ABK5 (and stimulated G-protein coupling), while only ABK5-1 and ABK5-2 maintained CB2-subtype selectivity. ABK5-5 did not bind CB2 in the detectable range. RT-PCR and ELISA analysis showed that the two compounds also inhibit IL-2 and TNF-α production, and they were more efficacious than ABK5 in inhibiting TNF-α production. CXCL-12 mediated chemotaxis was also evaluated by the transwell migration assay, and both ABK5-1 and ABK5-2 inhibited chemotaxis with a stronger effect observed in ABK5-1. In the microglia cell line BV-2, ABK5-1 inhibited IL-1β and IL-6 production, which suggests this compound has anti-inflammatory effects through targeting multiple immune cells, and may be a candidate for treatment of inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 2321 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Expression Profile of Irinotecan-Induced Diarrhea in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
by Mashiro Okunaka, Daisuke Kano, Reiko Matsui, Toshikatsu Kawasaki and Yoshihiro Uesawa
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040377 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3069
Abstract
Irinotecan (CPT-11) is widely used for the treatment of unresectable colorectal cancer in combination with fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil and S-1. Diarrhea is one of the adverse effects associated with CPT-11 and frequently reported by patients treated with CPT-11-containing regimens combined with oral [...] Read more.
Irinotecan (CPT-11) is widely used for the treatment of unresectable colorectal cancer in combination with fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil and S-1. Diarrhea is one of the adverse effects associated with CPT-11 and frequently reported by patients treated with CPT-11-containing regimens combined with oral fluoropyrimidines. However, the mechanisms involved in this process, as well as whether fluctuations in the frequency and differences in the onset time of diarrhea with each CPT-11-containing regimen are caused by drug interactions remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the incidence of diarrhea caused by each CPT-11-containing regimen in patients with colorectal cancer using data from the large voluntary reporting Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Firstly, we searched for suspected drugs related to the occurrence of diarrhea using reported odds ratio and calculated the signal score to assess drug–drug interactions. Subsequently, we conducted a time-to-onset analysis using Weibull distribution. The results showed that the combination of CPT-11 with S-1 increased the frequency of diarrhea due to a pharmacological interaction but delayed its onset. The present results may contribute to the appropriate management of drug-induced adverse effects by healthcare professionals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Drugs Treatment and Toxicity)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2137 KiB  
Article
Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist (R-PIA) before Pilocarpine Modulates Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Factors in an Animal Model of Epilepsy
by Daniele Suzete Persike, Rebeca Padrão Amorim Puccinelli and Maria José da Silva Fernandes
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040376 - 18 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2402
Abstract
We aimed to characterize the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection by R-PIA administered before pilocarpine-induced seizures. Caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities were assayed using fluorimetry, and cathepsin D, HSP-70, and AKT expression levels were assayed using Western Blot of hippocampal samples. R-PIA was injected before [...] Read more.
We aimed to characterize the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection by R-PIA administered before pilocarpine-induced seizures. Caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities were assayed using fluorimetry, and cathepsin D, HSP-70, and AKT expression levels were assayed using Western Blot of hippocampal samples. R-PIA was injected before pilocarpine (PILO), and four groups were studied at 1 h 30 min and 7 days following initiation of status epilepticus (SE): PILO, R-PIA+PILO, SALINE, and R-PIA+SALINE. At 1 h 30 min, significantly higher activities of caspase-1 and -3 were observed in the PILO group than in the SALINE group. Caspase-1 and -3 activities were higher in the R-PIA+PILO group than in the PILO group. At 7 days following SE, caspase-1 and -3 activities were higher than in the initial post-seizure phase compared to the SALINE group. The pretreatment of rats receiving PILO significantly reduced caspase activities compared to the PILO group. Expression of HSP-70, AKT, and cathepsin D was significantly higher in the PILO group than in the SALINE. In the R-PIA+PILO group, the expression of AKT and HSP-70 was greater than in rats receiving only PILO, while cathepsin D presented decreased expression. Pretreatment with R-PIA in PILO-injected rats strongly inhibited caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities and cathepsin D expression. It also increased expression levels of the neuroprotective proteins HSP-70 and AKT, suggesting an important role in modulating the cellular survival cascade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epilepsy and Neurodegeneration: Current Therapeutic Implications 2021)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3267 KiB  
Article
High-Efficacy α,β-Dehydromonacolin S Improves Hepatic Steatosis and Suppresses Gluconeogenesis Pathway in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
by Jutatip Kaewmalee, Atcharaporn Ontawong, Acharaporn Duangjai, Chittreeya Tansakul, Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul, Chatchai Muanprasat and Chutima Srimaroeng
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040375 - 17 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2822
Abstract
Isolated α,β-dehydromonacolin S (C5) from soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178 was recently shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of C5 on lipid-lowering, hepatic steatosis, and [...] Read more.
Isolated α,β-dehydromonacolin S (C5) from soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178 was recently shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of C5 on lipid-lowering, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in vivo. The control rats received a daily dose of either vehicle or C5 at 10 mg/kg, while the high-fat diet-induced obese (HFD) rats were administered vehicle; 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg C5; or 10 mg/kg lovastatin (LO) for 6 weeks. C5 significantly improved dyslipidemia and diminished liver enzymes, HMGR activity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, comparable to LO without any hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in HFD rats. A higher efficacy of C5 in lipid-lowering activity and anti-hepatic steatosis was associated with a significant decrease in genes involved in lipid metabolism including sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) 1c, SREBP2, liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma (PPARγ) together with an increase in the PPAR alpha (PPARα). Correspondingly, C5 was able to down-regulate the lipid transporters cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1), increase the antioxidant superoxide dismutase gene expression, and decrease the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). Impairment of hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance in HFD rats was restored by C5 through down-regulation of the gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and the activation of AMP-dependent kinase serine (AMPK) and serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt). Collectively, this novel C5 may be a therapeutic option for treating dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and reducing potential risk for diabetes mellitus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Searching for New Therapeutic Targets with Anti-obesity Potential)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3031 KiB  
Article
The Comparison of In Vitro Photosensitizing Efficacy of Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes Following Photodynamic Therapy on Melanoma MUG-Mel2, Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCC-25, and Normal Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells
by Marta Woźniak, Martyna Nowak, Anastasiia Lazebna, Kamil Więcek, Izabella Jabłońska, Krzysztof Szpadel, Aleksandra Grzeszczak, Jerzy Gubernator and Piotr Ziółkowski
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040374 - 17 Apr 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3974
Abstract
The research focused on the investigation of curcumin encapsulated in hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine liposomes and its increased photoactive properties in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The goal of this study was two-fold: to emphasize the role of a natural photoactive plant-based derivative in the liposomal [...] Read more.
The research focused on the investigation of curcumin encapsulated in hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine liposomes and its increased photoactive properties in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The goal of this study was two-fold: to emphasize the role of a natural photoactive plant-based derivative in the liposomal formulation as an easily bioavailable, alternative photosensitizer (PS) for the use in PDT of skin malignancies. Furthermore, the goal includes to prove the decreased cytotoxicity of phototoxic agents loaded in liposomes toward normal skin cells. Research was conducted on melanoma (MugMel2), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-25), and normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines. The assessment of viability with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) evaluated cell death after exposure to blue light irradiation after 4 h of pre-incubation with free and encapsulated curcumin. Additionally, the wound healing assay, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry to detect apoptosis were performed. The malignant cells revealed increased phototoxicity after the therapy in comparison to normal cells. Moreover, liposome curcumin-based photodynamic therapy showed an increased ratio of apoptotic and necrotic cells. The study also demonstrated that nanocurcumin significantly decreased malignant cell motility following PDT treatment. Acquired results suggest that liposomal formulation of a poor soluble natural compound may improve photosensitizing properties of curcumin-mediated PDT treatment in skin cancers and reduce toxicity in normal keratinocytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy 2021)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 864 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Plant Isoflavones Daidzein and Equol on Female Reproductive Processes
by Alexander V. Sirotkin, Saleh Hamad Alwasel and Abdel Halim Harrath
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040373 - 17 Apr 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3273
Abstract
In this review, we explore the current literature on the influence of the plant isoflavone daidzein and its metabolite equol on animal and human physiological processes, with an emphasis on female reproduction including ovarian functions (the ovarian cycle; follicullo- and oogenesis), fundamental ovarian-cell [...] Read more.
In this review, we explore the current literature on the influence of the plant isoflavone daidzein and its metabolite equol on animal and human physiological processes, with an emphasis on female reproduction including ovarian functions (the ovarian cycle; follicullo- and oogenesis), fundamental ovarian-cell functions (viability, proliferation, and apoptosis), the pituitary and ovarian endocrine regulators of these functions, and the possible intracellular mechanisms of daidzein action. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability of daidzein for the control of animal and human female reproductive processes, and how to make this application more efficient. The existing literature demonstrates the influence of daidzein and its metabolite equol on various nonreproductive and reproductive processes and their disorders. Daidzein and equol can both up- and downregulate the ovarian reception of gonadotropins, healthy and cancerous ovarian-cell proliferation, apoptosis, viability, ovarian growth, follicullo- and oogenesis, and follicular atresia. These effects could be mediated by daidzein and equol on hormone production and reception, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular regulators of proliferation and apoptosis. Both the stimulatory and the inhibitory effects of daidzein and equol could be useful for reproductive stimulation, the prevention and mitigation of cancer development, and the adverse effects of environmental stressors in reproductive biology and medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Regulators of Female Reproduction)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 9006 KiB  
Article
Screening of Benzimidazole-Based Anthelmintics and Their Enantiomers as Repurposed Drug Candidates in Cancer Therapy
by Rosalba Florio, Simone Carradori, Serena Veschi, Davide Brocco, Teresa Di Genni, Roberto Cirilli, Adriano Casulli, Alessandro Cama and Laura De Lellis
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040372 - 17 Apr 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5667
Abstract
Repurposing of approved non-antitumor drugs represents a promising and affordable strategy that may help to increase the repertoire of effective anticancer drugs. Benzimidazole-based anthelmintics are antiparasitic drugs commonly employed both in human and veterinary medicine. Benzimidazole compounds are being considered for drug repurposing [...] Read more.
Repurposing of approved non-antitumor drugs represents a promising and affordable strategy that may help to increase the repertoire of effective anticancer drugs. Benzimidazole-based anthelmintics are antiparasitic drugs commonly employed both in human and veterinary medicine. Benzimidazole compounds are being considered for drug repurposing due to antitumor activities displayed by some members of the family. In this study, we explored the effects of a large series of benzimidazole-based anthelmintics (and some enantiomerically pure forms of those containing a stereogenic center) on the viability of different tumor cell lines derived from paraganglioma, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Flubendazole, parbendazole, oxibendazole, mebendazole, albendazole and fenbendazole showed the most consistent antiproliferative effects, displaying IC50 values in the low micromolar range, or even in the nanomolar range. In silico evaluation of their physicochemical, pharmacokinetics and medicinal chemistry properties also provided useful information related to the chemical structures and potential of these compounds. Furthermore, in view of the potential repurposing of these drugs in cancer therapy and considering that pharmaceutically active compounds may have different mechanisms of action, we performed an in silico target prediction to assess the polypharmacology of these benzimidazoles, which highlighted previously unknown cancer-relevant molecular targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Old Pharmaceuticals with New Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 8895 KiB  
Article
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and In Silico Studies of Pyrazole-Based NH2-Acyl Oseltamivir Analogues as Potent Neuraminidase Inhibitors
by Jiqing Ye, Lin Lin, Jinyi Xu, Paul Kay-sheung Chan, Xiao Yang and Cong Ma
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040371 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3055
Abstract
Oseltamivir represents one of the most successful neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors in the current anti-influenza therapy. The 150-cavity of NA was identified as an additional binding pocket, and novel NA inhibitors have been designed to occupy the 150-cavity based on the structure information of [...] Read more.
Oseltamivir represents one of the most successful neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors in the current anti-influenza therapy. The 150-cavity of NA was identified as an additional binding pocket, and novel NA inhibitors have been designed to occupy the 150-cavity based on the structure information of oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) in complex with NA. In this study, a series of C-5-NH2-acyl derivatives of OC containing the pyrazole moiety were synthesized. Several derivatives exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against NA. Moreover, in silico ADME evaluation indicated that the derivatives were drug-like with higher oral absorption rates and greater cell permeability than OC. Additionally, molecular docking studies revealed that the derivatives interacted with both the NA enzyme active site and 150-cavity as expected. The results provided useful information for further structural optimization of OC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Molecules as Antimicrobials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5864 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Activity of a Novel Siderophore-Cephalosporin LCB10-0200 (GT-1), and LCB10-0200/Avibactam, against Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains at a Tertiary Hospital in Korea
by Le Phuong Nguyen, Chul Soon Park, Naina Adren Pinto, Hyunsook Lee, Hyun Soo Seo, Thao Nguyen Vu, Hung Mai, An H. T. Pham, Eris Jang, Young Lag Cho, Karrie Goglin, Kevin Nguyen, Richard White, Roshan D’Souza, Derrick E. Fouts and Dongeun Yong
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040370 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4237
Abstract
The siderophore–antibiotic conjugate LCB10-0200 (a.k.a. GT-1) has been developed to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, the in vitro activity of LCB10-0200 and LCB10-0200/avibactam (AVI) has been investigated against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [...] Read more.
The siderophore–antibiotic conjugate LCB10-0200 (a.k.a. GT-1) has been developed to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, the in vitro activity of LCB10-0200 and LCB10-0200/avibactam (AVI) has been investigated against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of LCB10-0200, LCB10-0200/AVI, aztreonam, aztreonam/AVI, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/AVI, and meropenem were measured using the agar dilution method. Whole genome sequencing was performed using Illumina and the resistome was analyzed. LCB10-0200 displayed stronger activity than the comparator drugs in meropenem-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and the addition of AVI enhanced the LCB10-0200 activity to MIC ≤ 0.12 mg/L for 90.5% of isolates. In contrast, whereas LCB10-0200 alone showed potent activity against meropenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa at MIC ≤ 4 mg/L for 84.3% of isolates, the combination with AVI did not improve its activity. LCB10-0200/AVI was active against CTX-M-, SHV-, CMY-, and KPC- producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae, while LCB10-0200 alone was active against ADC-, OXA-, and VIM- producing A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Both LCB10-0200 and LCB10-0200/AVI displayed low activity against IMP- and NDM- producing strains. LCB10-0200 alone exhibited strong activity against selected strains. The addition of AVI significantly increased LCB10-0200 activity against carbapenem-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1230 KiB  
Review
Thymoquinone, as a Novel Therapeutic Candidate of Cancers
by Belal Almajali, Hamid Ali Nagi Al-Jamal, Wan Rohani Wan Taib, Imilia Ismail, Muhammad Farid Johan, Abd Almonem Doolaanea and Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040369 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 8087
Abstract
To date, natural products are widely used as pharmaceutical agents for many human diseases and cancers. One of the most popular natural products that have been studied for anticancer properties is thymoquinone (TQ). As a bioactive compound of Nigella sativa, TQ has [...] Read more.
To date, natural products are widely used as pharmaceutical agents for many human diseases and cancers. One of the most popular natural products that have been studied for anticancer properties is thymoquinone (TQ). As a bioactive compound of Nigella sativa, TQ has shown anticancer activities through the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The anticancer efficacy of TQ is being investigated in several human cancers such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, hepatic cancer, cervical cancer, and leukemia. Even though TQ induces apoptosis by regulating the expression of pro- apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes in many cancers, the TQ effect mechanism on such cancers is not yet fully understood. Therefore, the present review has highlighted the TQ effect mechanisms on several signaling pathways and expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). Data from relevant published experimental articles on TQ from 2015 to June 2020 were selected by using Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. The present study investigated the effectiveness of TQ alone or in combination with other anticancer therapeutic agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cancers, as a future anticancer therapy nominee by using nanotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

9 pages, 992 KiB  
Article
Sex-Differences in Discontinuation of Statin Treatment in Cancer Patients the Year before Death
by Gabriella Frisk, Helena Bergström, Maria Helde Frankling and Linda Björkhem-Bergman
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040368 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2400
Abstract
Statin treatment is often terminated in patients with advanced cancer but guidelines for statin discontinuation are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate sex-differences in time-points of statin discontinuation in patients with advanced cancer. Medical records from 1535 deceased patients [...] Read more.
Statin treatment is often terminated in patients with advanced cancer but guidelines for statin discontinuation are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate sex-differences in time-points of statin discontinuation in patients with advanced cancer. Medical records from 1535 deceased patients enrolled at a Palliative Home Care Unit were reviewed. A total of 149 patients (42 women and 107 men) who were diagnosed with cancer, and were treated with statins one year before death, were identified. Statin treatment was terminated earlier in women than in men, 3.0 months prior to death (IQR 0.88–7.25) as compared to 1.5 months (IQR 0.5–4.0) (p < 0.05), respectively. In a longitudinal analysis there was a significant difference between men and women still on statin treatment at all studied time-points, 9, 6, and 3 months before death (p < 0.05), where women terminated statin treatment earlier in the disease trajectory. Baseline demographics were similar between the sexes except that more men than women had a history of previous cardiovascular events (p < 0.01). However, neither the indication for statin treatment, i.e., primary prevention versus secondary prevention, nor age could explain the sex-difference in statin discontinuation. There was no difference in cardiovascular events or mortality between men and women after statin discontinuation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statins Use and Cancer)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 322 KiB  
Review
Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis—A Clinical Overview of Incidence, Prognostic Implications and Extension of Current Treatment Options
by Carmen Portenkirchner, Peter Kienle and Karoline Horisberger
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040367 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3067
Abstract
In recent years, anti-tumor immunotherapies have witnessed a major breakthrough with the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the use of ICIs has also brought an era of a certain class of adverse events that differ from those of classical chemotherapies and [...] Read more.
In recent years, anti-tumor immunotherapies have witnessed a major breakthrough with the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the use of ICIs has also brought an era of a certain class of adverse events that differ from those of classical chemotherapies and are more reminiscent of autoimmune diseases. This article focuses exclusively on colitis as an irAE with emphasis on vulnerable patient groups, the prognostic significance of colitis, treatment, and new therapeutic approaches that may be applicable. Colitis itself is associated with a favorable oncological outcome of the underlying disease but is as well the most common irAE leading to discontinuation of therapy. Especially in vulnerable patient groups such as IBD patients and elderly patients, colitis occurs more frequently as a side effect. It is precisely in these two patient groups that side effects more often lead to discontinuation of therapy. Therefore, in addition to the current therapy of colitis through immunosuppression, the focus should also be on new forms of therapy of severe colitis, such as fecal transplantation or ileostomy creation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy)
19 pages, 43976 KiB  
Article
Influence of Pathogenic and Metabolic Genes on the Pharmacogenetics of Mood Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease
by Ramón Cacabelos, Juan C. Carril, Lola Corzo, Lucía Fernández-Novoa, Rocío Pego, Natalia Cacabelos, Pablo Cacabelos, Margarita Alcaraz, Iván Tellado and Vinogran Naidoo
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040366 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
Background: Mood disorders represent a risk factor for dementia and are present in over 60% of cases with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). More than 80% variability in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is associated with pharmacogenetics. Methods: Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed in 1006 [...] Read more.
Background: Mood disorders represent a risk factor for dementia and are present in over 60% of cases with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). More than 80% variability in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is associated with pharmacogenetics. Methods: Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed in 1006 patients with dementia (591 females, 415 males) and the influence of pathogenic (APOE) and metabolic (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9) gene variants on the therapeutic outcome were analyzed after treatment with a multifactorial regime in a natural setting. Results and Conclusions: (i) Biochemical, hematological, and metabolic differences may contribute to changes in drug efficacy and safety; (ii) anxiety and depression are more frequent and severe in females than males; (iii) both females and males respond similarly to treatment, showing significant improvements in anxiety and depression; (iv) APOE-3 carriers are the best responders and APOE-4 carriers tend to be the worst responders to conventional treatments; and (v) among CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 genophenotypes, normal metabolizers (NMs) and intermediate metabolizers (IMs) are significantly better responders than poor metabolizers (PMs) and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UMs) to therapeutic interventions that modify anxiety and depression phenotypes in dementia. APOE-4 carriers and CYP-related PMs and UMs deserve special attention for their vulnerability and poor response to current treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Pharmacogenomics of Mood Stabilizers)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

43 pages, 2072 KiB  
Review
Sildenafil 4.0—Integrated Synthetic Chemistry, Formulation and Analytical Strategies Effecting Immense Therapeutic and Societal Impact in the Fourth Industrial Era
by Andreas Ouranidis, Anastasia Tsiaxerli, Elisavet Vardaka, Catherine K. Markopoulou, Constantinos K. Zacharis, Ioannis Nicolaou, Dimitris Hatzichristou, Anna-Bettina Haidich, Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos and Kyriakos Kachrimanis
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040365 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 12669
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent selective, reversible inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whilst twenty years have passed since its original approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), sildenafil enters the [...] Read more.
Sildenafil is a potent selective, reversible inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whilst twenty years have passed since its original approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), sildenafil enters the fourth industrial era catalyzing the treatment advances against erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. The plethora of detailed clinical data accumulated and the two sildenafil analogues marketed, namely tadalafil and vardenafil, signify the relevant therapeutic and commercial achievements. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug appears complex, interdependent and of critical importance whereas the treatment of special population cohorts is considered. The diversity of the available formulation strategies and their compatible administration routes, extend from tablets to bolus suspensions and from per os to intravenous, respectively, inheriting the associated strengths and weaknesses. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to elucidate the multi-disciplinary elements spanning the knowledge fields of chemical synthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmacology, clinical applications, biopharmaceutical profile, formulation approaches for different routes of administration and analytical strategies, currently employed to guide the development of sildenafil-based compositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Story of Successful Drugs and Recent FDA-Approved Molecules)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

27 pages, 7154 KiB  
Article
Dual-Target Compounds against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Proof of Concept for Sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter (SGLT) and Glycogen Phosphorylase (GP) Inhibitors
by Ádám Sipos, Eszter Szennyes, Nikolett Éva Hajnal, Sándor Kun, Katalin E. Szabó, Karen Uray, László Somsák, Tibor Docsa and Éva Bokor
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040364 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4045
Abstract
A current trend in the quest for new therapies for complex, multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), is to find dual or even multi-target inhibitors. In DM, the sodium dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidneys and the glycogen phosphorylase (GP) [...] Read more.
A current trend in the quest for new therapies for complex, multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), is to find dual or even multi-target inhibitors. In DM, the sodium dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidneys and the glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the liver are validated targets. Several (β-D-glucopyranosylaryl)methyl (het)arene type compounds, called gliflozins, are marketed drugs that target SGLT2. For GP, low nanomolar glucose analogue inhibitors exist. The purpose of this study was to identify dual acting compounds which inhibit both SGLTs and GP. To this end, we have extended the structure-activity relationships of SGLT2 and GP inhibitors to scarcely known (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)methyl arene type compounds and studied several (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)arene type GP inhibitors against SGLT. New compounds, such as 5-arylmethyl-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 5-arylmethyl-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 4-arylmethyl-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)pyrimidines and 4(5)-benzyl-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)imidazole were prepared by adapting our previous synthetic methods. None of the studied compounds exhibited cytotoxicity and all of them were assayed for their SGLT1 and 2 inhibitory potentials in a SGLT-overexpressing TSA201 cell system. GP inhibition was also determined by known methods. Several newly synthesized (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)methyl arene derivatives had low micromolar SGLT2 inhibitory activity; however, none of these compounds inhibited GP. On the other hand, several (C-β-D-glucopyranosylhetaryl)arene type GP inhibitor compounds with low micromolar efficacy against SGLT2 were identified. The best dual inhibitor, 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4(5)-(2-naphthyl)-imidazole, had a Ki of 31 nM for GP and IC50 of 3.5 μM for SGLT2. This first example of an SGLT-GP dual inhibitor can prospectively be developed into even more efficient dual-target compounds with potential applications in future antidiabetic therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycomimetics and Glycoconjugates in Drug Discovery)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1602 KiB  
Article
Design and Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted-4′-Selenoadenosine-5′-N,N-Dimethyluronamide Derivatives as Human A3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists
by Hongseok Choi, Kenneth A. Jacobson, Jinha Yu and Lak Shin Jeong
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040363 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2638
Abstract
A new series of 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N,N-dimethyluronamide derivatives as highly potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor (hA3AR) antagonists, is described. The highly selective A3AR agonists, 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N-methyluronamides were successfully converted into selective antagonists by adding a [...] Read more.
A new series of 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N,N-dimethyluronamide derivatives as highly potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor (hA3AR) antagonists, is described. The highly selective A3AR agonists, 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N-methyluronamides were successfully converted into selective antagonists by adding a second N-methyl group to the 5′-uronamide position. All the synthesized compounds showed medium to high binding affinity at the hA3AR. Among the synthesized compounds, 2-H-N6-3-iodobenzylamine derivative 9f exhibited the highest binding affinity at hA3AR. (Ki = 22.7 nM). The 2-H analogues generally showed better binding affinity than the 2-Cl analogues. The cAMP functional assay with 2-Cl-N6-3-iodobenzylamine derivative 9l demonstrated hA3AR antagonist activity. A molecular modelling study suggests an important role of the hydrogen of 5′-uronamide as an essential hydrogen bonding donor for hA3AR activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Chemistry of Adenosine Receptor Antagonists)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 2800 KiB  
Review
3D Bioprinting of Functional Skin Substitutes: From Current Achievements to Future Goals
by Paula Gabriela Manita, Itxaso Garcia-Orue, Edorta Santos-Vizcaino, Rosa Maria Hernandez and Manoli Igartua
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040362 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5864
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present 3D bioprinting of skin substitutes as an efficient approach of managing skin injuries. From a clinical point of view, classic treatments only provide physical protection from the environment, and existing engineered scaffolds, albeit acting as [...] Read more.
The aim of this review is to present 3D bioprinting of skin substitutes as an efficient approach of managing skin injuries. From a clinical point of view, classic treatments only provide physical protection from the environment, and existing engineered scaffolds, albeit acting as a physical support for cells, fail to overcome needs, such as neovascularisation. In the present work, the basic principles of bioprinting, together with the most popular approaches and choices of biomaterials for 3D-printed skin construct production, are explained, as well as the main advantages over other production methods. Moreover, the development of this technology is described in a chronological manner through examples of relevant experimental work in the last two decades: from the pioneers Lee et al. to the latest advances and different innovative strategies carried out lately to overcome the well-known challenges in tissue engineering of skin. In general, this technology has a huge potential to offer, although a multidisciplinary effort is required to optimise designs, biomaterials and production processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3D Printed Drug Controlled Delivery Systems and Biomedical Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2841 KiB  
Article
New InhA Inhibitors Based on Expanded Triclosan and Di-Triclosan Analogues to Develop a New Treatment for Tuberculosis
by Sarentha Chetty, Tom Armstrong, Shalu Sharma Kharkwal, William C. Drewe, Cristina I. De Matteis, Dimitrios Evangelopoulos, Sanjib Bhakta and Neil R. Thomas
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040361 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5239
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) has reinforced the need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. The first line drug isoniazid inhibits InhA. This is a prodrug requiring activation by the enzyme KatG. Mutations in KatG have [...] Read more.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) has reinforced the need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. The first line drug isoniazid inhibits InhA. This is a prodrug requiring activation by the enzyme KatG. Mutations in KatG have largely contributed to clinical isoniazid resistance. We aimed to design new ‘direct’ InhA inhibitors that obviate the need for activation by KatG, circumventing pre-existing resistance. In silico molecular modelling was used as part of a rational structure-based drug-design approach involving inspection of protein crystal structures of InhA:inhibitor complexes, including the broad spectrum antibiotic triclosan (TCS). One crystal structure exhibited the unusual presence of two triclosan molecules within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA binding site. This became the basis of a strategy for the synthesis of novel inhibitors. A series of new, flexible ligands were designed and synthesised, expanding on the triclosan structure. Low Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were obtained for benzylphenyl compounds (12, 43 and 44) and di-triclosan derivative (39), against Mycobacterium bovis BCG although these may also be inhibiting other enzymes. The ether linked di-triclosan derivative (38) displayed excellent in vitro isolated enzyme inhibition results comparable with triclosan, but at a higher MIC (125 µg mL−1). These compounds offer good opportunities as leads for further optimisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Enzyme Inhibitors as Potential Drugs 2020)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2414 KiB  
Review
A Meta-Analysis of the Analgesic Efficacy of Single-Doses of Ibuprofen Compared to Traditional Non-Opioid Analgesics Following Third Molar Surgery
by Lorenzo Franco-de la Torre, Norma Patricia Figueroa-Fernández, Diana Laura Franco-González, Ángel Josabad Alonso-Castro, Federico Rivera-Luna and Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040360 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3793
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of ibuprofen in comparison with other traditional non-opioid analgesics after third molar surgery. A total of 17 full texts were identified in PubMed and assessed using the Cochrane [...] Read more.
The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of ibuprofen in comparison with other traditional non-opioid analgesics after third molar surgery. A total of 17 full texts were identified in PubMed and assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool by two independent researchers. The sum of pain intensity differences, total pain relief, the overall evaluation, the number of patients requiring rescue analgesics, and adverse effects were collected. Data were analyzed using the Review Manager Software 5.3. for Windows. A total of 15 articles met the criteria. The qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that ibuprofen is more effective to relieve post-operative dental pain than acetaminophen, meclofenamate, aceclofenac, bromfenac, and aspirin. Moreover, ibuprofen and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a similar safety profile. In conclusion, ibuprofen 400 mg appears to have good analgesic efficacy and a safety profile similar to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after third molar surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 358 KiB  
Review
Formulations for Bacteriophage Therapy and the Potential Uses of Immobilization
by Daniel Rosner and Jason Clark
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040359 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6619
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is becoming increasingly problematic in the treatment of bacterial diseases. This has led to bacteriophages receiving increased attention as an alternative form of treatment. Phages are effective at targeting and killing bacterial strains of interest and have yielded [...] Read more.
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is becoming increasingly problematic in the treatment of bacterial diseases. This has led to bacteriophages receiving increased attention as an alternative form of treatment. Phages are effective at targeting and killing bacterial strains of interest and have yielded encouraging results when administered as part of a tailored treatment to severely ill patients as a last resort. Despite this, success in clinical trials has not always been as forthcoming, with several high-profile trials failing to demonstrate the efficacy of phage preparations in curing diseases of interest. Whilst this may be in part due to reasons surrounding poor phage selection and a lack of understanding of the underlying disease, there is growing consensus that future success in clinical trials will depend on effective delivery of phage therapeutics to the area of infection. This can be achieved using bacteriophage formulations instead of purely liquid preparations. Several encapsulation-based strategies can be applied to produce phage formulations and encouraging results have been observed with respect to efficacy as well as long term phage stability. Immobilization-based approaches have generally been neglected for the production of phage therapeutics but could also offer a viable alternative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacteriophages as Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles)
17 pages, 4312 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Developing Radiotracers for MDM2: Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of an 18F-Labeled Analogue of the MDM2 Inhibitor SP-141
by Satish K. Chitneni, Zhengyuan Zhou, Brian E. Watts and Michael R. Zalutsky
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040358 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2506
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, is overexpressed in several human cancers. Herein we investigate the feasibility of developing 18F-labeled compounds based on the small molecule inhibitor SP-141 for imaging tumor MDM2 expression levels [...] Read more.
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, is overexpressed in several human cancers. Herein we investigate the feasibility of developing 18F-labeled compounds based on the small molecule inhibitor SP-141 for imaging tumor MDM2 expression levels with positron emission tomography (PET). Three nonradioactive fluorinated SP-141 analogues, 1–3, were synthesized, and their binding to the MDM2 protein was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). One of these, a fluoroethoxy analogue, was labeled with fluorine-18 (18F) using 18F-fluorethyl bromide to provide [18F]1 and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. SPR analysis confirmed the binding of the fluorinated analogues to MDM2 at 1.25–20 µM concentrations. Cell uptake studies revealed high uptake (67.5–71.4%/mg protein) and specificity of [18F]1 in MCF7 and HepG2 cells. The uptake of [18F]1 in these cells could be modulated using 100 µM SP-141, potentially reflecting changes in MDM2 expression because of p53 activation by SP-141. [18F]1 exhibited stable uptake and retention in HepG2 tumor xenografts (~3 %ID/g) in vivo, but poor clearance from blood and other normal tissues, yielding low tumor-to-background ratios (<2) at 2 h post injection. Our results suggest that [18F]1 has suboptimal characteristics for in vivo evaluation as a PET tracer for MDM2, but warrant radiolabeling and assessment of the other fluorinated analogues synthesized in this work, 2 and 3, and potentially other molecular scaffolds for developing MDM2 targeted radiotracers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targets, Tracers and Translation, Part 2 - New Horizons in Radiopharmaceutical Development)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8798 KiB  
Article
Identification of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Compounds from Food Using QSAR-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis
by Magdi E. A. Zaki, Sami A. Al-Hussain, Vijay H. Masand, Siddhartha Akasapu, Sumit O. Bajaj, Nahed N. E. El-Sayed, Arabinda Ghosh and Israa Lewaa
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040357 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4917
Abstract
Due to the genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, the present work endeavored to derive a balanced Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship (QSAR) model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies to identify novel molecules having inhibitory potential against the main protease (Mpro) of [...] Read more.
Due to the genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, the present work endeavored to derive a balanced Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship (QSAR) model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies to identify novel molecules having inhibitory potential against the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. The QSAR analysis developed on multivariate GA–MLR (Genetic Algorithm–Multilinear Regression) model with acceptable statistical performance (R2 = 0.898, Q2loo = 0.859, etc.). QSAR analysis attributed the good correlation with different types of atoms like non-ring Carbons and Nitrogens, amide Nitrogen, sp2-hybridized Carbons, etc. Thus, the QSAR model has a good balance of qualitative and quantitative requirements (balanced QSAR model) and satisfies the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. After that, a QSAR-based virtual screening of 26,467 food compounds and 360 heterocyclic variants of molecule 1 (benzotriazole–indole hybrid molecule) helped to identify promising hits. Furthermore, the molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Mpro with molecule 1 recognized the structural motifs with significant stability. Molecular docking and QSAR provided consensus and complementary results. The validated analyses are capable of optimizing a drug/lead candidate for better inhibitory activity against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 in Pharmaceuticals)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2564 KiB  
Article
A Simple and Quick Method for Loading Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles
by Sara Busatto, Dalila Iannotta, Sierra A. Walker, Luisa Di Marzio and Joy Wolfram
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040356 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6457
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular transport of biomolecular cargo in the body, making them promising delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. Genetic engineering of producer cells has enabled encapsulation of therapeutic proteins in EVs. However, genetic engineering approaches can be expensive, time-consuming, and incompatible [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular transport of biomolecular cargo in the body, making them promising delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. Genetic engineering of producer cells has enabled encapsulation of therapeutic proteins in EVs. However, genetic engineering approaches can be expensive, time-consuming, and incompatible with certain EV sources, such as human plasma and bovine milk. The goal of this study was to develop a quick, versatile, and simple method for loading proteins in EVs post-isolation. Proteins, including CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), were bound to cationic lipids that were further complexed with MDA-MB-231 cell-derived EVs through passive incubation. Size-exclusion chromatography was used to remove components that were not complexed with EVs. The ability of EVs to mediate intracellular delivery of proteins was compared to conventional methods, such as electroporation and commercial protein transfection reagents. The results indicate that EVs retain native features following protein-loading and obtain similar levels of intracellular protein delivery as conventional methods, but display less toxicity. This method opens up opportunities for rapid exploration of EVs for protein delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles: Biology and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 3507 KiB  
Article
Nanofiller-Enhanced Soft Non-Gelatin Alginate Capsules for Modified Drug Delivery
by Sameer Joshi, Rajnish Sahu, Vida A. Dennis and Shree R. Singh
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(4), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040355 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3198
Abstract
Capsules are one of the major solid dosage forms available in a variety of compositions and shapes. Developments in this dosage form are not new, but the production of non-gelatin capsules is a recent trend. In pharmaceutical as well as other biomedical research, [...] Read more.
Capsules are one of the major solid dosage forms available in a variety of compositions and shapes. Developments in this dosage form are not new, but the production of non-gelatin capsules is a recent trend. In pharmaceutical as well as other biomedical research, alginate has great versatility. On the other hand, the use of inorganic material to enhance material strength is a common research topic in tissue engineering. The research presented here is a combination of qualities of alginate and montmorillonite (MMT). These two materials were used in this research to produce a soft non-gelatin modified-release capsule. Moreover, the research describes a facile benchtop production of these capsules. The produced capsules were critically analyzed for their appearance confirming resemblance with marketed capsules, functionality in terms of drug encapsulation, as well as release and durability. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-98
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop