Does Venue of HIV Testing and Results Disclosure in the Context of a Research Study Affect Adolescent Health and Behavior? Results from a Study in Western Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Participants, and Procedures
2.2. Human Subjects Protections
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jaspan, H.B.; Cunningham, C.K.; Tucker, T.J.; Wright, P.F.; Self, S.G.; Sheets, R.L.; Rogers, A.S.; Bekker, L.G.; Wilson, C.M.; Duerr, A.; et al. Inclusion of adolescents in preventive HIV vaccine trials: Public health policy and research design at a crossroads. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2008, 47, 86–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagata, J.M.; Ferguson, B.J.; Ross, D.A. Minding the Gap: Setting Research Priorities Related to HIV Testing, Treatment, and Service Delivery Among Adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 2018, 63, 131–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pomfret, S.; Karim, Q.A.; Benatar, S.R. Inclusion of adolescent women in microbicide trials: A public health imperative! Public Health Ethics 2010, 3, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kapogiannis, B.G.; Handelsman, E.; Ruiz, M.S.; Lee, S. Introduction: Paving the way for biomedical HIV prevention interventions in youth. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2010, 54, S1–S4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armstrong, A.; Nagata, J.M.; Vicari, M.; Irvine, C.; Cluver, L.; Sohn, A.H.; Ferguson, J.; Caswell, G.; Njenga, L.W.; Oliveras, C. A Global Research Agenda for Adolescents Living With HIV. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2018, 78, S16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Idele, P.; Gillespie, A.; Porth, T.; Suzuki, C.; Mahy, M.; Kasedde, S.; Luo, C. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: Current status, inequities, and data gaps. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2014, 66 (Suppl. 2), S144–S153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- UNAIDS Data 2020—AIDSinfo Data Sheet, People living with HIV—All Adolescents (10–19), Regional Data Sheet. Available online: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ (accessed on 24 November 2021).
- Singh, J.A.; Siddiqi, M.; Parameshwar, P.; Chandra-Mouli, V. World Health Organization Guidance on ethical considerations in planning and reviewing research studies on sexual and reproductive health in adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 2019, 64, 427–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- MacQueen, K.M.; Karim, Q.A. Practice brief: Adolescents and HIV clinical trials: Ethics, culture, and context. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care 2007, 18, 78–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, J.A.; Karim, S.S.A.; Karim, Q.A.; Mlisana, K.; Williamson, C.; Gray, C.; Govender, M.; Gray, A. Enrolling adolescents in research on HIV and other sensitive issues: Lessons from South Africa. PLoS Med. 2006, 3, e180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Slack, C.; Strode, A.; Fleischer, T.; Gray, G.; Ranchod, C. Enrolling adolescents in HIV vaccine trials: Reflections on legal complexities from South Africa. BMC Med. Ethics 2007, 8, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bekker, L.-G.; Slack, C.; Lee, S.; Shah, S.; Kapogiannis, B. Ethical issues in adolescent HIV research in resource-limited countries. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2014, 65 (Suppl. 1), S24–S28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knopf, A.S.; Gilbert, A.L.; Zimet, G.D.; Kapogiannis, B.G.; Hosek, S.G.; Fortenberry, J.D.; Ott, M.A. Moral conflict and competing duties in the initiation of a biomedical HIV prevention trial with minor adolescents. AJOB Empir. Bioeth. 2017, 8, 145–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nelson, R.M.; Lewis, L.L.; Struble, K.; Wood, S.F. Ethical and regulatory considerations for the inclusion of adolescents in HIV biomedical prevention research. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2010, 54, S18–S24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Slack, C.; Strode, A.; Grant, C.; Milford, C. Implications of the ethical-legal framework for adolescent HIV vaccine trials—Report of a consultative forum. S. Afr. Med. J. 2005, 95, 682–684. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Day, S.; Kapogiannis, B.G.; Shah, S.K.; Wilson, E.C.; Ruel, T.D.; Conserve, D.F.; Strode, A.; Donenberg, G.R.; Kohler, P.; Slack, C.; et al. Adolescent participation in HIV research: Consortium experience in low and middle-income countries and scoping review. Lancet HIV 2020, 7, e844–e852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luseno, W.K.; Hallfors, D.D.; Cho, H.; Iritani, B.J.; Adze, J.; Rusakaniko, S.; Mbai, I.; Milimo, B.; Hobbs, M. Use of HIV and HSV-2 biomarkers in sub-Saharan adolescent prevention research: A comparison of two approaches. J. Prim. Prev. 2014, 35, 181–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Birdthistle, I.J.; Floyd, S.; Machingura, A.; Mudziwapasi, N.; Gregson, S.; Glynn, J.R. From affected to infected? Orphanhood and HIV risk among female adolescents in urban Zimbabwe. AIDS 2008, 22, 759–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cowan, F.; Pettifor, A. HIV in adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 2009, 4, 288–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cowan, F.M.; Pascoe, S.J.; Langhaug, L.F.; Dirawo, J.; Chidiya, S.; Jaffar, S.; Mbizvo, M.; Stephenson, J.M.; Johnson, A.M.; Power, R.M.; et al. The Regai Dzive Shiri Project: A cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a multi-component community-based HIV prevention intervention for rural youth in Zimbabwe—study design and baseline results. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2008, 13, 1235–1244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandason, T.; Dauya, E.; Dakshina, S.; McHugh, G.; Chonzi, P.; Munyati, S.; Weiss, H.A.; Simms, V.; Kranzer, K.; Ferrand, R.A. Screening tool to identify adolescents living with HIV in a community setting in Zimbabwe: A validation study. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0204891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bekolo, C.E.; Yimdjo Fogue, T.D.; Williams, T.D.A. Feasibility of integrating HIV testing into local youth development p rogrammes in Cameroon. Pan Afr. Med. J. 2018, 29, 189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadede, K.; Ruel, T.; Kabami, J.; Ssemmondo, E.; Sang, N.; Kwarisiima, D.; Bukusi, E.; Cohen, C.R.; Liegler, T.; Clark, T.D.; et al. Increased adolescent HIV testing with a hybrid mobile strategy in Uganda and Kenya. AIDS 2016, 30, 2121–2126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shanaube, K.; Schaap, A.; Chaila, M.J.; Floyd, S.; Mackworth-Young, C.; Hoddinott, G.; Hayes, R.; Fidler, S.; Ayles, H. Community intervention improves knowledge of HIV status of adolescents in Zambia: Findings from HPTN 071-PopART for youth study. AIDS 2017, 31 (Suppl. 3), S221–S232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ssebunya, R.N.; Wanyenze, R.K.; Namale, L.; Lukolyo, H.; Kisitu, G.P.; Nahirya-Ntege, P.; Kekitiinwa, A. Prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among adolescents 10–19 years in a post-conflict pastoralist community of Karamoja region, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sennott, C.; Yeatman, S. Surprising results: HIV testing and changes in contraceptive practices among young women in Malawi. J. Biosoc. Sci. 2016, 48, 174–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Baird, S.; Gong, E.; McIntosh, C.; Özler, B. The heterogeneous effects of HIV testing. J. Health Econ. 2014, 37, 98–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luseno, W.K.; Field, S.H.; Iritani, B.J.; Odongo, F.S.; Kwaro, D.; Amek, N.O.; Rennie, S. Pathways to Depression and Poor Quality of Life Among Adolescents in Western Kenya: Role of Anticipated HIV Stigma, HIV Risk Perception, and Sexual Behaviors. AIDS Behav. 2021, 25, 1423–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simons-Rudolph, A.P.; Iritani, B.J.; Odongo, F.S.; Rennie, S.; Gilbertson, A.; Kwaro, D.; Luseno, W.K. Adolescent perceptions about participating in HIV-related research studies. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2020, 116, 105262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNAIDS Data 2019—AIDSinfo Data Sheet, HIV Prevalence—Young People (15–24), Kenya Sub-National Data Sheet. Available online: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ (accessed on 24 November 2021).
- National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP) Ministry of Health Kenya. Guidelines for HIV Testing Services in Kenya; NASCOP: Nairobi, Kenya, 2015.
- Van Dam, N.T.; Earleywine, M. Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale--Revised (CESD-R): Pragmatic depression assessment in the general population. Psychiatry Res. 2011, 186, 128–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skevington, S.M.; Lotfy, M.; O’Connell, K.A. The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial A Report from the WHOQOL Group. Qual. Life Res. 2004, 13, 299–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Allison, P.D. Missing Data; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2001; Volume 136. [Google Scholar]
- Molenberghs, G.; Verbeke, G. Models for Discrete Longitudinal Data; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- National AIDS and STI Control Programme (NASCOP) & Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI). Guidelines for Conducting Adolescents Sexual and Reproductive Health Research in Kenya; NASCOP & KEMRI: Nairobi, Kenya, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Republic of Kenya. Guidelines for Ethical Conduct of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects in Kenya; National Council for Science and Technology: Nairobi, Kenya, 2005.
- Groves, A.K.; Hallfors, D.D.; Iritani, B.J.; Rennie, S.; Odongo, F.S.; Kwaro, D.; Amek, N.; Luseno, W.K. “I think the parent should be there because no one was born alone”: Kenyan adolescents’ perspectives on parental involvement in HIV research. Afr. J. AIDS Res. 2018, 17, 227–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luseno, W.K.; Iritani, B.J.; Maman, S.; Mbai, I.; Ongili, B.; Otieno, F.A.; Hallfors, D.D. “If the mother does not know, there is no way she can tell the adolescent to go for drugs”: Challenges in promoting health and preventing transmission among pregnant and parenting Kenyan adolescents living with HIV. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2019, 103, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, X.; Teng, T.; Zhang, Y.; Del Giovane, C.; Furukawa, T.A.; Weisz, J.R.; Li, X.; Cuijpers, P.; Coghill, D.; Xiang, Y.; et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants, psychotherapies, and their combination for acute treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 581–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inwani, I.; Chhun, N.; Agot, K.; Cleland, C.M.; Rao, S.O.; Nduati, R.; Kinuthia, J.; Kurth, A.E. Preferred HIV Testing Modalities Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya. J. Adolesc. Health 2020, 68, 497–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, M.; Ying, R.; Tarr, G.; Barnabas, R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature 2015, 528, S77–S85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doherty, T.; Tabana, H.; Jackson, D.; Naik, R.; Zembe, W.; Lombard, C.; Swanevelder, S.; Fox, M.P.; Thorson, A.; Ekström, A.M.; et al. Effect of home based HIV counselling and testing intervention in rural South Africa: Cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2013, 346, f3481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chetty-Makkan, C.M.; Hoffmann, C.J.; Charalambous, S.; Botha, C.; Ntshuntshe, S.; Nkosi, N.; Kim, H.-Y. Youth Preferences for HIV Testing in South Africa: Findings from the Youth Action for Health (YA4H) Study Using a Discrete Choice Experiment. AIDS Behav. 2021, 25, 182–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krubiner, C.B.; Faden, R.R.; Cadigan, R.J.; Gilbert, S.Z.; Henry, L.M.; Little, M.O.; Mastroianni, A.C.; Namey, E.E.; Sullivan, K.A.; Lyerly, A.D. Advancing HIV research with pregnant women: Navigating challenges and opportunities. AIDS 2016, 30, 2261–2265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luna, F. Identifying and evaluating layers of vulnerability—A way forward. Dev. World Bioeth. 2019, 19, 86–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Perriat, D.; Plazy, M.; Gumede, D.; Boyer, S.; Pillay, D.; Dabis, F.; Seeley, J.; Orne-Gliemann, J. “If you are here at the clinic, you do not know how many people need help in the community”: Perspectives of home-based HIV services from health care workers in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in the era of universal test-and-treat. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0202473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Baseline Characteristics | Full Sample | Follow-Up Sample a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 4096) | (n = 113) | |||
% | n | % | n | |
Baseline Testing Venue | ||||
Clinic | 50.81 | 2081 | 53.98 | 61 |
Home | 49.19 | 2015 | 46.02 | 52 |
Age group | ||||
15–17 years old | 61.74 | 2529 | 63.72 | 72 |
18–19 years old | 38.26 | 1567 | 36.28 | 41 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 49.58 | 2031 | 51.33 | 58 |
Male | 50.42 | 2065 | 48.67 | 55 |
Orphan (% yes) | 41.70 | 1694 | 44.64 | 50 |
Currently in school or completed secondary (% yes) | 83.25 | 3410 | 81.42 | 92 |
Ever married (% yes) | 1.99 | 81 | b | <5 |
You or partner ever pregnant (% yes) | 9.45 | 384 | b | <5 |
Attends religious services once a week or more (% yes) | 53.35 | 2182 | 60.71 | 68 |
Religious affiliation | ||||
Roman Catholic | 24.95 | 1021 | 27.43 | 31 |
Protestant or other Christian | 68.99 | 2823 | 64.60 | 73 |
Muslim, no religion, or other | 6.06 | 248 | 7.96 | 9 |
Subcounty location | ||||
Subcounty 1 | 26.93 | 1103 | 28.32 | 32 |
Subcounty 2 | 35.47 | 1453 | 28.32 | 32 |
Subcounty 3 | 37.60 | 1540 | 43.36 | 49 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Luseno, W.K.; Field, S.H.; Iritani, B.J.; Odongo, F.S.; Kwaro, D.; Rennie, S. Does Venue of HIV Testing and Results Disclosure in the Context of a Research Study Affect Adolescent Health and Behavior? Results from a Study in Western Kenya. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063249
Luseno WK, Field SH, Iritani BJ, Odongo FS, Kwaro D, Rennie S. Does Venue of HIV Testing and Results Disclosure in the Context of a Research Study Affect Adolescent Health and Behavior? Results from a Study in Western Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063249
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuseno, Winnie Kavulani, Samuel H. Field, Bonita J. Iritani, Fredrick S. Odongo, Daniel Kwaro, and Stuart Rennie. 2022. "Does Venue of HIV Testing and Results Disclosure in the Context of a Research Study Affect Adolescent Health and Behavior? Results from a Study in Western Kenya" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063249
APA StyleLuseno, W. K., Field, S. H., Iritani, B. J., Odongo, F. S., Kwaro, D., & Rennie, S. (2022). Does Venue of HIV Testing and Results Disclosure in the Context of a Research Study Affect Adolescent Health and Behavior? Results from a Study in Western Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063249