Next Article in Journal
A Triton X-100-Based Microemulsion for the Removal of Hydrophobic Materials from Works of Art: SAXS Characterization and Application
Next Article in Special Issue
One-Pot Synthesized Visible Light-Driven BiOCl/AgCl/BiVO4 n-p Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
Previous Article in Journal
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Mesoporous Silica Derived from Rice Husk Ash as a Potential Drug Carrier
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/ma11071143
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Improving Air-Stability and Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Solvent Engineered Hole Selective Interlayer

by
Binrui Xu
1,
Gopalan Sai-Anand
2,
Hyun-Min Jeong
1,
Sae-Wan Kim
1,
Ju-Seong Kim
1,
Jin-Beom Kwon
1 and
Shin-Won Kang
1,*
1
School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
2
Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, New South Wales 2298, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2018, 11(7), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071143
Submission received: 12 June 2018 / Revised: 29 June 2018 / Accepted: 4 July 2018 / Published: 5 July 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functionalized Nanomaterials for Energy Applications)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (BHJ-PSCs), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the most commonly used hole selective interlayer (HSIL). However, its acidity, hygroscopic nature, and the use of indium tin oxide (ITO) etching can degrade the overall photovoltaic performance and the air-stability of BHJ-PSCs. Solvent engineering is considered as a facile approach to overcome these issues. In this work, we engineered the HSIL using ethanol (ET) treated PEDOT:PSS to simultaneously enhance the photovoltaic performance properties and air-stability of the fabricated devices. We systematically investigated the influence of ET on the microstructural, morphological, interfacial characteristics of modified HSIL and photovoltaic characteristics of BHJ-PSCs. Compared with the BHJ-PSC with pristine PEDOT:PSS, a significant enhancement of power conversion efficiency (~17%) was witnessed for the BHJ-PSC with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5). Consequently, the BHJ-PSC with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) as HSIL exhibited remarkably improved air-stability.

1. Introduction

Recently, bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells (BHJ-PSCs) have attracted widespread attention in the photovoltaics field, owing to their cost-competitiveness, mechanically flexibility, and lightweight [1,2,3]. The BHJ-PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been increased over ~11% via efficient strategies on the material engineering, the addition of additives/dopants, and fabrication process [4,5]. In order to enhance photovoltaic (PV) performance of BHJ-PSCs, an interlayer was sandwiched between the electrode and the photoactive layer [6]. In existing studies, the main role of interlayer are to provide ohmic contact with the photoactive layer, transport the photoinduced carriers, select required carriers and block undesired carriers, and adjust the work function (WF) of the anode or cathode [7]. This kind of interlayer can be designated as either a hole selective interlayer (HSIL) which selects holes to pass through this layer and blocks electrons, or an electron selective interlayer (ESIL) which selects electrons and blocks holes [8]. Among the numerous conducting materials, one of the polymer materials, namely, poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) becomes the most popular HSIL in BHJ-PSCs due to its favorable electrical properties and excellent optical transparency. Scheme 1a exhibits the chemical structure of PEDOT:PSS [9,10].
In general, the instability of the device hampers the industrialization of BHJ-PSCs. The instability originates from the presence of localized moisture encroachment and the interfacial passivation at the organic/cathode interface [11]. In the case of using PEDOT:PSS as HSIL, the large proportion of insulating and highly acidic PSS aggregations in PEDOT:PSS could affect the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS film, corrode the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and damage the PV performance and air-stability of the BHJ-PSCs [12,13,14]. Therefore, numerous approaches have been used to overcome these disadvantages of PEDOT:PSS, such as PEDOT:PSS with judicial solvent modifiers [15,16]. Among the different strategies for the modification of PEDOT:PSS, incorporation of additives (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide [17], tetramethylene sulfone [18], N,N-dimethylformamide [19], methoxyethanol [20], isopropyl alcohol [21], N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone [22]) effectively and drastically improves the PV performance and air-stability of BHJ-PSCs [23].
In this study, we demonstrate the ethanol (pKa = 15.9, denoted as ET) modified PEDOT:PSS (PEDOT:PSS-ET) as HSIL, and the influence on the PCE and air-stability of BHJ-PSCs. ET is a polar solvent with a hydroxyl (OH) group. These results propose that the hydroxyl group with a high electronegativity of oxygen in ET can form interaction with PEDOT chains’ dipoles or with the positive charges, and form hydrogen bonding with PSS which induces that the random coil conformation of PEDOT chains changes the ordered expanded coil/linear structure (Scheme 1b) [24]. When the above conformational change takes place, the related structural transition of PEDOT chains occurs from the benzenoid form to the quinoid form which is more conductive; this structural transformation is shown in Scheme 1c [25]. As a consequence, charge carriers can be transported faster in the expanded coil/linear conformation, enhancing the PV performance of BHJ-PSCs. Although the previous studies report ET as a useful additive in PEDOT:PSS, few studies demonstrate the influence of PEDOT:PSS-ET on the air-stability of BHJ-PSCs. The neutral nature of ET has an impact on the acidity of PEDOT:PSS, by weakening the ITO etching and improving the air-stability of BHJ-PSCs.
The poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) based BHJ-PSCs were processed according to the classical structure: glass/ITO/HSIL/P3HT:PCBM/zinc oxide nanocrystals (ZnO NCs)/aluminum (Al) (Figure 1a), and the optimized volume ratio of PEDOT:PSS-ET was found to be 1:0.5 [26,27]. Figure 1b exhibited the schematic energy band diagram of fabricated devices.
We systematically examined the influence of ET on the structure transformation, morphology modification, and surface variation of the PEDOT:PSS-ET film, as well as, the tuned WF at the interface between ITO/PEDOT:PSS-ET. By adding ET into PEDOT:PSS, an enhancement of ~17% in PCE is achieved. Subsequently, the air-stability of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) based BHJ-PSCs is significantly superior to the pristine device.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and HSIL Preparation

PEDOT:PSS (Clevios P VP AI. 4083, ratio of 1:6,) was obtained from H.C. Starck, Inc., Newton, MA, USA. P3HT and PCBM were purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp., Taiwan, China, and used as received. O-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Seoul, Korea. ET (99.9%) was bought from Samchun Pure Chemical CO. LTD. (Pyeongtaek, Korea) and used without any purification.
The PEDOT:PSS and ET aqueous solutions were mixed with the different volume ratios of 1:0.125, 1:0.25, 1:0.375, 1:0.5, and 1:0.625. These mixtures were ultrasonicated for 1 h at room temperature.

2.2. Fabrication and Characterization of the BHJ-PSCs

ITO-coated glass slides were ultrasonic washing by using acetone, methanol and deionized water for 10 min, respectively [28]. Then, the ITO substrates were treated in an ultraviolet oven for 15 min. The HSILs (35 ± 5 nm) were prepared by spin-coating on the ITO substrates and thermally annealed at 150 °C for 10 min. The 20 mg of P3HT and 20 mg of PCBM were blended into 1 mL of DCB and stirred at 60 °C overnight and deposited onto the ITO/HSIL. The formed photoactive layer (~ 205 nm) was solvent annealed inside a covered glass dish for 1 h and thermally annealed at 100 °C for 10 min in a vacuum oven. Subsequently, ZnO NCs was spin-coated as ESIL on the P3HT:PCBM active layer. Finally, a top cathode of Al was thermally evaporated with an area of 9 mm2 at a pressure of 10−6 Torr. All the film fabrication processes were performed under ambient conditions (15–25% humidity in air). The PV performance parameters were measured using a 2400 series source meter (Keithley, Inc., Seoul, Korea) under 100 mW·cm−2 with AM 1.5 G illumination.

2.3. Thin Film Characterization

The transmittance spectra of HSILs coated on ITO were recorded using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer (Cary 5000, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The Raman scattering spectra of HSILs was carried our using a Raman spectrometer (Model inVia, Renishaw, London, UK) with a 532-nm excitation laser line. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained from FTIR spectroscopy (Frontier, PerkinElmer, Inc., Shanghai, China). The morphological modification of HSILs were taken using atomic force microscope (AFM, Model 5500, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were evaluated by a PHI Quantera SXM scanning photoelectron spectrometer microprobe (ULVAC, Kanagawa, Japan). A contact angle analyzer (Kruss, Hamburg, Germany) was utilized to take the surface properties (water contact angle) of samples. The WFs of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films deposited on ITO glass were determined using photoelectron yield spectroscopy (PYS) (Riken-Keiki CO., LTD, Tokyo, Japan). The acidic nature of aqueous solutions were taken by pH meter (Mettler Toledo, Shanghai, China). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (Model Hitachi SU8220, Tokyo, Japan) was used to evaluate the thickness of HSIL and photoactive layer (Figure S1).

3. Results

3.1. Photovoltaic Performance

The PV parameters (open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), series resistance (Rs), fill factor (FF) and PCE and current density-voltage (J-V) curves of the fabricated BHJ-PSCs based on PEDOT:PSS or PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.125, 1:0.25, 1:0.375, 1:0.5, 1:0.625) are shown in Table 1 and Figure 2a. The pristine device exhibits Voc, Jsc, Rs and PCE values of 0.59 V, 8.376 mA/cm2, 241 Ω, 0.58, and 2.92%. On the other hand, the greatest PCE of 3.42% was obtained for the device with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) as HSIL with Voc of 0.60 V, Jsc of 8.890 mA/cm2, FF of 0.64 and Rs of 155 Ω. The observable enhanced PCE is mainly due to an improvement in Jsc and a decrease in Rs. However, the devices were fabricated in ambient conditions and the degradation of the P3HT:PCBM active layer by moisture caused the high Rs (over 200 Ω) in this study, which affected the PV performance of BHJ-PSCs [29,30,31].
To investigate the improved performance of the BHJ-PSCs, the transmittance spectra of ITO/HSILs were recorded and are shown in Figure 2b [32,33]. The transmittance spectra of ITO/PEDOT:PSS-ET films are lower than that of the pristine ITO/PEDOT:PSS film. The transmittance spectra of ITO/PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) and ITO/PEDOT:PSS are similar in the wavelength range of 600–800 nm; while the transmittance of ITO/PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film is slightly lower than the ITO/PEDOT:PSS film, from 330 nm to 600 nm [34]. Therefore, the slightly lower transmittance proves the improved PV performance of BHJ-PSCs based on PEDOT:PSS-ET films is not directly to the variant transmittance [35]. The PV performance improvement should be derive from the higher conductivity (7.89 × 10−3 S/cm) of PEDOT:PSS-ET thin film than that of PEDOT:PSS thin film (2.97 × 10−3 S/cm), resulting in the improved Jsc and reduced Rs [36]. The enhanced electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS-ET film is attributed to the structural transformation of PEDOT and PSS chains [37].

3.2. Microstructural Properties

In order to understand how ET impacts on the structural transformation of the PEDOT and PSS chains, Figure 3a presents the Raman data of two HSILs [38]. Both films show six predominant peaks in Raman spectra [39]. The peak at 1439, 1261, 1369, and 1542 cm−1 represents the Cα=Cβ symmetric stretching vibrations, Cα–Cα’ inter-ring stretching vibrations, Cβ–Cβ’ stretching vibration, and the splitting of the asymmetric vibrations, respectively. The two peaks at 1505 and 1563 cm−1 in the Raman spectra are corresponding with the Cα=Cβ asymmetric stretching vibrations which are associated with the thiophene rings in the PEDOT chains [40,41]. The intensity of the peak centered at 1439 cm−1 was increased, and the peak became narrower with the infusion of ET, which reveals that the benzoid-quinoid tautomerism of PEDOT chains and the conformation transformation from random coil to expand-coil/linear [42]. Due to the two PEDOT rings, with expanded coil/linear conformation, being located in almost the same plane, the π-electrons can be delocalized easily in the PEDOT rings [43]. Hence, the structural transformation of PEDOT chains presumably results in the PV performance of BHJ-PSCs.
FTIR spectrophotometer is used to evaluate the components of molecule with molecule’s characteristic absorption of infrared [44]. Figure 3b indicates the FTIR spectral characteristics of HSILs with and without ET. The peaks at 1520 and 1305 cm−1 are related to the C=C and C–C vibration band in the thiophene ring of PEDOT, respectively. The band at 813 and 902 cm−1 are assigned to the C-S bond in the EDOT ring. The stretching mode of the ethylendioxy group is centered at 1178 cm−1. The stretching vibration from –SO2 and –SO3 groups of PSS appeared as two weaker bands around 1137 and 1384 cm−1. Moreover, an important blue shift from 1520 to 1527 cm−1 of C=C asymmetric stretch from thiophene ring of PEDOT is noticeable, which is attributed to the delocalization of the effective π-electrons. This phenomenon corresponds to the Raman spectra, indicating the conformation transformation and structural change of PEDOT chains [42].

3.3. Surface Properties

In BHJ-PSCs, the surface morphology of HSIL has an important influence on the hole transportation. Figure 4a,b presents the surface morphological properties of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films which were evaluated by AFM images. Three dimensional (3D) surface morphology is also exhibited in Figure 4c,d. Comparison with the root mean square roughness (RMS) of the pristine PEDOT:PSS film (0.76 nm), the AFM image of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film presented a smoother, less rough surface with an RMS of 0.68 nm. The less rough surface could beneficially favor the extraction of hole collection on the ITO side [45]. Moreover, an observable phase separation between PEDOT-rich and the surrounding PSS-rich regions with the appearance of larger domains can be seen in the AFM image of the PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5), which indicates that the addition of ET can rearrange the orientation of PEDOT and PSS chains [46,47]. The obvious separation provided a larger region for continuous carrier mobility without the carriers having to hop very frequently over the insulating PSS chains, leading to the superior conductivity of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film [48]. The clearer surface morphology was exhibited in the 3D AFM images [49].
To further investigate the surface chemical composition, the XPS spectra of HSILs with or without ET were recorded in Figure 5a [48,50]. The atomic weights of C1s, O1s, N1s and S2p in the XPS spectrum of pristine PEDOT:PSS film were 64.2%, O1s 24.9%, N1s 1.0% and S2p 7.5%, respectively. However, a slight decrease in the atomic weight % (6.9%) of S2p for PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) was observed. The inserted picture presents the S2p spectra of the two films. The two binding energy peaks around 168 eV and 164 eV, and are associated with the sulfonate group from PSS and thiophene ring in PEDOT, respectively [51,52]. Due to the PEDOT to PSS ratio of 1:6, the superfluous PSS enriched on the PEDOT:PSS surface, reducing the PV performance of BHJ-PSCs. The declined S2p peaks for PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film revealed a decreased PSS accumulation on the surface of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film, increasing the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film.
In addition, the water contact angles (Figure 5b,c) of samples have been measured to further clarify the variation of surface property in the PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film [53]. The water contact angle (θcontact) decreased from 33° to 12° after adding ET to the PEDOT:PSS solution [54]. This indicates that PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) is more hydrophilic than PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5), indicating smoother roughness and better interface with the photoactive layer [52]. The improved interfacial adhesion is a basic factor to form a good film to fabricate the high-efficiency device.

3.4. Electronic Property

The PYS spectra were measured to characterize the WF of ITO/HSILs as shown in Figure 6a. The WFs were extracted from the point of X-intercept as −5.25 eV (PEDOT:PSS) and −5.13 eV (PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5)), respectively [55]. The reduced PSS to PEDOT ratio at the PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film surface induces a variation in WF [56]. The tuned WF of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) in relation to the reduced PSS accumulation on the PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) film surface [57]. The decreased content of PSS has been explained by XPS characterization. In comparison with the WF (−5.25 eV) of pristine PEDOT:PSS, the WF (−5.13 eV) is better matched to highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of P3HT (−5.20 eV) and near the WF (−4.70 eV) of ITO, which could form efficient holes transportation from active layer to the ITO electrode, leading to shortening hole extraction route and reducing the charge recombination. Consequently, holes can smoothly transport the ITO electrode, subsequently helping to improve the Jsc, FF, and reducing Rs in the fabricated PSCs.

3.5. Air-Stability

The device air-stability is one of the significant parameters associated with practical utilization. To further confirm the influence of PEDOT:PSS-ET on BHJ-PSCs, the air-stability of devices with pristine PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) was proposed in Figure 6b,c [58]. The PCE of pristine device decayed 72%, and the modified device decayed 60% from their initial PCE after 315 h. Furthermore, the Jsc of the pristine device reduced by 39% and the FF dropped by 55% after 315 h. However, ~33% of the Jsc and ~39% of FF were dropped in the device with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5). Simultaneously, the Voc of both two devices showed a similar linear trend. The decreased PCE in both BHJ-PSCs is related to the obvious reduced Jsc and FF. In conclusion, the device with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) exhibited significantly improved air-stability and longer lifetime than the pristine device. The corrosion of the ITO electrode and the active layer by acidic PEDOT:PSS is a major cause of poor air-stability of the device [59]. Therefore, we envisage that the reason for better air-stability in the completed BHJ-PSCs with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) is ethanol, which could neutralize or reduce the acidity of the PSS. The pH values of PEDOT:PSS solutions with various volume ratios of ET were measured by the pH meter, as shown in Table 2. With the increased volume ratio of ET, the pH value of PEDOT:PSS was gradually increased. Due to the optimized pH value, the etching of the ITO electrode and the blend active system caused by PEDOT:PSS, can be controlled. Consequently, the air-stability of the device with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) was significantly improved.
Herein, with the enhanced properties of PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v,1:0.5) film, the PCE of BHJ-PSCs were significantly increased from 2.92% to 3.42%; as well as the improved PV parameters, such as the improved Jsc (from 8.376 to 8.890 mA/cm2), the enhanced FF ( from 0.58 to 0.64) and the reduced Rs (241 to 155 Ω). The improved PCE is mainly attributed to the improved Jsc, induced by the conformation transform of PEDOT and PSS chains. Moreover, due to the pH value of the ET (nearly to 7), the device with PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) exhibited excellent air-stability after aging 315 h, as compared with the device with pristine PEDOT:PSS.

4. Conclusions

In this work, BHJ-PSCs based on solvent engineered HSIL were fabricated and appropriately characterized. By introducing an inexpensive solvent (ethanol, ET) as a solvent additive in the PEDOT:PSS, the conformation of PEDOT:PSS can be transformed from a random coil form to a more-ordered expanded coil/linear form; the resulting PEDOT:PSS-ET exhibited better conductivity, more favorable surface morphology, reduced PSS content and suitable work function with the donor polymer. With these advantageous properties, the fabricated BHJ-PSCs employing PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) achieved an increment of ~17% in the PCE. Moreover, the utilized ET can control the acidity of PEDOT:PSS to avoid the corrosion and degradation of the ITO electrode and the active layer, significantly improving the air-stability and performance of the device.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/7/1143/s1, Figure S1: FE-SEM cross-section image of (a) the completed device, (b) ITO/PEDOT:PSS and (c) ITO/PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5).

Author Contributions

B.X. performed the experiments and drafted the manuscript; G.S.-A., H.-M.J. and S.-W.K. (Sae-Wan Kim) assisted data analysis; J.-S.K. and J.-B.K. provided materials/analysis tools; S.-W.K. (Shin-Won Kang) guided the project.

Funding

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIP) (No. NRF 2017R1D1A3B03032042), the BK21 Plus project funded by the Ministry of Education, Korea (21A20131600011) and China Scholarship Council (CSC, No. 201708260004).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Li, G.; Zhu, R.; Yang, Y. Polymer solar cells. Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Zhang, Z.; Li, X.; Guan, G.; Pan, S.; Zhu, Z.; Ren, D.; Peng, H. A lightweight polymer solar cell textile that functions when illuminated from either side. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 11571–11574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Sun, C.; Pan, F.; Bin, H.; Zhang, J.; Xue, L.; Qiu, B.; Wei, Z.; Zhang, Z.-G.; Li, Y. A low cost and high performance polymer donor material for polymer solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. An, Q.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, J.; Tang, W.; Deng, Z.; Hu, B. Versatile ternary organic solar cells: A critical review. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 281–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Zhao, W.; Qian, D.; Zhang, S.; Li, S.; Inganäs, O.; Gao, F.; Hou, J. Fullerene-free polymer solar cells with over 11% efficiency and excellent thermal stability. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4734–4739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Xiao, B.; Wu, H.; Cao, Y. Solution-processed cathode interfacial layer materials for high-efficiency polymer solar cells. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 385–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Zeng, H.; Zhu, X.; Liang, Y.; Guo, X. Interfacial layer engineering for performance enhancement in polymer solar cells. Polymers 2015, 7, 333–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Zhang, K.; Liu, X.-Y.; Xu, B.-W.; Cui, Y.; Sun, M.-L.; Hou, J.-H. High-performance fullerene-free polymer solar cells with solution-processed conjugated polymers as anode interfacial layer. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2017, 35, 219–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Glen, T.S.; Scarratt, N.W.; Yi, H.; Iraqi, A.; Wang, T.; Kingsley, J.; Buckley, A.R.; Lidzey, D.G.; Donald, A.M. Dependence on material choice of degradation of organic solar cells following exposure to humid air. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 216–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Manzano-Ramírez, A.; López-Naranjo, E.J.; Soboyejo, W.; Meas-Vong, Y.; Vilquin, B. A review on the efficiency of graphene-based bhj organic solar cells. J. Nanomater. 2015, 2015, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Wang, X.; Zhao, C.X.; Xu, G.; Chen, Z.-K.; Zhu, F. Degradation mechanisms in organic solar cells: Localized moisture encroachment and cathode reaction. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012, 104, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Hu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Hao, Z.; Zhao, Y. Influence of doped pedot: Pss on the performance of polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 2763–2767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Hou, X.; Li, Q.; Cheng, T.; Yu, L.; Wang, F.; Lin, J.; Dai, S.; Li, Y.; Tan, Z.A. Improvement of the power conversion efficiency and long term stability of polymer solar cells by incorporation of amphiphilic nafion doped pedot-pss as a hole extraction layer. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 18727–18734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Lattante, S. Electron and hole transport layers: Their use in inverted bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. Electronics 2014, 3, 132–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Savva, A.; Georgiou, E.; Papazoglou, G.; Chrusou, A.Z.; Kapnisis, K.; Choulis, S.A. Photovoltaic analysis of the effects of pedot:Pss-additives hole selective contacts on the efficiency and lifetime performance of inverted organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 132, 507–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Wang, M.; Zhou, M.; Zhu, L.; Li, Q.; Jiang, C. Enhanced polymer solar cells efficiency by surface coating of the pedot: Pss with polar solvent. Sol. Energy 2016, 129, 175–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Nagata, R.; Yanagi, Y.; Fujii, S.; Kataura, H.; Nishioka, Y. Application of highly conductive dmso-treated pedot:Pss electrodes to flexible organic solar cells. In Proceedings of the 2014 21st International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD), Kyoto, Japan, 2–4 July 2014; pp. 299–302. [Google Scholar]
  18. Keawprajak, A.; Koetniyom, W.; Piyakulawat, P.; Jiramitmongkon, K.; Pratontep, S.; Asawapirom, U. Effects of tetramethylene sulfone solvent additives on conductivity of pedot:Pss film and performance of polymer photovoltaic cells. Org. Electron. 2013, 14, 402–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Yang, J.S.; Oh, S.H.; Kim, D.L.; Kim, S.J.; Kim, H.J. Hole transport enhancing effects of polar solvents on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonic acid) for organic solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 5394–5398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Hu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, Y. Effects of solvent-treated pedot: Pss on organic photovoltaic devices. Renew. Energy 2014, 62, 100–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhang, C.; Cheng, J.; Liao, X.; Lian, X.; Zhang, J.; Yang, X.; Li, L. Investigation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) hole transport layer for solution-processed polymer solar cells. Int. J. Photoenergy 2015, 2015, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Chen, C.-H.; LaRue, J.C.; Nelson, R.D.; Kulinsky, L.; Madou, M.J. Electrical conductivity of polymer blends of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrenesulfonate): N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and polyvinyl alcohol. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 125, 3134–3141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Li, Q.; Yang, J.; Chen, S.; Zou, J.; Xie, W.; Zeng, X. Highly conductive pedot: Pss transparent hole transporting layer with solvent treatment for high performance silicon/organic hybrid solar cells. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2017, 12, 506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Ouyang, J.; Xu, Q.F.; Chu, C.W.; Yang, Y.; Li, G.; Shinar, J. On the mechanism of conductivity enhancement in poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrene sulfonate) film through solvent treatment. Polymer 2004, 45, 8443–8450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Xu, B.; Gopalan, S.-A.; Gopalan, A.-I.; Muthuchamy, N.; Lee, K.-P.; Lee, J.-S.; Jiang, Y.; Lee, S.-W.; Kim, S.-W.; Kim, J.-S.; et al. Functional solid additive modified pedot:Pss as an anode buffer layer for enhanced photovoltaic performance and stability in polymer solar cells. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 45079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Gopalan, S.-A.; Seo, M.-H.; Anantha-Iyengar, G.; Han, B.; Lee, S.-W.; Kwon, D.-H.; Lee, S.-H.; Kang, S.-W. Mild wetting poor solvent induced hydrogen bonding interactions for improved performance in bulk heterojunction solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2174–2186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Sai-Anand, G.; Gopalan, A.-I.; Lee, K.-P.; Venkatesan, S.; Kang, B.-H.; Lee, S.-W.; Lee, J.-S.; Qiao, Q.; Kwon, D.-H.; Kang, S.-W. A futuristic strategy to influence the solar cell performance using fixed and mobile dopants incorporated sulfonated polyaniline based buffer layer. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 141, 275–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Xu, B.; Sai-Anand, G.; Gopalan, A.-I.; Qiao, Q.; Kang, S.-W. Improving photovoltaic properties of p3ht:Ic60ba through the incorporation of small molecules. Polymers 2018, 10, 121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Seemann, A.; Egelhaaf, H.J.; Brabec, C.; Hauch, J.A. Influence of Oxygen on Semi-Transparent Organic Solar Cells with Gas Permeable Electrodes. Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 1424–1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Norrman, K.; Gevorgyan, S.A.; Krebs, F.C. Water-induced degradation of polymer solar cells studied by h218o labeling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009, 1, 102–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Reese, M.O.; Morfa, A.J.; White, M.S.; Kopidakis, N.; Shaheen, S.E.; Rumbles, G.; Ginley, D.S. Pathways for the degradation of organic photovoltaic p3ht:Pcbm based devices. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 746–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Chen, Y.; Sun, Y.; Yu, C.; Li, F.; Wang, Y. Anode engineering of highly efficient polymer solar cells using treated ito. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 2016, 32, 689–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Alemu Mengistie, D.; Wang, P.-C.; Chu, C.-W. Effect of molecular weight of additives on the conductivity of pedot:Pss and efficiency for ito-free organic solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 9907–9915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zhao, L.; Zhao, S.; Xu, Z.; Huang, D.; Zhao, J.; Li, Y.; Xu, X. The effects of improved photoelectric properties of pedot:Pss by two-step treatments on the performance of polymer solar cells based on ptb7-th:Pc71bm. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 547–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Peng, B.; Guo, X.; Cui, C.; Zou, Y.; Pan, C.; Li, Y. Performance improvement of polymer solar cells by using a solvent-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) buffer layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 243308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Li, Z.; Meng, W.; Tong, J.; Zhao, C.; Qin, F.; Jiang, F.; Xiong, S.; Zeng, S.; Xu, L.; Hu, B.; et al. A nonionic surfactant simultaneously enhancing wetting property and electrical conductivity of pedot: Pss for vacuum-free organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 137, 311–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Singh, V.; Arora, S.; Arora, M.; Sharma, V.; Tandon, R.P. Characterization of doped pedot: Pss and its influence on the performance and degradation of organic solar cells. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2014, 29, 045020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kara, M.O.P.; Frey, M.W. Effects of solvents on the morphology and conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) nanofibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Cho, W.; Im, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, J. Synthesis and characterization of pedot:P(ss-co-vtms) with hydrophobic properties and excellent thermal stability. Polymers 2016, 8, 189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Li, J.; Liu, J.; Gao, C.; Zhang, J.; Sun, H. Influence of mwcnts doping on the structure and properties of pedot:Pss films. Int. J. Photoenergy 2009, 2009, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Chou, T.-R.; Chen, S.-H.; Chiang, Y.-T.; Lin, Y.-T.; Chao, C.-Y. Highly conductive pedot:Pss films by post-treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide for ito-free liquid crystal display. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 3760–3766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Xiong, S.; Zhang, L.; Lu, X. Conductivities enhancement of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) transparent electrodes with diol additives. Polym. Bull. 2012, 70, 237–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Farah, A.A.; Rutledge, S.A.; Schaarschmidt, A.; Lai, R.; Freedman, J.P.; Helmy, A.S. Conductivity enhancement of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) films post-spincasting. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 112, 113709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Zhu, Z.; Song, H.; Xu, J.; Liu, C.; Jiang, Q.; Shi, H. Significant conductivity enhancement of pedot:Pss films treated with lithium salt solutions. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2015, 26, 429–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Sai-Anand, G.; Han, B.; Kang, B.-H.; Kim, S.-W.; Lee, S.-W.; Lee, J.-S.; Jeong, H.-M.; Kang, S.-W. Incorporation of gold nanodots into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonate) for an efficient anode interfacial layer for improved plasmonic organic photovoltaics. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2015, 15, 7092–7098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Ouyang, L.; Musumeci, C.; Jafari, M.J.; Ederth, T.; Inganäs, O. Imaging the phase separation between pedot and polyelectrolytes during processing of highly conductive pedot: Pss films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 19764–19773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Takeya, U.; Muneki, Y.; Arao, N.; Hideo, K. Segmentation of conducting domains in pedot:Pss films induced by an additive for conductivity enhancement. Appl. Phys. Express 2016, 9, 051601. [Google Scholar]
  48. Thomas, J.P.; Zhao, L.; McGillivray, D.; Leung, K.T. High-efficiency hybrid solar cells by nanostructural modification in pedot:Pss with co-solvent addition. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2383–2389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Araźna, A.; Janeczek, K.; Futera, K.; Koziol, A. Modification of conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS layer by SWCNT. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 104, 012027. [Google Scholar] [Green Version]
  50. Sai-Anand, G.; Dubey, A.; Gopalan, A.-I.; Venkatesan, S.; Ruban, S.; Reza, K.M.; Choi, J.; Lakhi, K.S.; Xu, B.; Qiao, Q.; et al. Additive assisted morphological optimization of photoactive layer in polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 182, 246–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Deetuam, C.; Weise, D.; Samthong, C.; Praserthdam, P.; Baumann, R.R.; Somwangthanaroj, A. Electrical conductivity enhancement of spin-coated pedot:Pss thin film via dipping method in low concentration aqueous dmso. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Zhu, Q.; Bao, X.; Yu, J.; Yang, R.; Dong, L. Simple synthesis of solution-processable oxygen-enriched graphene as anode buffer layer for efficient organic solar cells. Org. Electron. 2015, 27, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Sai-Anand, G.; Gopalan, A.-I.; Lee, K.-P.; Venkatesan, S.; Qiao, Q.; Kang, B.-H.; Lee, S.-W.; Lee, J.-S.; Kang, S.-W. Electrostatic nanoassembly of contact interfacial layer for enhanced photovoltaic performance in polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2016, 153, 148–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Cellot, G.; Lagonegro, P.; Tarabella, G.; Scaini, D.; Fabbri, F.; Iannotta, S.; Prato, M.; Salviati, G.; Ballerini, L. Pedot: Pss interfaces support the development of neuronal synaptic networks with reduced neuroglia response in vitro. Front. Neurosci. 2016, 9, 521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  55. Gopalan, S.-A.; Gopalan, A.-I.; Vinu, A.; Lee, K.-P.; Kang, S.-W. A new optical-electrical integrated buffer layer design based on gold nanoparticles tethered thiol containing sulfonated polyaniline towards enhancement of solar cell performance. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 174, 112–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Xing, Y.-J.; Qian, M.-F.; Guo, D.-Z.; Zhang, G.-M. Increased work function in pedot: Pss film under ultraviolet irradiation. Chin. Phys. B 2014, 23, 038504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Hwang, J.; Amy, F.; Kahn, A. Spectroscopic study on sputtered pedot·pss: Role of surface pss layer. Org. Electron. 2006, 7, 387–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Vida, T.; Sebastian, E.; Nikos, T.; Harald, H.; Morten, M.; Horst-Günter, R.; Uwe, R.; Gerhard, G. Long-term stabilization of organic solar cells using uv absorbers. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2016, 49, 125604. [Google Scholar]
  59. Zhang, Y.; Chen, L.; Hu, X.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y. Low work-function poly(3,4-ethylenedioxylenethiophene): Poly(styrene sulfonate) as electron-transport layer for high-efficient and stable polymer solar cells. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 12839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Materials 11 01143 sch001 550
Scheme 1. (a) PEDOT:PSS structure, (b) conformation transformation of PEDOT and PSS chains and (c) transformation of the PEDOT structure.
Scheme 1. (a) PEDOT:PSS structure, (b) conformation transformation of PEDOT and PSS chains and (c) transformation of the PEDOT structure.
Materials 11 01143 sch001
Materials 11 01143 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Conventional architecture and (b) energy levels of compositions in BHJ-PSC.
Figure 1. (a) Conventional architecture and (b) energy levels of compositions in BHJ-PSC.
Materials 11 01143 g001
Materials 11 01143 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) J-V characteristics of the BHJ-PSCs fabricated with PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET in different volume ratios, and (b) transmittance spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET films.
Figure 2. (a) J-V characteristics of the BHJ-PSCs fabricated with PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET in different volume ratios, and (b) transmittance spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET films.
Materials 11 01143 g002
Materials 11 01143 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) Raman spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films on glass with, and (b) FTIR spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films.
Figure 3. (a) Raman spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films on glass with, and (b) FTIR spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films.
Materials 11 01143 g003
Materials 11 01143 g004 550
Figure 4. 2D morphology images of (a) the PEDOT:PSS and (b) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films, and 3D morphology images of (c) PEDOT:PSS and (d) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films obtained with AFM at a scale of 0.5 μm × 0.5 μm.
Figure 4. 2D morphology images of (a) the PEDOT:PSS and (b) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films, and 3D morphology images of (c) PEDOT:PSS and (d) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films obtained with AFM at a scale of 0.5 μm × 0.5 μm.
Materials 11 01143 g004
Materials 11 01143 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) XPS survey level C1s, S2p, N1s and O1s data of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5), and water droplet contact angles of (b) PEDOT:PSS and (c) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films.
Figure 5. (a) XPS survey level C1s, S2p, N1s and O1s data of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5), and water droplet contact angles of (b) PEDOT:PSS and (c) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films.
Materials 11 01143 g005
Materials 11 01143 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) PYS data of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films, normalized air-stability characteristics of BHJ-PSCs with (b) PEDOT:PSS and (c) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) over 315 h of continuous testing.
Figure 6. (a) PYS data of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) films, normalized air-stability characteristics of BHJ-PSCs with (b) PEDOT:PSS and (c) PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v, 1:0.5) over 315 h of continuous testing.
Materials 11 01143 g006
Table
Table 1. PV parameters of the BHJ-PSCs fabricated with PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET in different volume ratios. The average parameters were obtained from eight independent devices. PCEa and PCEb are the best and average PCE values, respectively.
Table 1. PV parameters of the BHJ-PSCs fabricated with PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET in different volume ratios. The average parameters were obtained from eight independent devices. PCEa and PCEb are the best and average PCE values, respectively.
HSILVoc (V)Jsc (mA/cm2)Rs (Ω)FFPCEa (%)PCEb (%)
pristine0.59 ± 0.0068.376 ± 0.07241 ± 9.30.58 ± 0.0162.922.86 ± 0.094
1:0.1250.59 ± 0.0048.421 ± 0.04195 ± 8.50.59 ± 0.0063.103.08 ± 0.012
1:0.250.60 ± 0.0048.565 ± 0.03170 ± 3.70.63 ± 0.0053.223.21 ± 0.015
1:0.3750.60 ± 0.0048.652 ± 0.06162 ± 4.60.63 ± 0.0073.333.30 ± 0.016
1:0.50.60 ± 0.0058.890 ± 0.05155 ± 5.80.64 ± 0.0043.423.36 ± 0.041
1:0.6250.59 ± 0.0058.572 ± 0.08159 ± 6.40.63 ± 0.0053.273.22 ± 0.035
Table
Table 2. pH values of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET aqueous solutions.
Table 2. pH values of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS-ET aqueous solutions.
PEDOT:PSS-ET (v/v)pH Value
Pristine1.65
1:0.1251.77
1:0.251.96
1:0.3751.99
1:0.52.04
1:0.6252.14
ET6.87

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, B.; Sai-Anand, G.; Jeong, H.-M.; Kim, S.-W.; Kim, J.-S.; Kwon, J.-B.; Kang, S.-W. Improving Air-Stability and Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Solvent Engineered Hole Selective Interlayer. Materials 2018, 11, 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071143

AMA Style

Xu B, Sai-Anand G, Jeong H-M, Kim S-W, Kim J-S, Kwon J-B, Kang S-W. Improving Air-Stability and Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Solvent Engineered Hole Selective Interlayer. Materials. 2018; 11(7):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071143

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Binrui, Gopalan Sai-Anand, Hyun-Min Jeong, Sae-Wan Kim, Ju-Seong Kim, Jin-Beom Kwon, and Shin-Won Kang. 2018. "Improving Air-Stability and Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Solvent Engineered Hole Selective Interlayer" Materials 11, no. 7: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071143

APA Style

Xu, B., Sai-Anand, G., Jeong, H. -M., Kim, S. -W., Kim, J. -S., Kwon, J. -B., & Kang, S. -W. (2018). Improving Air-Stability and Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Solvent Engineered Hole Selective Interlayer. Materials, 11(7), 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071143

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop