Pediatric Reports

9 pages, 420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effects of Cancer as a Traumatic Event on Italian Adolescents and Young Adults: Investigating Psychological Well-Being, Identity Construction and Coping Strategies

by Chiara Ionio, Francesca Bigoni, Maddalena Sacchi, Marco Zecca, Elena Bergami, Marta Landoni, Giulia Ciuffo, Anna Rovati and Damiano Rizzi

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 254-262; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010021 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2139

Abstract

Cancer in adolescence is considered a family disease that can have numerous negative psychological consequences for adolescents and the entire household. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oncological disease in adolescence, with particular reference to the psychological and [...] Read more.

Cancer in adolescence is considered a family disease that can have numerous negative psychological consequences for adolescents and the entire household. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oncological disease in adolescence, with particular reference to the psychological and post-traumatic consequences for the adolescents themselves and the family system. An explorative case–control study was conducted with 31 adolescents (mean age 18.03 ± 2.799) hospitalised for cancer at IRCCS San Matteo Hospital in Pavia and 47 healthy adolescents (mean age 16.17 ± 2.099). The two samples completed a survey that included sociodemographic information and questionnaires assessing psychological well-being, traumatic effects of the disease, and adequacy of the relationship with parents. 56.7% of oncology adolescents scored below average in psychological well-being, and a small proportion of them fell within the range of clinical concern for anger (9.7%), PTS (12.9%), and dissociation (12.9%). Compared with peers, there were no significant differences. However, in contrast to peers, oncology adolescents showed a strong influence of the traumatic event on the construction of their identity and life perspectives. A significantly positive correlation also emerged between adolescents’ psychological well-being and the relationship with their parents (mothers: r = 0.796; p < 0.01; fathers: r = 0.692; p < 0.01). Our findings highlight how cancer in adolescence could represent a central traumatic event that can shape the identity and life of teenagers who are in an intrinsically delicate and vulnerable stage of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Psychology)

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9 pages, 1624 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Prenatal Treatment of Cardiac Rhabdomyoma in a Fetus with Tuberous Sclerosis

by Joachim Carsten Will, Nina Siedentopf, Oliver Schmid, Teresa Mira Gruber, Wolfgang Henrich, Christoph Hertzberg and Bernhard Weschke

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 245-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010020 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3475

Abstract

Cardiac rhabdomyomas are a possible early manifestation of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). They often regress spontaneously but may grow and cause cardiac dysfunction, threatening the child’s life. Treatment with rapalogs can stop the growth of these cardiac tumors and even make them [...] Read more.

Cardiac rhabdomyomas are a possible early manifestation of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). They often regress spontaneously but may grow and cause cardiac dysfunction, threatening the child’s life. Treatment with rapalogs can stop the growth of these cardiac tumors and even make them shrink. Here, we present the case of a successful treatment of a cardiac rhabdomyoma in a fetus with TSC by administering sirolimus to the mother. The child’s father carries a TSC2 mutation and the family already had a child with TSC. After we confirmed the TSC diagnosis and growth of the tumor with impending heart failure, we started treatment at 27 weeks of gestation. Subsequently, the rhabdomyoma shrank and the ventricular function improved. The mother tolerated the treatment very well. Delivery was induced at 39 weeks and 1 day of gestation and proceeded without complications. The length, weight, and head circumference of the newborn were normal for the gestational age. Rapalog treatment was continued with everolimus. Metoprolol and vigabatrin were added because of ventricular preexcitation and epileptic discharges in the EEG, respectively. We provide the follow-up data on the child’s development in her first two years of life and discuss the efficacy and safety of this treatment. Full article

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8 pages, 1857 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Unusual Cardiac Manifestations of a Pheochromocytoma in a Girl

by Lisa D’Angelo, Anne-Simone Parent, Céline Derwael, Roland Hustinx and Marie-Christine Seghaye

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 237-244; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010019 - 17 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2241

Abstract

We report the case of an 11-year-old girl who complained about severe asthenia, orthostatic dizziness and abdominal pain for 4 weeks. The primary investigation concluded on febrile urinary tract infection treated by antibiotics. Symptom persistence prompted cardiological and endocrinological investigations. A fluctuation in [...] Read more.

We report the case of an 11-year-old girl who complained about severe asthenia, orthostatic dizziness and abdominal pain for 4 weeks. The primary investigation concluded on febrile urinary tract infection treated by antibiotics. Symptom persistence prompted cardiological and endocrinological investigations. A fluctuation in blood pressure, long QT interval, dilation of the aortic root and left ventricular hypertrophy were documented. Elevated levels of urinary catecholamines together with the presence of a right-sided adrenal mass shown via abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were highly suggestive of a pheochromocytoma. This was confirmed by through iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguathdine ([¹²³I]-mIBG) scintigraphy. Genetic analysis allowed for the exclusion of pathogenic mutations in genes implicated in hereditary paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas but showed a rare somatic mutation in exon 3 of the von Hippel-Lindau gene. The patient was treated with a β-blocker and calcium channel antagonist and underwent laparoscopic right-sided adrenalectomy. Cardiac manifestations resolved soon after surgery indicating that they were secondary to the pheochromocytoma. After 5 years of follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic without any sign of tumor recurrence. The presence of aortic root dilation, a prolonged QT-interval and left ventricular hypertrophy may be early cardiac manifestations of a pheochromocytoma in a child and should prompt this diagnosis to be evoked. Full article

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10 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moroccan Experience of Targeted Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

by Faïza Meiouet, Sâad El Kabbaj, Rachid Abilkassem and François Boemer

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 227-236; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010018 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

Background: Expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), such as organic acidemias (OAs), fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs), and amino acid disorders (AAs), is increasingly popular but has not yet been introduced in Africa. With this [...] Read more.

Background: Expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), such as organic acidemias (OAs), fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs), and amino acid disorders (AAs), is increasingly popular but has not yet been introduced in Africa. With this study, we aim to establish the disease spectrum and frequency of inborn errors of OAs, FAODs, and AAs in Morocco. Methods: Selective screening was performed among infants and children suspected to be affected with IEM between 2016 and 2021. Amino acids and acylcarnitines spotted on filter paper were analyzed using MS/MS. Results: Out of 1178 patients with a clinical suspicion, 137 (11.62%) were diagnosed with IEM, of which 121 (88.3%) patients suffered from amino acids disorders, 11 (8%) were affected by FAOD, and 5 (3.7%) by an OA. Conclusions: This study shows that various types of IEM are also present in Morocco. Furthermore, MS/MS is an indispensable tool for early diagnosis and management of this group of disorders. Full article

12 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of a Wearable Cyborg HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) in Patients with Childhood-Onset Motor Disabilities: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study

by Mayumi Matsuda Kuroda, Nobuaki Iwasaki, Hirotaka Mutsuzaki, Kenichi Yoshikawa, Kazushi Takahashi, Tomohiro Nakayama, Junko Nakayama, Ryoko Takeuchi, Yuki Mataki, Haruka Ohguro and Kazuhide Tomita

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 215-226; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010017 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

Rehabilitation robots have shown promise in improving the gait of children with childhood-onset motor disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the long-term benefits of training using a wearable Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) in these patients. Training using a HAL was performed for 20 [...] Read more.

Rehabilitation robots have shown promise in improving the gait of children with childhood-onset motor disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the long-term benefits of training using a wearable Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) in these patients. Training using a HAL was performed for 20 min a day, two to four times a week, over four weeks (12 sessions in total). The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) was the primary outcome measure, and the secondary outcome measures were gait speed, step length, cadence, 6-min walking distance (6MD), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Patients underwent assessments before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and at 1-, 2-, 3-month and 1-year follow-ups. Nine participants (five males, four females; mean age: 18.9 years) with cerebral palsy (n = 7), critical illness polyneuropathy (n = 1), and encephalitis (n = 1) were enrolled. After training using HAL, GMFM, gait speed, cadence, 6MD, and COPM significantly improved (all p < 0.05). Improvements in GMFM were maintained one year after the intervention (p < 0.001) and in self-selected gait speed and 6MD three months after the intervention (p < 0.05). Training using HAL may be safe and feasible for childhood-onset motor disabilities and may maintain long-term improvements in motor function and walking ability. Full article

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6 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis of the Jaw in a 3-Year-Old Girl

by Shigeru Makino, Hideo Oshige, Jun Shinozuka and Shinsaku Imashuku

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 209-214; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010016 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

Differential diagnosis of bacterial osteomyelitis (BOM) and chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is challenging. Pediatric CNO can be diagnosed at around 10 years of age and when CNO cases involve only the jaw, it is difficult to make a diagnosis in a young child. [...] Read more.

Differential diagnosis of bacterial osteomyelitis (BOM) and chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is challenging. Pediatric CNO can be diagnosed at around 10 years of age and when CNO cases involve only the jaw, it is difficult to make a diagnosis in a young child. A 3-year-old female developed CNO at the jaw alone. She presented with no fever, right jaw pain, mild trismus, and a preauricular facial swelling around the right mandible. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a hyperostotic right mandible, with osteolytic and sclerotic changes associated with periosteal reaction. At first, we suspected BOM and antibiotics were administered. Subsequently, CNO was diagnosed, and the patient received flurbiprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)). Lack of a sufficient response led to successful treatment with a combination of oral alendronate and flurbiprofen. Physicians should be aware of CNO, a rare autoinflammatory noninfectious bone disease of unknown etiology, even in young children, although the disease mostly affects older children and adolescents. Full article

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12 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Prenatal Health Conditions and Health Behaviors in Pregnant Women on Infant Birth Defects in the United States Using CDC-PRAMS 2018 Survey

by Girish Suresh Shelke, Rochisha Marwaha, Pankil Shah and Suman N. Challa

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 197-208; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010015 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

Objective: To assess both individual and interactive effects of prenatal medical conditions depression and diabetes, and health behaviors including smoking during pregnancy on infant birth defects. Methods: The data for this research study were collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) [...] Read more.

Objective: To assess both individual and interactive effects of prenatal medical conditions depression and diabetes, and health behaviors including smoking during pregnancy on infant birth defects. Methods: The data for this research study were collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in 2018. Birth certificate records were used in each participating jurisdiction to select a sample representative of all women who delivered a live-born infant. Complex sampling weights were used to analyze the data with a weighted sample size of 4,536,867. Descriptive statistics were performed to explore frequencies of the independent and dependent variables. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to examine associations among the independent and dependent variables. Results: The results indicate significant interaction between the variables smoking and depression and depression and diabetes (OR = 3.17; p-value < 0.001 and OR = 3.13; p-value < 0.001, respectively). Depression during pregnancy was found to be strongly associated with delivering an infant with a birth defect (OR = 1.31, p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Depression during pregnancy and its interaction with smoking and diabetes are vital in determining birth defects in infants. The results indicate that birth defects in the United States can be reduced by lowering depression in pregnant women. Full article

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22 pages, 639 KiB

Open AccessReview

Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire as Screening Measures for Children in India: A Scoping Review

by Hina Sheel, Lidia Suárez and Nigel V. Marsh

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 175-196; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010014 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3476

Abstract

Due to the limited availability of suitable measures, screening children for developmental delays and social–emotional learning has long been a challenge in India. This scoping review examined the use of the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), PEDS: Developmental Milestones (PEDS:DM), and the [...] Read more.

Due to the limited availability of suitable measures, screening children for developmental delays and social–emotional learning has long been a challenge in India. This scoping review examined the use of the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), PEDS: Developmental Milestones (PEDS:DM), and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) with children (<13 years old) in India. The scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute Protocol to identify primary research studies that examined the use of the PEDS, PEDS:DM, and SDQ in India between 1990 and 2020. A total of seven studies for the PEDS and eight studies for the SDQ were identified for inclusion in the review. There were no studies using the PEDS:DM. Two empirical studies used the PEDS, while seven empirical studies used the SDQ. This review represents the first step in understanding the use of screening tools with children in India. Full article

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21 pages, 2349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention through Monoclonal Antibodies: A Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Italian Pediatricians

by Matteo Riccò, Silvia Corrado, Milena Pia Cerviere, Silvia Ranzieri and Federico Marchesi

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 154-174; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010013 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3179

Abstract

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and hospitalization in all infants. Many RSV vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are currently under development to protect all infants, but to date preventive options are available only for preterms. In this study, [...] Read more.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and hospitalization in all infants. Many RSV vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are currently under development to protect all infants, but to date preventive options are available only for preterms. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards RSV and the preventive use of mAb in a sample of Italian Pediatricians. An internet survey was administered through an internet discussion group, with a response rate of 4.4% over the potential respondents (No. 389 out of 8842, mean age 40.1 ± 9.1 years). The association of individual factors, knowledge, and risk perception status with the attitude towards mAb was initially inquired by means of a chi squared test, and all variables associated with mAb with p < 0.05 were included in a multivariable model calculating correspondent adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Of the participants, 41.9% had managed RSV cases in the previous 5 years, 34.4% had diagnosed RSV cases, and 32.6% required a subsequent hospitalization. However, only 14.4% had previously required mAb as immunoprophylaxis for RSV. Knowledge status was substantially inappropriate (actual estimate 54.0% ± 14.2, potential range 0–100), while the majority of participants acknowledged RSV as a substantial health threat for all infants (84.8%). In multivariable analysis, all these factors were characterized as positive effectors for having prescribed mAb (aOR 6.560, 95%CI 2.904–14.822 for higher knowledge score; aOR 6.579, 95%CI 2.919–14.827 for having a hospital background, and a OR 13.440, 95%CI 3.989; 45.287 for living in Italian Major Islands). In other words, reporting less knowledge gaps, having worked in settings with a higher risk of interaction with more severe cases, and being from Italian Major Islands, were identified as positive effectors for a higher reliance on mAb. However, the significant extent of knowledge gaps highlights the importance of appropriate medical education on RSV, its potential health consequences, and the investigational preventive interventions. Full article

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11 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessReview

CAKUT: A Pediatric and Evolutionary Perspective on the Leading Cause of CKD in Childhood

by Robert L. Chevalier

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 143-153; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010012 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6037

Abstract

The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing rapidly, due to increasing environmental stressors through the life cycle. Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) account for most CKD in children, with a spectrum that can lead to kidney failure [...] Read more.

The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing rapidly, due to increasing environmental stressors through the life cycle. Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) account for most CKD in children, with a spectrum that can lead to kidney failure from early postnatal to late adult life. A stressed fetal environment can impair nephrogenesis, now recognized as a significant risk factor for the development of adult CKD. Congenital urinary tract obstruction is the leading cause of CKD due to CAKUT and can itself impair nephrogenesis as well as contribute to progressive nephron injury. Early diagnosis by ultrasonography in fetal life by an obstetrician/perinatologist can provide important information for guiding prognosis and future management. This review focuses on the critical role played by the pediatrician in providing timely evaluation and management of the patient from the moment of birth to the transfer to adult care. In addition to genetic factors, vulnerability of the kidney to CKD is a consequence of evolved modulation of nephron number in response to maternal signaling as well as to susceptibility of the nephron to hypoxic and oxidative injury. Future advances in the management of CAKUT will depend on improved biomarkers and imaging techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract (CAKUT))

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14 pages, 1352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia in Pediatric Age: Focus on Genetics and Diagnosis

by Cesare Danesino, Claudia Cantarini and Carla Olivieri

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 129-142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010011 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2695

Abstract

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) or Rendu–Osler–Weber Syndrome (ROW) is an autosomal dominant vascular disease, with an estimated prevalence of 1:5000. Genes associated with HHT are ACVRL1, ENG, SMAD4, and GDF2, all encoding for proteins involved in the TGFβ/BMPs signaling [...] Read more.

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) or Rendu–Osler–Weber Syndrome (ROW) is an autosomal dominant vascular disease, with an estimated prevalence of 1:5000. Genes associated with HHT are ACVRL1, ENG, SMAD4, and GDF2, all encoding for proteins involved in the TGFβ/BMPs signaling pathway. The clinical diagnosis of HHT is made according to the “Curaçao Criteria,” based on the main features of the disease: recurrent and spontaneous epistaxis, muco-cutaneous telangiectases, arteriovenous malformations in the lungs, liver, and brain, and familiarity. Since the clinical signs of HHT can be misinterpreted, and the primary symptom of HHT, epistaxis, is common in the general population, the disease is underdiagnosed. Although HHT exhibits a complete penetrance after the age of 40, young subjects may also present symptoms of the disease and are at risk of severe complications. Here we review the literature reporting data from clinical, diagnostic, and molecular studies on the HHT pediatric population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Pediatric Reports)

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10 pages, 1182 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Web-Based Exercise Interventions for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

by Natsumi Ikezawa, Ryo Yoshihara, Masahiro Kitamura, Ayami Osumi, Yuji Kanejima, Kodai Ishihara and Kazuhiro P. Izawa

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 119-128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010010 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3308

Abstract

Various studies have shown the effectiveness of motor interventions for children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Web-based interventions may provide an opportunity for remote access to effective interventions with less burden on therapists. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of web-based exercise [...] Read more.

Various studies have shown the effectiveness of motor interventions for children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Web-based interventions may provide an opportunity for remote access to effective interventions with less burden on therapists. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of web-based exercise interventions for children with NDDs. We searched PubMed for relevant articles published in English since 1994 and included intervention studies focusing on NDDs in children aged ≤18 years, who received web-based exercise interventions. We categorized the extracted information by outcome measure and intervention type and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We selected five articles whose subjects had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The exercise interventions used active video games, a Zoom-based intervention, and a WhatsApp-based intervention. Three papers showed improvements in physical activity, motor function, and executive function, whereas two papers on DCD showed no improvements in motor coordination or physical activity. Web-based exercise intervention for children with ASD and ADHD may improve their motor function, executive function, and physical activity rather than for children with NDDs. An intervention may be more effective when the content of the intervention is based on objectives and symptoms, when guidance is provided by specialists, or when sufficient explanation and support are provided to parents. However, more research is needed to statistically evaluate the effectiveness of web-based exercise interventions for children with NDDs. Full article

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50 pages, 4323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Congenital General Anomalies in Europe: A Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study

by Albert Stuart Reece and Gary Kenneth Hulse

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 69-118; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010009 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3642

Abstract

Introduction: Recent series of congenital anomaly (CA) rates (CARs) have showed the close and epidemiologically causal relationship of cannabis exposure to many CARs. We investigated these trends in Europe where similar trends have occurred. Methods: CARs from EUROCAT. Drug use from European Monitoring [...] Read more.

Introduction: Recent series of congenital anomaly (CA) rates (CARs) have showed the close and epidemiologically causal relationship of cannabis exposure to many CARs. We investigated these trends in Europe where similar trends have occurred. Methods: CARs from EUROCAT. Drug use from European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Income data from World Bank. Results: CARs were higher in countries with increasing daily use overall (p = 9.99 × 10⁻¹⁴, minimum E-value (mEV) = 2.09) and especially for maternal infections, situs inversus, teratogenic syndromes and VACTERL syndrome (p = 1.49 × 10⁻¹⁵, mEV = 3.04). In inverse probability weighted panel regression models the series of anomalies: all anomalies, VACTERL, foetal alcohol syndrome, situs inversus (SI), lateralization (L), and teratogenic syndromes (TS; AAVFASSILTS) had cannabis metric p-values from: p < 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶, 1.52 × 10⁻¹², 1.44 × 10⁻¹³, 1.88 × 10⁻⁷, 7.39 × 10⁻⁶ and <2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶. In a series of spatiotemporal models this anomaly series had cannabis metric p-values from: 8.96 × 10⁻⁶, 6.56 × 10⁻⁶, 0.0004, 0.0019, 0.0006, 5.65 × 10⁻⁵. Considering E-values, the cannabis effect size order was VACTERL > situs inversus > teratogenic syndromes > FAS > lateralization syndromes > all anomalies. 50/64 (78.1%) E-value estimates and 42/64 (65.6%) mEVs > 9. Daily cannabis use was the strongest predictor for all anomalies. Conclusion: Data confirmed laboratory, preclinical and recent epidemiological studies from Canada, Australia, Hawaii, Colorado and USA for teratological links between cannabis exposure and AAVFASSILTS anomalies, fulfilled epidemiological criteria for causality and underscored importance of cannabis teratogenicity. VACTERL data are consistent with causation via cannabis-induced Sonic Hedgehog inhibition. TS data suggest cannabinoid contribution. SI&L data are consistent with results for cardiovascular CAs. Overall, these data show that cannabis is linked across space and time and in a manner which fulfills epidemiological criteria for causality not only with many CAs, but with several multiorgan teratologic syndromes. The major clinical implication of these results is that access to cannabinoids should be tightly restricted in the interests of safeguarding the community’s genetic heritage to protect and preserve coming generations, as is done for all other major genotoxins. Full article

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11 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

No Child Should Be Left Behind by COVID-19: A Report about the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience in Children and Adolescents with Acute or Chronic Disease Treated at a Pediatric Referral Hospital in Italy

by Giulia Zucchetti, Sabrina Ciappina, Cristiana Risso, Alice Malabaila, Sara Racalbuto, Elena Longo, Margherita Dionisi Vici, Marina Bertolotti, Paola Quarello and Franca Fagioli

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 58-68; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010008 - 28 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2129

Abstract

Background: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was undoubtedly a stressful experience for everyone. General opinion believed that children with acute or chronic illness could experience additional burden, but this is not confirmed. The aim of this study is to understand how [...] Read more.

Background: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was undoubtedly a stressful experience for everyone. General opinion believed that children with acute or chronic illness could experience additional burden, but this is not confirmed. The aim of this study is to understand how children and adolescents already suffering from acute or chronic illness (e.g., cancer, cystic fibrosis, neuropsychiatric disorders) feel about the COVID-19 pandemic, and if the experience is significantly different between these children and children without illness. Methods: Children and adolescents affected by acute or chronic illness (named the “fragile group”) treated at the Regina Margherita Children Hospital in Italy, were enrolled in the study by filling a questionnaire about their pandemic experiences. Also, a group of children and adolescents without acute or chronic illness (named the “low-risk group”) recruited in the emergency department of the hospital, participated in the study in order to compare experiences. Results: The study group was composed of 166 children and adolescents (Median age = 12 yrs; 78% fragile group, 22% low-risk group). Participants experienced a general state of fear of the virus and of a potential infection for both themselves and their families, while feelings and thoughts that interfere with daily functioning were less frequent. The fragile group seems to be more resilient towards the pandemic situation than low-risk group and some differences on the basis of the type of illness were found in the fragile group. Conclusions: Dedicated psychosocial intervention must be proposed in order to support fragile children and adolescents’ well-being during the pandemic, also on the basis of their clinical and mental history. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives, Directions and New Frontiers for Research and Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology)

3 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Pediatric Reports in 2022

by Pediatric Reports Editorial Office

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 55-57; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010007 - 17 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1299

Abstract

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article

10 pages, 1585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in a Novel Fetal Growth Restriction Model

by Kazuhide Tokita, Hiromichi Shoji, Yoshiteru Arai, Kentaro Awata, Irena Santosa, Yayoi Murano and Toshiaki Shimizu

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 45-54; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010006 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

The abnormal fetal environment exerts long-term effects on skeletal muscle, and fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with insulin resistance in adulthood. In this study, we examined insulin resistance in early adulthood and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle using a novel FGR rat [...] Read more.

The abnormal fetal environment exerts long-term effects on skeletal muscle, and fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with insulin resistance in adulthood. In this study, we examined insulin resistance in early adulthood and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle using a novel FGR rat model. Ameroid constrictors (AC) were placed on the bilateral uterine and ovarian arteries of rats on day 17 of gestation; placebo surgery was performed on the control group. We measured body weight at birth, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age and performed oral glucose tolerance tests at 8 and 12 weeks. Rats were dissected at 12 weeks of age. We examined the mRNA and protein expression of insulin signaling pathway molecules in skeletal muscle. FGR rats had a significantly lower birth weight than control rats (p = 0.002). At 12 weeks of age, the incremental area under the curve of blood glucose was significantly higher, and GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression in soleus muscle was significantly lower in the FGR group than in the control group. Reduced placental blood flow in the AC-attached FGR group caused insulin resistance and altered insulin signaling in skeletal muscles. Therefore, FGR causes skeletal muscle insulin resistance in early adulthood. Full article

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12 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Functioning of Children Birth to Five with Emotional and Behavioral Problems: The Role of Comprehensive Mental Health Services and Supports

by Alison K. Cohen, Tracy Hazelton, Henrissa Bassey, Margie Gutierrez-Padilla, Carolyn Novosel, Chloe R. Nichols and Sonia Jain

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 33-44; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010005 - 9 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1971

Abstract

Introduction: Emotional and behavioral problems are growing among children ages birth to five, and racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities exist. Comprehensive, culturally responsive, family-driven systems of care, such as the one operated by California’s diverse, urban Alameda County, offer one potential intervention. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Introduction: Emotional and behavioral problems are growing among children ages birth to five, and racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities exist. Comprehensive, culturally responsive, family-driven systems of care, such as the one operated by California’s diverse, urban Alameda County, offer one potential intervention. Methods: We used client-level service data (n = 496 children) to calculate descriptive statistics and regression analyses (including multilevel models to account for observations for the same client at multiple points in time). We estimated the prevalence of mental health issues and assessed the association between the length of time using services and emotional and behavioral functioning. Results: Comprehensive mental health services and supports were associated with improved emotional and behavioral functioning outcomes for children over time, even after controlling for other risk factors. Discussion: Systems of care appear to support the multidimensional functioning of children and their families. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Pediatric Reports)

13 pages, 6025 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Rare Ovarian Tumor: The Sclerosing Stromal You Do Not Expect—A Case Series in the Adolescent Population and a Literature Review

by Maria Chiara Lucchetti, Francesca Diomedi-Camassei, Cinzia Orazi and Alice Tassi

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 20-32; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010004 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3360

Abstract

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) is a rare ovarian tumor arising from the sex cord-stromal cells that occurs mainly in young adults during the second and third decades of life and rarely in pediatric and adolescent populations. The objective of this study is to [...] Read more.

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) is a rare ovarian tumor arising from the sex cord-stromal cells that occurs mainly in young adults during the second and third decades of life and rarely in pediatric and adolescent populations. The objective of this study is to report three illustrative cases of SST in young girls who had undergone surgery at our clinic in or after 2009, and to perform a literature review of this rare ovarian tumor. A retrospective chart review of female patients aged <18 years with a diagnosis of SST treated in a tertiary pediatric hospital was performed. Furthermore, a 10-year review of the SST literature was completed. Three cases of SST at our institution were outlined. After reviewing the literature, 18 SST cases were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 13.4 years, and the reported clinical presentations were abdominal or pelvic pain and menstrual irregularity. Seven patients had abnormal hormone tests or CA-125 levels. In approximately 30% of cases, conservative surgery was performed, preserving residual ovarian tissue. In conclusion, some preoperative findings may help in suggesting the presence of SST. However, definitive diagnosis can only be made by histopathological examination. It is important to consider this tumor because, given its benign behavior, a conservative approach is preferred, particularly in this age group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Oncology and Chemotherapy: Challenges and Strategies)

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4 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in a Child with Primary Epstein–Barr Virus Infection

by Miki Yoshimura, Tomoo Daifu, Minoru Suehiro, Tsuyoshi Shoji and Yoshihisa Higuchi

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 16-19; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010003 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a severe, life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate resulting from sepsis or other complications. DNM can also be a rare and severe complication of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in adolescents and young adults but has never been [...] Read more.

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a severe, life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate resulting from sepsis or other complications. DNM can also be a rare and severe complication of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in adolescents and young adults but has never been reported in a pre-school child. A 4-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital with a 2-day history of fever and chest pain. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a right sided pleural effusion, fluid collection in the retropharyngeal and mediastinal areas, cervical lymphadenopathy, and marked hepatosplenomegaly. She was diagnosed with empyema, retropharyngeal abscess, and mediastinitis. To improve her dyspnea, a chest tube was inserted, and antibiotic treatment was initiated. Her condition improved temporarily, but on day 5 in our hospital, she developed a fever again. A repeat CT scan showed exacerbation of fluid retention in the retropharyngeal area and the mediastinum, for which she underwent drainage and debridement of necrotic tissue in the retropharynx and mediastinum. The presence of cervical lymphadenopathy and marked hepatosplenomegaly suggested the involvement of EBV. Serological tests for EBV revealed primary EBV infection at the time of the DNM onset. Finally, she was diagnosed with DNM following primary EBV infection. At follow-up 1 year later, she was doing well. The risk of DNM should be recognized in patients, even pre-school aged children, with primary EBV infection. Full article

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7 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Electroencephalography Abnormalities on Cerebral Autoregulation in Sedated Ventilated Children

by Madhuradhar Chegondi, Wei-Chiang Lin, Sayed Naqvi, Prithvi Sendi and Balagangadhar R. Totapally

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 9-15; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010002 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the effects of non-ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) changes on cerebrovascular autoregulation (AR) using the cerebral oximetry index (COx). Materials and Methods: Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cerebral tissue oxygenation (CrSO2), and EEG were acquired for 96 h. From all of the [...] Read more.

Purpose: To determine the effects of non-ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) changes on cerebrovascular autoregulation (AR) using the cerebral oximetry index (COx). Materials and Methods: Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cerebral tissue oxygenation (CrSO2), and EEG were acquired for 96 h. From all of the EEG recordings, 30 min recording segments were extracted using the endotracheal suction events as the guide. EEG recordings were classified as EEG normal and EEG abnormal groups. Each 30 min segment was further divided into six 5 min epochs. Continuous recordings of MAP and CrSO2 by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were extracted. The COx value was defined as the concordance (R) value of the Pearson correlation between MAP and CrSO2 in a 5 min epoch. Then, an Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the number of epochs within the 30 min segments above various R cutoff values (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) in normal and abnormal EEG groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant, and all analyses were two-tailed. Results: Among 16 sedated, mechanically ventilated children, 382 EEG recordings of 30 min segments were analyzed. The proportions of epochs in each 30 min segment above the R cutoff values were similar between the EEG normal and EEG abnormal groups (p > 0.05). The median concordance values for CSrO₂ and MAP in EEG normal and EEG abnormal groups were similar (0.26 (0.17–0.35) and 0.18 (0.12–0.31); p = 0.09). Conclusions: Abnormal EEG patterns without ictal changes do not affect cerebrovascular autoregulation in sedated and mechanically ventilated children. Full article

8 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessReview

Different Clinical Manifestations of Adenoviral Infection Confirmed Using Point-of-Care Testing in a Group of Hospitalized Children

by Katarzyna Ptak, Izabela Szymońska, Anna Olchawa-Czech, Zuzanna Baliga, Marta Sawina, Agata Woźnica and Przemko Kwinta

Pediatr. Rep. 2023, 15(1), 1-8; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric15010001 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

Objective: A restrospective analysis of the clinical picture (inflammatory markers, characteristics of fever, comorbidities) in different clinical manifestations of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections confirmed using point-of-care testing in a group of hospitalized children. Material and Methods: A total of 135 children with confirmed [...] Read more.

Objective: A restrospective analysis of the clinical picture (inflammatory markers, characteristics of fever, comorbidities) in different clinical manifestations of human adenovirus (HAdV) infections confirmed using point-of-care testing in a group of hospitalized children. Material and Methods: A total of 135 children with confirmed HAdV infections were divided into three groups according to their clinical symptoms: Group A—respiratory (n = 57), Group B—gastrointestinal (n = 40), and Griup C—mixed (n = 38). Results: Respiratory and mixed HAdV-infected patients, as compared with gastrointestinal HAdV-infected patients, were younger (median value (Me) and interquartile range (IQR) (months): 17 (12–30) and 17 (12–27) vs. 30 (16–50), p = 0.04), had a longer duration of fever (days): 3 (1–5) and 3 (1–4) vs. 1 (1–2), p = 0.01), and had higher C-reactive protein values (mg/L): 29.2 (10.4–69.1) and 28.7 (10.8–49.1) vs. <5 (<5–20.6), p < 0.001). There were no correlations between CRP levels and patient’s age, fever duration, the occurrence of acute otitis media and lower respiratory tract infection, and antibiotic treatment before admission. Conclusions: Patients with respiratory HAdV infections have fevers more often, the duration of the fever prior to admission is longer, and CRP levels are higher. Full article

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Pediatr. Rep., Volume 15, Issue 1 (March 2023) – 21 articles

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