Relationships between Breastfeeding Patterns and Maternal and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Study Session
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Body Composition with Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy
2.5. Ultrasound Skinfold Measurements
2.6. Body Composition Indices
2.7. 24-H Milk Intake and Feeding Frequency
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Maternal Body Composition
3.3. Infant Body Composition
3.4. Infant Birth Weight and Maternal and Infant Body Composition
3.5. 24-H Milk Intake and Feeding Frequency
3.6. Longitudinal Changes in Maternal, Breastfeeding and Infant Characteristics
3.7. Relationships between Infant and Maternal Body Composition
3.8. Infant Body Composition and Breastfeeding Parameters
3.9. Maternal Body Composition and Breastfeeding Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Predictor | 2 Months | 5 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Predictor | Infant Age (Months) | Interaction | |
Infant fat-free mass with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||||
Maternal BMI d (kg/m2) | 5.62 (0.79) a | −0.06 (0.03) | 6.81 (0.69) | −0.06 (0.03) | 7.78 (0.61) | −0.06 (0.03) | 8.55 (0.60) | −0.06 (0.03) | 0.007 b | <0.001 c | 0.99 c |
Maternal FM d (%) | 5.30 (0.84) | −0.03 (0.02) | 6.22 (0.63) | −0.03 (0.02) | 7.87 (0.57) | −0.05 (0.02) | 8.68 (0.55) | −0.05 (0.02) | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.40 |
Maternal FM (kg) | 4.79 (0.40) | −0.03 (0.02) | 5.81 (0.32) | −0.02 (0.01) | 6.99 (0.31) | −0.03 (0.01) | 7.72 (0.29) | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.018 | <0.001 | 0.62 |
Maternal FMI d (kg/m2) | 4.91 (0.43) | −0.09 (0.05) | 5.98 (0.35) | −0.07 (0.04) | 7.15 (0.32) | −0.09 (0.04) | 7.87 (0.31) | −0.11 (0.04) | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
Infant fat-free mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||||
Maternal BMI | 5.90 (0.84) | −0.07 (0.03) | 7.05 (0.74) | −0.07 (0.03) | 7.82 (0.66) | −0.06 (0.03) | 8.84 (0.65) | −0.07 (0.03) | 0.010 | <0.001 | 0.93 |
Maternal FM (%) | 5.01 (0.88) | −0.03 (0.03) | 6.06 (0.67) | −0.02 (0.02) | 7.75 (0.63) | −0.04 (0.02) | 8.74 (0.60) | −0.05 (0.02) | 0.024 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
Maternal FM (kg) | 4.82 (0.43) | −0.03 (0.02) | 5.86 (0.35) | −0.02 (0.01) | 7.01 (0.33) | −0.02 (0.01) | 7.90 (0.32) | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.54 |
Maternal FMI d (kg/m2) | 4.93 (0.46) | −0.09 (0.05) | 6.03 (0.38) | −0.07 (0.04) | 7.17 (0.35) | −0.09 (0.04) | 8.05 (0.33) | −0.11 (0.04) | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.71 |
Infant fat-free mass with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg) | |||||||||||
Maternal BMI | 5.76 (0.89) | −0.06 (0.03) | 6.54 (0.76) | −0.05 (0.03) | 7.85 (0.68) | −0.06 (0.03) | 8.32 (0.68) | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.030 | <0.001 | 0.99 |
Maternal FMI d (kg/m2) | 4.93 (0.48) | −0.07 (0.05) | 5.73 (0.39) | −0.05 (0.04) | 7.16 (0.36) | −0.09 (0.04) | 7.72 (0.36) | −0.08 (0.04) | 0.037 | <0.001 | 0.79 |
Infant fat-free mass index with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
Maternal FM d (%) | 13.90 (1.56) | −0.04 (0.05) | 14.10 (1.14) | −0.04 (0.03) | 15.10 (1.04) | −0.07 (0.03) | 14.50 (1.00) | −0.06 (0.03) | 0.038 | 0.12 | 0.85 |
Predictor | 2 Months | 5 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Predictor | Infant Age (Months) | Interaction | |
Infant body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) c | n/a c | n/a c | 15.20 (1.16) a | 0.003 (0.001) | 17.7 (1.25) | 0.001 (0.002) | 18.90 (0.90) | −0.003 (0.002) | 0.40 b | 0.61 | 0.018 b |
Infant fat mass with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (%) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 17.20 (3.45) a | 0.01 (0.004) | 29.5 (4.72) | −0.005 (0.01) | 21.50 (3.03) | 0.01 (0.006) | 0.008 | 0.30 | 0.20 |
Infant fat mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (%) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR d | 18.40 (5.71) | 3.06 (2.42) | 25.40 (2.91) | 0.32 (1.01) | 30.50 (2.73) | −1.21 (1.01) | 27.00 (2.01) | −0.64 (0.32) | 0.040 | 0.34 | 0.26 |
Feeding frequency MP | n/a | n/a | 24.30 (5.49) | 0.29 (0.66) | 18.9 (6.50) | 1.53 (1.17) | 16.60 (3.17) | 1.52 (0.69) | 0.029 | 0.16 | 0.38 |
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 15.20 (3.30) | 0.01 (0.004) | 28.2 (4.46) | −0.002 (0.01) | 18.90 (2.87) | 0.01 (0.006) | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.20 |
Infant fat mass with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 0.93 (0.37) | 0.001 (0.0004) | 2.53 (0.43) | −0.0002 (0.001) | 2.10 (0.28) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
Feeding frequency MP | n/a | n/a | 2.89 (0.57) | −0.11 (0.07) | 2.00 (0.56) | 0.08 (0.10) | 1.94 (0.30) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.63 | 0.036 | 0.014 |
Infant fat mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 0.81 (0.37) | 0.001 (0.0004) | 2.37 (0.45) | 0.0001 (0.001) | 1.88 (0.29) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.28 |
Infant fat mass with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 1.20 (0.44) | 0.001 (0.001) | 1.79 (0.57) | 0.001 (0.001) | 2.22 (0.41) | 0.0004 (0.001) | 0.045 | 0.030 | 0.65 |
Infant fat mass index with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 2.17 (0.79) | 0.003 (0.001) | 4.88 (1.0) | 0.0001 (0.002) | 3.57 (0.72) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.001 | 0.060 | 0.25 |
Feeding frequency MP | n/a | n/a | 4.39 (1.28) | 0.04 (0.16) | 2.90 (1.57) | 0.35 (0.28) | 2.55 (0.82) | 0.37 (0.17) | 0.046 | 0.42 | 0.32 |
Infant fat mass index with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency MP | n/a | n/a | 3.81 (1.34) | 0.12 (0.16) | 2.82 (1.58) | 0.39 (0.28) | 2.36 (0.82) | 0.36 (0.17) | 0.025 | 0.14 | 0.52 |
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 1.78 (0.77) | 0.004 (0.001) | 4.76 (1.03) | 0.0003 (0.002) | 2.91 (0.74) | 0.002 (0.002) | <0.001 | 0.022 | 0.23 |
Infant fat mas index with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 2.71 (0.92) | 0.003 (0.001) | 3.56 (1.18) | 0.001 (0.002) | 4.37 (0.85) | 0.00003 (0.002) | 0.029 | 0.75 | 0.31 |
Infant fat-free mass with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR | 4.41 (0.61) | −0.09 (0.25) | 4.94 (0.32) | 0.17 (0.11) | 5.82 (0.31) | 0.16 (0.11) | 6.58 (0.24) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.67 |
Infant fat-free mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR | 4.14 (0.51) | 0.04 (0.21) | 5.19 (0.28) | 0.09 (0.09) | 5.56 (0.27) | 0.24 (0.09) | 6.58 (0.22) | 0.13 (0.03) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.25 |
Infant fat-free mass with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR | 4.37 (0.75) | −0.001 (0.32) | 5.14 (0.41) | 0.06 (0.14) | 5.69 (0.37) | 0.22 (0.14) | 6.74 (0.29) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
Infant fat-free mass index with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR | 12.10 (1.26) | 0.19 (0.53) | 13.10 (0.67) | −0.07 (0.23) | 12.80 (0.61) | 0.08 (0.23) | 11.90 (0.46) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.013 | 0.20 | 0.68 |
Infant fat-free mass index with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR | 11.50 (1.01) | 0.44 (0.43) | 13.40 (0.57) | −0.13 (0.19) | 12.20 (0.51) | 0.26 (0.19) | 11.90 (0.39) | 0.25 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.031 | 0.25 |
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a | n/a | 13.60 (0.80) | −0.001 (0.001) | 13.30 (0.82) | −0.001 (0.002) | 15.40 (0.60) | −0.004 (0.001) | 0.015 | 0.057 | 0.024 |
Infant fat-free mass index with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
Feeding frequency SR | 12.20 (1.15) | 0.30 (0.49) | 13.10 (0.62) | −0.15 (0.21) | 12.40 (0.57) | 0.21 (0.21) | 12.20 (0.44) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.017 | 0.16 | 0.49 |
Changes in Infant Characteristic | Months after Birth | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 and 2 | 9 and 2 | 12 and 2 | 9 and 5 | 12 and 5 | 12 and 9 | |
24-h milk intake between 2 and 5 months e | ||||||
BMI d (kg/m2) | 0.014 a,c 0.003 ± 0.001 b | 0.54 0.001 ± 0.002 | 0.94 0.0002 ± 0.002 | 0.55 −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.29 −0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.35 −0.001 ± 0.001 |
Fat-free mass US 2SF d (kg) | 0.65 −0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.013 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.10 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.56 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.56 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.88 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Fat-free mass US 4SF d (kg) | 0.35 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.004 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.007 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.38 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.29 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.26 0.0004 ± 0.003 |
Fat-free mass BIS d (kg) | 0.096 0.001 ± 0.0003 | 0.14 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.009 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.46 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.20 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.23 0.001 ± 0.001 |
Fat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | 0.068 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.092 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.035 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.63 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.84 0.0003 ± 0.001 | 0.91 0.0001 ± 0.001 |
Fat-free mass index BIS (kg/m2) | 0.031 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.47 0.001 ± 0.002 | 0.37 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.68 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.92 0.0001 ± 0.001 | 0.68 0.001 ± 0.001 |
Fat mass US 2SF (kg) | 0.037 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.46 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.47 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.77 −0.0002 ± 0.001 | 0.60 −0.0003 ± 0.001 | 0.97 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Fat mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | 0.033 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.98 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.87 −0.0004 ± 0.002 | 0.50 −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.25 −0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.39 −0.001 ± 0.001 |
Fat mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | 0.47 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.23 −0.003 ± 0.002 | 0.19 −0.004 ± 0.003 | 0.38 −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.074 −0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.047 −0.001 ± 0.001 |
Fat mass index BIS (kg/m2) | 0.065 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.97 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.46 −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.37 −0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.034 −0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.21 −0.002 ± 0.001 |
24-h milk intake at 12 months e | ||||||
Fat-free mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | n/a f | n/a f | 0.14 −0.005 ± 0.002 | n/a f | 0.003 −0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.064 −0.003 ± 0.001 |
Fat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.31 −0.005 ± 0.004 | n/a | 0.0004 −0.005 ± 0.0004 | 0.18 −0.003 ± 0.002 |
Fat mass US 2SF (kg) | n/a | n/a | 0.023 0.002 ± 0.001 | n/a | 0.17 0.001 ± 0.001 | 0.41 0.0003 ± 0.0004 |
Fat mass US 2SF (%) | n/a | n/a | 0.049 0.029 ± 0.009 | n/a | 0.11 0.013 ± 0.007 | 0.60 0.003 ± 0.006 |
Changes in Infant Characteristic | Months after Birth | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 and 2 | 9 and 2 | 12 and 2 | 9 and 5 | 12 and 5 | 12 and 9 | |
Self-reported feeding frequency at 2 months e | ||||||
BMI d (kg/m2) | 0.83 a 0.14 ± 064 b | 0.067 −1.95 ± 0.92 | 0.42 −0.99 ± 1.15 | 0.013 c −2.09 ± 0.66 | 0.25 −1.13 ± 0.87 | 0.027 1.03 ± 0.37 |
Fat mass US 4SF d (%) | 0.55 1.34 ± 2.14 | 0.058 −7.19 ± 3.25 | 0.25 −4.67 ± 3.79 | 0.027 −9.11 ± 3.37 | 0.13 −5.80 ± 3.40 | 0.28 3.20 ± 2.74 |
Fat mass US 4SF (kg) | 0.37 0.14 ± 0.15 | 0.12 −0.59 ± 0.34 | 0.23 −0.44 ± 0.33 | 0.028 −0.76 ± 0.28 | 0.076 −0.56 ± 0.28 | 0.42 0.17 ± 0.20 |
Fat mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | 0.28 0.40 ± 0.35 | 0.039 −1.73 ± 0.70 | 0.27 −0.97 ± 0.81 | 0.009 −2.13 ± 0.62 | 0.094 −1.35 ± 0.70 | 0.14 0.83 ± 0.49 |
Self-reported feeding frequency at 9 months e | ||||||
Fat-free mass US 4SF (kg) | n/a g | 0.055 0.21 ± 0.10 | 0.25 0.21 ± 0.17 | 0.003 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.13 0.18 ± 0.11 | 0.93 −0.01 ± 0.09 |
Fat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | n/a | 0.10 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.37 0.29 ± 0.31 | 0.014 0.36 ± 0.13 | 0.025 0.48 ± 0.19 | 0.49 0.13 ± 0.18 |
Self-reported feeding frequency at 12 months e | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | n/a g | n/a g | 0.45 0.15 ± 0.18 | n/a g | 0.12 0.21 ± 0.12 | 0.044 0.14 ± 0.06 |
Fat-free mass US 2SF d (kg) | n/a | n/a | 0.031 0.13 ± 0.04 | n/a | 0.022 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.43 0.03 ± 0.03 |
Fat-free mass US 4SF (kg) | n/a | n/a | 0.047 0.15 ± 0.06 | n/a | 0.001 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.21 0.04 ± 0.03 |
Fat-free mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.024 0.24 ± 0.07 | n/a | 0.020 0.24 ± 0.09 | 0.052 0.12 ± 0.06 |
Fat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.043 0.31 ± 0.10 | n/a | 0.003 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.073 0.15 ± 0.08 |
Fat-free mass index BIS d (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.051 0.25 ± 0.09 | n/a | 0.030 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.37 0.07 ± 0.07 |
Fat mass US 4SF (%) | n/a | n/a | 0.043 −1.05 ± 0.39 | n/a | 0.11 −0.67 ± 0.38 | 0.44 −0.26 ± 0.32 |
24-h MP feeding frequency between 2 and 5 months f | ||||||
Fat-free mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | 0.028 0.45 ± 0.17 | 0.16 −0.27 ± 0.17 | 0.52 −0.17 ± 0.25 | 0.13 −0.28 ± 0.17 | 0.29 −0.21 ± 0.19 | 0.64 0.06 ± 0.12 |
Fat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | 0.012 0.45 ± 0.13 | 0.51 −0.16 ± 0.23 | 0.80 −0.09 ± 0.36 | 0.065 −0.25 ± 0.12 | 0.63 −0.09 ± 0.18 | 0.46 0.11 ± 0.15 |
Fat mass US 2SF (%) | 0.39 −1.60 ± 1.75 | 0.24 1.20 ± 0.94 | 0.48 1.34 ± 1.81 | 0.012 2.23 ± 0.78 | 0.068 1.70 ± 0.86 | 0.21 −0.51 ± 0.38 |
Fat mass US 4SF (%) | 0.23 −0.96 ± 0.73 | 0.53 0.93 ± 1.38 | 0.62 0.90 ± 1.73 | 0.010 2.09 ± 0.69 | 0.12 1.26 ± 0.77 | 0.086 −0.76 ± 0.41 |
Fat mass US 2SF (kg) | 0.62 −0.08 ± 0.15 | 0.23 0.14 ±0.10 | 0.48 0.13 ± 0.17 | 0.007 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.033 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.34 −0.04 ± 0.04 |
Fat mass US 4SF (kg) | 0.81 −0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.24 0.14 ± 0.11 | 0.38 0.12 ± 0.13 | 0.006 0.21 ± 0.06 | 0.054 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.17 −0.05 ± 0.04 |
Fat mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | 0.64 −0.16 ± 0.32 | 0.40 0.20 ± 0.23 | 0.40 0.30 ± 0.34 | 0.016 0.44 ± 0.16 | 0.11 0.33 ± 0.19 | 0.22 −0.11 ± 0.08 |
Fat mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | 0.81 −0.03 ± 0.13 | 0.53 0.19 ± 0.28 | 0.60 0.20 ± 0.36 | 0.023 0.42 ± 0.16 | 0.17 0.26 ± 0.18 | 0.053 −0.16 ± 0.08 |
24-h MP feeding frequency at 9 months f | ||||||
Fat-free mass US 2SF (kg) | n/a g | 0.030 −0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.33 −0.32 ± 0.28 | 0.013 −0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.16 −0.33 ± 0.20 | 0.85 −0.03 ± 0.15 |
Fat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | n/a | 0.33 −0.45 ± 0.35 | 0.43 −0.55 ± 0.57 | 0.14 −0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.044 −0.68 ± 0.23 | 0.15 −0.35 ± 0.20 |
24-h MP feeding frequency at 12 months f | ||||||
Fat-free mass US 2SF (kg) | n/a g | n/a g | 0.029 −0.23 ± 0.06 | n/a g | 0.097 −0.20 ± 0.11 | 0.55 −0.05 ± 0.07 |
Fat-free mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.070 −0.41 ± 0.12 | n/a | 0.037 −0.48 ± 0.18 | 0.45 −0.13 ± 0.15 |
Fat mass US 2SF (%) | n/a | n/a | 0.13 2.00 ± 0.97 | n/a | 0.004 2.12 ± 0.52 | 0.96 0.03 ± 0.61 |
Fat mass US 2SF (kg) | n/a | n/a | 0.090 0.15 ± 0.06 | n/a | 0.009 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.90 0.01 ± 0.04 |
Fat mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.30 0.24 ± 0.17 | n/a | 0.015 0.41 ± 0.12 | 0.75 −0.04 ± 0.11 |
Changes in Maternal Characteristic | Months after Birth | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 and 2 | 9 and 2 | 12 and 2 | 9 and 5 | 12 and 5 | 12 and 9 | |
24-h milk intake at 9 months e | ||||||
Fat mass BIS d (%) | n/a g | 0.075 a 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.33 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.042 c −0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.013 −0.02 ± 0.005 | 0.16 −0.007 ± 0.004 |
Fat mass BIS (kg) | n/a | 0.026 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.28 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.10 −0.006 ± 0.003 | 0.011 −0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.16 −0.005 ± 0.003 |
Fat mass index BIS (kg/m2) | n/a | 0.020 0.02 ± 0.002 | 0.26 0.003 ± 0.002 | 0.11 −0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.009 −0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.15 −0.002 ± 0.001 |
Self-reported feeding frequency at 12 months f | ||||||
BMI d (kg/m2) | n/a g | n/a g | 0.025 0.15 ± 0.05 | n/a g | 0.96 −0.003 ± 0.05 | 0.74 0.02 ± 0.05 |
Fat mass BIS (%) | n/a | n/a | 0.048 0.38 ± 0.15 | n/a | 0.83 0.07 ± 0.32 | 0.63 0.10 ± 0.20 |
Fat mass BIS (kg) | n/a | n/a | 0.020 0.38 ± 0.11 | n/a | 0.71 0.08 ± 0.20 | 0.59 0.08 ± 0.15 |
Fat mass index BIS (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | 0.014 0.12 ± 0.03 | n/a | 0.78 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.58 0.03 ± 0.05 |
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Characteristic | 2 Months a | 5 Months b | 9 Months c | 12 Months d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
(Range) | (Range) | (Range) | (Range) | |
Mothers | ||||
Weight (kg) | 78.8 ± 19.3 | 70.1 ± 17.8 | 63.0 ± 10.0 | 64.2 ± 17.3 |
(57.5–116.2) | (53.7–115.3) | (50.4–121.9) | (51.4–121.9) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 5.5 | 24.8 ± 5.0 | 22.7 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 5.9 |
(20.4–35.5) | (19.0–35.2) | (17.9–37.2) | (18.2–37.2) | |
Fat-free Mass e (kg) | 49.5 ± 8.2 | 45.4 ± 6.6 | 44.1 ± 4.1 | 45.4 ± 6.7 |
(38.2–66.2) | (37.4–60.9) | (35.1–68.5) | (35.9–67.7) | |
Fat Mass e (kg) | 29.3 ± 11.8 | 24.6 ± 12.0 | 18.9 ± 7.4 | 18.8 ± 11.0 |
(15.2–50.0) | (13.9–54.4) | (11.4–53.4) | (10.0–54.3) | |
Fat Mass e (%) | 36.0 ± 6.4 | 33.8 ± 7.0 | 29.2 ± 6.7 | 27.7 ± 7.9 |
(25.7–44.7) | (23.2–47.2) | (20.0–44.3) | (19.4–44.5) | |
FFMI e (kg/m2) | 16.8 ± 2.1 | 16.2 ± 1.9 | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 16.4 ± 2.4 |
(13.7–20.2) | (13.2–20.0) | (12.4–20.9) | (12.7–20.7) | |
FMI e (kg/m2) | 9.5 ± 3.3 | 8.4 ± 3.3 | 7.9 ± 3.5 | 7.5 ± 3.5 |
(6.2–15.3) | (4.8–16.6) | (3.9–16.3) | (3.6–16.6) | |
Infants | ||||
Sex (M/F) | 9M/6F | 10M/10F | 10M/9F | 9M/9F |
Age (months) | 2.04 ± 0.14 | 5.16 ± 0.22 | 9.22 ± 0.27 | 12.26 ± 0.28 |
(1.87–2.33) | (4.77–5.47) | (8.83–9.77) | (11.63–12.67) | |
Length (cm) | 58.1 ± 1.9 | 64.8 ± 2.3 | 71.7 ± 1.9 | 73.6 ± 3.2 |
(54.2–60.0) | (60.5–69.5) | (66.0–74.0) | (69.0–78.5) | |
Weight (kg) | 5.630 ± 0.660 | 7.431 ± 1.134 | 8.836 ± 0.975 | 9.650 ± 0.618 |
(4.420–7.400) | (5.808–9.510) | (6.675–10.095) | (7.165–11.085) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.6 ± 1.2 | 17.6 ± 1.9 | 17.7 ± 1.7 | 17.8 ± 0.9 |
(14.5–18.1) | (14.9–20.4) | (14.2–20.2) | (13.7–19.2) | |
Head circumference (cm) | 39.7 ± 1.6 | 42.1 ± 1.5 | 45.6 ± 1.7 | 46.6 ± 1.7 |
(37.0–42.0) | (40.0–45.9) | (43.0–48.5) | (44.2–49.5) | |
Breastfeeding characteristics | ||||
24-h milk intake (g) | n/a f | 818.8 ± 204.9 | 502.3 ± 157.8 | 445.5 ± 200.4 |
(498–1185) | (300–775) | (255–795) | ||
24-h feeding frequency (MP) | n/a f | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.9 |
(6–11) | (4–7) | (2–8) | ||
Feeding frequency (SR) | 2.3 ± 0.4 g | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 2.9 |
(1.5–3.0) | (1.5–4.0) | (2.0–6.0) | (2.2–12.0) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Gridneva, Z.; Rea, A.; Hepworth, A.R.; Ward, L.C.; Lai, C.T.; Hartmann, P.E.; Geddes, D.T. Relationships between Breastfeeding Patterns and Maternal and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation. Nutrients 2018, 10, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010045
Gridneva Z, Rea A, Hepworth AR, Ward LC, Lai CT, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT. Relationships between Breastfeeding Patterns and Maternal and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation. Nutrients. 2018; 10(1):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010045
Chicago/Turabian StyleGridneva, Zoya, Alethea Rea, Anna R. Hepworth, Leigh C. Ward, Ching T. Lai, Peter E. Hartmann, and Donna T. Geddes. 2018. "Relationships between Breastfeeding Patterns and Maternal and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation" Nutrients 10, no. 1: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010045
APA StyleGridneva, Z., Rea, A., Hepworth, A. R., Ward, L. C., Lai, C. T., Hartmann, P. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2018). Relationships between Breastfeeding Patterns and Maternal and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation. Nutrients, 10(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010045