Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity Level, and Sleep Behavior of Italian Junior High School Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.1.1. Personal Data
2.1.2. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD)
2.1.3. Physical Activity
2.1.4. Sleep Behavior
2.1.5. School Performance
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Adolescents’Anthropometrics and Lifestyle Factors
3.2. Dietary Habits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Sample (n = 409) | Male (n = 222) | Female (n = 187) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 12.5 ± 0.6 | 12.5 ± 0.6 | 12.5 ± 0.7 | 0.759 |
Weight (kg) | 44.9 ± 9.1 | 45.7 ± 9.2 | 43.9 ± 8.9 | 0.055 |
Height (m) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 0.888 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.4 ± 2.7 | 18.7 ± 2.6 | 18.1 ± 2.8 | 0.014 |
BMI category | 0.004 | |||
Underweight | 67 (16%) | 25 (11%) | 42 (22%) | |
Normal weight | 284 (70%) | 159 (72%) | 125 (67%) | |
Overweight | 58 (14%) | 38 (17%) | 20 (11%) | |
KIDMED score (points) | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 6.1 ± 2.3 | 0.857 |
Adherence to the MD | 0.979 | |||
Low | 51 (12%) | 27 (12%) | 24 (13%) | |
Medium | 244 (60%) | 133 (60%) | 111 (59%) | |
High | 114 (28%) | 62 (28%) | 52 (28%) | |
Physical Activity Level | 0.938 | |||
Sedentary | 2 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | |
Light | 76 (23%) | 38 (22%) | 38 (25%) | |
Moderate | 206 (63%) | 110 (63%) | 96 (62%) | |
Vigorous | 45 (14%) | 25 (14%) | 20 (13%) | |
Week sleep time (hh:mm) | 8:33 ± 00:49 | 8:29 ± 00:50 | 8:38 ± 00:46 | 0.640 |
Weekend sleep time (hh:mm) | 9:55 ± 01:31 | 9:51 ± 01:27 | 10:00 ± 01:35 | 0.892 |
Average sleep time (hh:mm) | 8:56 ± 00:50 | 8:52 ± 00:51 | 9:01 ± 00:49 | 0.801 |
Average sleep time adequacy | 0.464 | |||
Low | 55 (13%) | 32 (14%) | 23 (12%) | |
Adequate | 352 (86%) | 190 (86%) | 162 (87%) | |
High | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
PDSS score (points) | 15.8 ± 5.7 | 15.3 ± 5.9 | 16.4 ± 5.4 | 0.072 |
Sleep quality | 0.526 | |||
Low | 88 (22%) | 43 (20%) | 45 (24%) | |
Medium | 244 (60%) | 136 (62%) | 108 (58%) | |
High | 74 (18%) | 41 (19%) | 33 (18%) | |
School average (grade) | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 0.744 |
School performance | 0.373 | |||
Excellent | 103 (25%) | 52 (23%) | 51 (27%) | |
Good | 268 (65%) | 152 (68%) | 116 (62%) | |
Poor | 38 (9%) | 18 (8%) | 20 (11%) |
Variables | Total Sample (n = 409) | Underweight (n = 67) | Normal Weight (n = 284) | Overweight (n = 58) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KIDMED score (points) | 6.0 ± 2.3 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 6.0 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2.7 | 0.569 |
Adherence to the MD | 0.459 | ||||
Low | 51 (12%) | 7 (10%) | 33 (12%) | 11 (19%) | |
Medium | 244 (60%) | 39 (58%) | 175 (62%) | 30 (52%) | |
High | 114 (28%) | 21 (31%) | 76 (27%) | 17 (29%) | |
Physical Activity Level | 0.313 | ||||
Sedentary | 2 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Light | 76 (23%) | 11 (22%) | 50 (22%) | 15 (31%) | |
Moderate | 206 (63%) | 32 (63%) | 150 (66%) | 24 (49%) | |
Vigorous | 45 (14%) | 7 (14%) | 28 (12%) | 10 (20%) | |
Week sleep time (hh:mm) | 08:33 ± 00:49 | 08:36 ± 00:49 | 08:34 ± 00:47 | 08:22 ± 00:55 | 0.194 |
Weekend sleep time (hh:mm) | 09:55 ± 01:31 | 09:58 ± 01:48 | 09:56 ± 01:24 | 09:44 ± 01:41 | 0.648 |
Average sleep time (hh:mm) | 08:56 ± 00:50 | 08:59 ± 00:56 | 08:57 ± 00:48 | 08:45 ± 00:55 | 0.224 |
Average sleep time adequacy | 0.696 | ||||
Low | 55 (14%) | 9 (13%) | 35 (12%) | 11 (19%) | |
Adequate | 352 (86%) | 58 (87%) | 247 (87%) | 47 (81%) | |
High | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
PDSS score (points) | 15.8 ± 5.7 | 16.0 ± 5.8 | 15.8 ± 5.5 | 15.7 ± 6.3 | 0.959 |
Sleep quality | 0.880 | ||||
Low | 88 (22%) | 16 (24%) | 58 (21%) | 14 (25%) | |
Medium | 244 (60%) | 41 (61%) | 171 (61%) | 32 (56%) | |
High | 74 (18%) | 10 (15%) | 53 (19%) | 11 (19%) | |
School average (grade) | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 0.302 |
School performance | 0.498 | ||||
Excellent | 103 (25%) | 15 (22%) | 75 (26%) | 13 (22%) | |
Good | 268 (66%) | 49 (73%) | 180 (63%) | 39 (67%) | |
Poor | 38 (9%) | 3 (5%) | 29 (10%) | 6 (10%) |
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total Sample (n = 409) | Low (n = 51) | Medium (n = 244) | High (n = 114) | p Value |
Physical activity level | 0.135 | ||||
Sedentary | 2 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
Light | 76 (23%) | 8 (21%) | 51 (26%) | 17 (18%) | |
Moderate | 206 (63%) | 27 (71%) | 117 (60%) | 62 (64%) | |
Vigorous | 45 (14%) | 2 (5%) | 25 (13%) | 18 (19%) | |
Week sleep time (hh:mm) | 08:33 ± 00:49 | 08:43 ± 00:47 | 08:30 ± 00:50 | 08:35 ± 00:47 | 0.138 |
Weekend sleep time (hh:mm) | 09:55 ± 01:31 | 09:56 ± 01:46 | 09:53 ± 01:28 | 09:57 ± 01:30 | 0.471 |
Average sleep time (hh:mm) | 08:56 ± 00:50 | 09:04 ± 00:56 | 08:54 ± 00:51 | 08:59 ± 00:47 | 0.134 |
Average sleep time adequacy | 0.025 | ||||
Low | 55 (13%) | 10 (20%) | 35 (14%) | 10 (9%) | |
Adequate | 352 (86%) | 40 (78%) | 208 (86%) | 104 (91%) | |
High | 1 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
PDSS score (points) | 15.8 ± 5.7 | 17.4 ± 5.4 a | 16.1 ± 5.7 ab | 14.5 ± 5.4 b | 0.005 |
Sleep quality | 0.010 | ||||
Low | 88 (22%) | 17 (33%) | 58 (24%) | 13 (12%) | |
Medium | 244 (60%) | 29 (57%) | 142 (58%) | 73 (65%) | |
High | 74 (18%) | 5 (10%) | 43 (18%) | 26 (23%) | |
School average (grade) | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 7.5 ± 1.0 b | 7.8 ± 1.0 ab | 8.0 ± 1.0 a | 0.018 |
School performance | 0.083 | ||||
Excellent | 103 (25%) | 9 (18%) | 58 (24%) | 36 (32%) | |
Good | 268 (66%) | 33 (65%) | 165 (68%) | 70 (61%) | |
Poor | 38 (9%) | 9 (18%) | 21 (9%) | 8 (7%) |
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Rosi, A.; Giopp, F.; Milioli, G.; Melegari, G.; Goldoni, M.; Parrino, L.; Scazzina, F. Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity Level, and Sleep Behavior of Italian Junior High School Adolescents. Nutrients 2020, 12, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020478
Rosi A, Giopp F, Milioli G, Melegari G, Goldoni M, Parrino L, Scazzina F. Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity Level, and Sleep Behavior of Italian Junior High School Adolescents. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020478
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosi, Alice, Francesca Giopp, Giulia Milioli, Gabriele Melegari, Matteo Goldoni, Liborio Parrino, and Francesca Scazzina. 2020. "Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity Level, and Sleep Behavior of Italian Junior High School Adolescents" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020478
APA StyleRosi, A., Giopp, F., Milioli, G., Melegari, G., Goldoni, M., Parrino, L., & Scazzina, F. (2020). Weight Status, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity Level, and Sleep Behavior of Italian Junior High School Adolescents. Nutrients, 12(2), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020478