Pregnant Women’s Perception and Knowledge of the Impact of Obesity on Prenatal Outcomes—A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Analysis
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Study Group Characteristics
3.2. Perception of the Weight
3.3. Knowledge about Recommended Weight and Weight Gain during Pregnancy
3.4. Awareness of Obesity-Related Complications
3.5. Association of Underestimated BMI, or Healthy GWG Awareness
3.6. Information Provided by Healthcare Providers
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | n (%) |
---|---|
Age (Years) | |
18–23 | 49 (9.3) |
24–29 | 157 (29.8) |
30–35 | 171 (32.5) |
≥36 | 149 (28.3) |
Body Mass Index Classification | |
Underweight | 5 (1.0) |
Normal | 92 (17.5) |
Overweight | 189 (35.9) |
Obese | 240 (45.9) |
Education | |
High school or less | 225 (42.8) |
Technical diploma | 11 (2.1) |
University degree | 286 (54.4) |
Parity | |
0 | 88 (16.7) |
1 | 89 (16.9) |
≥2 | 346 (65.8) |
Missing | 3 (0.6) |
Miscarriage and Ectopic | |
0 | 299 (56.8) |
≥1 | 224 (42.6) |
Missing | 3 (0.6) |
Factor | Total (n = 526) | Weight Category | χ2 * | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight (n = 5) | Normal (n = 92) | Overweight (n = 189) | Obese (n = 240) | ||||
Too much weight gain in pregnancy or being overweight can increase problems in pregnancy for the mother? | |||||||
No | 39 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (7.6) | 13 (6.9) | 19 (7.9) | 2.508 | 0.868 |
Yes | 432 (82.1) | 5 (100) | 76 (82.6) | 159 (84.1) | 192 (80.0) | ||
Not sure | 55 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (9.8) | 17 (9.0) | 29 (12.1) | ||
What kind of problems to the mother? | |||||||
Diabetes | 347 (80.3) | 1 (20.0) | 61 (80.3) | 124 (78.0) | 161 (83.9) | 13.576 | 0.004 |
Caesarean Section | 91 (21.1) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (17.1) | 32 (20.1) | 46 (24.0) | 3.102 | 0.376 |
Big Baby (Macrosomia) | 154 (35.6) | 1 (20.0) | 28 (36.8) | 56 (35.2) | 69 (35.9) | 0.601 | 0.896 |
Difficult Labor | 197 (45.6) | 1 (20.0) | 38 (50.0) | 63 (39.6) | 95 (49.5) | 5.369 | 0.147 |
Preterm Labor | 43 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (7.9) | 17 (10.7) | 20 (10.4) | 1.055 | 0.788 |
Post-term Pregnancy | 25 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.9) | 9 (5.7) | 13 (6.8) | 1.124 | 0.771 |
Post-partum Weight Retention | 216 (50.0) | 2 (40.0) | 34 (44.7) | 87 (54.7) | 93 (48.4) | 2.645 | 0.450 |
Difficulty in Breast Feeding | 11 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (1.9) | 7 (3.6) | 1.809 | 0.613 |
Miscarriage | 16 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (1.9) | 12 (6.3) | 6.369 | 0.095 |
Hypertension | 133 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (26.3) | 48 (30.2) | 65 (33.9) | 3.811 | 0.283 |
Too much weight gain in pregnancy or being overweight can increase problems in pregnancy for the fetus? | |||||||
No | 85 (16.2) | 1 (20.0) | 20 (21.7) | 36 (19.0) | 28 (11.7) | 7.016 | 0.319 |
Yes | 234 (44.5) | 2 (40.0) | 39 (42.4) | 82 (43.4) | 111 (46.3) | ||
Not sure | 207 (39.4) | 2 (40.0) | 33 (35.9) | 71 (37.6) | 101 (42.1) | ||
What kind of problems to the fetus? | |||||||
Large Baby | 141 (60.3) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (61.5) | 52 (63.4) | 65 (58.6) | 3.534 | 0.316 |
Birth Trauma | 165 (70.5) | 1 (50.0) | 25 (64.1) | 61 (74.4) | 78 (70.3) | 1.772 | 0.621 |
Low Glucose Level | 59 (25.2) | 1 (50.0) | 10 (25.6) | 21 (25.6) | 27 (24.3) | 0.709 | 0.871 |
Jaundice | 19 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.3) | 7 (8.5) | 8 (7.2) | 0.558 | 0.906 |
Childhood Obesity | 49 (20.9) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.6) | 18 (22.0) | 21 (18.9) | 1.375 | 0.711 |
Adulthood Obesity | 25 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 8 (9.8) | 12 (10.8) | 0.502 | 0.919 |
Baby Death | 19 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 7 (8.5) | 10 (9.0) | 0.781 | 0.854 |
Birth Defects | 8 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1 (1.2) | 5 (4.5) | 2.013 | 0.570 |
NICU Admission | 23 (9.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 12 (14.6) | 10 (9.0) | 4.761 | 0.190 |
Factor | Underestimated BMI Odds Ratio (CI 95%) | p-Value | Awareness of Healthy GWG Odds Ratio (CI 95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 0.668 | 0.786 | ||
18–23 | 1 | 1 | ||
24–29 | 0.714 (0.324–1.575) | 0.769 (0.353–1.678) | ||
30–35 | 0.691 (0.298–1.600) | 0.988 (0.433–2.258) | ||
≥36 | 0.866 (0.360–2.085) | 0.870 (0.365–2.074) | ||
Body Mass Index Classification | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Underweight/Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
Overweight/Obese | 13.335 (6.857–25.935) | 3.597 (1.842–7.023) | ||
Education | 0.153 | 0.194 | ||
High school or less | 1 | 1 | ||
Technical diploma | 0.334 (0.092–1.219) | 1.146 (0.289–4.550) | ||
University degree | 0.776 (0.525–1.149) | 1.460 (0.969–2.200) | ||
Parity | 0.898 | 0.742 | ||
0 | 1 | 1 | ||
1 | 0.893 (0.450–1.772) | 1.313 (0.652–2.644) | ||
≥2 | 0.863 (0.463–1.611) | 1.134 (0.590–2.179) |
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Khair, H.; Bataineh, M.F.; Zaręba, K.; Alawar, S.; Maki, S.; Sallam, G.S.; Abdalla, A.; Mutare, S.; Ali, H.I. Pregnant Women’s Perception and Knowledge of the Impact of Obesity on Prenatal Outcomes—A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2420. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112420
Khair H, Bataineh MF, Zaręba K, Alawar S, Maki S, Sallam GS, Abdalla A, Mutare S, Ali HI. Pregnant Women’s Perception and Knowledge of the Impact of Obesity on Prenatal Outcomes—A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(11):2420. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112420
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhair, Howaida, Mo’ath F. Bataineh, Kornelia Zaręba, Shamsa Alawar, Sara Maki, Gehan Sayed Sallam, Afra Abdalla, Sharon Mutare, and Habiba I. Ali. 2023. "Pregnant Women’s Perception and Knowledge of the Impact of Obesity on Prenatal Outcomes—A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 15, no. 11: 2420. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112420
APA StyleKhair, H., Bataineh, M. F., Zaręba, K., Alawar, S., Maki, S., Sallam, G. S., Abdalla, A., Mutare, S., & Ali, H. I. (2023). Pregnant Women’s Perception and Knowledge of the Impact of Obesity on Prenatal Outcomes—A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 15(11), 2420. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112420