Top Sodium Food Sources in the American Diet—Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analytic Sample
2.2. Food Categorization
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Categories 2 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall Food Category Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | Total % Contribution of Top 15 Categories | |
n | Pizza | Breads, Rolls and Buns | Cold Cuts and Cured Meats (Excluding Sandwiches) | Soups | Burritos and Tacos | Savory Snacks (e.g., Chips, Crackers, Popcorn) | Poultry (Excluding Nuggets and Tenders) | Cheese (Including Cottage and Ricotta) | Pasta Mixed Dishes, Excludes Macaroni and Cheese | Burgers | Meat Mixed Dishes | Cookies, Brownies and Cakes | Bacon, Frankfurters and Sausages (Excluding Sandwiches) | Vegetables (Excluding White Potatoes) | Chicken Nuggets and Tenders | ||
Total sample | 7081 | 5.26% | 4.66% | 4.59% | 4.34% | 4.29% | 4.14% | 4.03% | 3.11% | 2.90% | 2.52% | 2.47% | 2.44% | 2.38% | 2.16% | 1.54% | 50.83% |
Household income 3 | |||||||||||||||||
Low | 2029 | 5.56% | 4.08% | 3.37% | 4.75% | 5.01% | 3.79% | 4.44% | 3.05% | 3.32% | 3.01% | 1.77% | 2.39% | 2.24% | 1.58% | 2.37% | 50.73% |
Middle | 2545 | 5.77% | 4.59% | 5.39% | 4.02% | 4.25% | 4.64% | 3.48% | 3.05% | 2.43% | 1.64% | 2.81% | 2.68% | 2.40% | 2.16% | 1.47% | 50.78% |
High | 754 | 5.41% | 5.11% | 5.41% | 3.39% | 3.80% | 3.57% | 4.01% | 3.11% | 3.52% | 2.25% | 2.86% | 2.43% | 2.98% | 2.25% | 1.49% | 51.59% |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||
White | 2479 | 5.23% | 4.91% | 5.41% | 3.71% | 3.20% | 4.55% | 3.12% | 3.53% | 2.86% | 2.68% | 3.06% | 2.42% | 2.72% | 2.17% | 1.56% | 51.13% |
Black | 1646 | 5.05% | 3.64% | 3.93% | 2.68% | 3.33% | 4.69% | 7.71% | 2.64% | 3.45% | 2.89% | 1.41% | 2.69% | 2.66% | 2.28% | 2.57% | 51.62% |
Hispanic | 1627 | 5.77% | 3.92% | 3.14% | 6.33% | 9.38% | 3.24% | 4.39% | 2.58% | 2.19% | 2.21% | 1.21% | 2.18% | 1.65% | 1.79% | 1.01% | 50.99% |
Asian | 853 | 4.03% | 6.26% | 2.18% | 9.25% | 2.35% | 2.11% | 4.72% | 1.22% | 1.62% | 1.08% | 1.93% | 2.06% | 1.05% | 3.31% | 0.90% | 44.07% |
“Other” | 476 | 5.68% | 4.74% | 4.09% | 3.32% | 3.91% | 3.69% | 4.44% | 3.24% | 5.75% | 2.48% | 2.87% | 3.14% | 2.01% | 2.00% | 1.67% | 53.03% |
Dietary Reference Intakes Age–Sex Groupings | |||||||||||||||||
>1 y | 299 | 5.28% | 3.69% | 2.62% | 2.89% | 3.82% | 7.19% | 2.73% | 5.20% | 2.78% | 0.95% | 1.23% | 2.89% | 4.22% | 1.71% | 5.07% | 52.27% |
4–8 y | 623 | 6.89% | 4.36% | 4.85% | 2.77% | 2.92% | 6.23% | 3.21% | 3.76% | 2.85% | 1.89% | 1.55% | 3.58% | 2.10% | 1.18% | 3.30% | 51.44% |
9–13 y males | 328 | 9.61% | 4.50% | 3.68% | 2.26% | 6.38% | 8.68% | 3.57% | 2.76% | 3.08% | 1.87% | 0.96% | 2.64% | 2.51% | 0.94% | 2.85% | 56.29% |
9–13 y females | 353 | 8.86% | 3.99% | 3.05% | 3.68% | 2.10% | 6.38% | 3.57% | 3.24% | 3.82% | 1.57% | 1.78% | 3.65% | 1.47% | 1.40% | 2.88% | 51.44% |
14–18 y males | 341 | 9.32% | 4.42% | 6.27% | 3.90% | 3.62% | 5.18% | 4.63% | 2.34% | 3.00% | 3.96% | 1.26% | 2.01% | 1.36% | 0.65% | 3.00% | 54.92% |
14–18 y females | 323 | 7.23% | 5.19% | 3.74% | 3.50% | 4.02% | 5.93% | 7.28% | 2.73% | 2.61% | 2.07% | 0.99% | 2.63% | 1.23% | 1.51% | 3.08% | 53.74% |
19–30 y males | 422 | 6.96% | 3.16% | 5.98% | 1.74% | 7.41% | 3.24% | 4.05% | 2.07% | 2.78% | 3.42% | 2.38% | 0.71% | 2.00% | 1.31% | 2.39% | 49.60% |
19–30 y females | 436 | 5.42% | 3.41% | 2.68% | 3.08% | 5.74% | 3.99% | 4.06% | 3.43% | 3.59% | 2.03% | 2.73% | 1.82% | 2.88% | 2.69% | 2.26% | 49.81% |
31–50 y males | 677 | 5.88% | 4.35% | 4.01% | 5.25% | 6.33% | 3.01% | 5.34% | 3.00% | 2.06% | 3.48% | 1.19% | 2.08% | 2.52% | 1.83% | 0.85% | 51.18% |
31–50 y females | 744 | 4.76% | 4.86% | 3.47% | 4.54% | 5.02% | 4.02% | 4.02% | 3.36% | 2.37% | 2.24% | 1.99% | 2.52% | 3.07% | 3.48% | 0.98% | 50.70% |
51–70 y males | 876 | 3.71% | 5.29% | 5.72% | 4.19% | 2.79% | 3.92% | 3.67% | 3.24% | 3.54% | 2.42% | 2.88% | 2.80% | 2.44% | 1.96% | 0.50% | 49.07% |
51–70 y females | 900 | 3.23% | 5.65% | 3.96% | 6.28% | 2.18% | 3.63% | 3.34% | 3.59% | 3.24% | 2.32% | 4.62% | 2.60% | 1.83% | 3.18% | 0.94% | 50.59% |
>70 y males | 390 | 2.43% | 5.87% | 7.55% | 6.99% | 0.84% | 2.52% | 2.48% | 2.04% | 2.36% | 1.96% | 4.69% | 3.80% | 2.93% | 2.10% | 0.83% | 49.39% |
>70 y females | 369 | 1.06% | 6.29% | 5.55% | 6.96% | 1.54% | 4.60% | 3.13% | 3.89% | 3.43% | 1.19% | 4.03% | 3.61% | 2.90% | 3.80% | 0.62% | 52.60% |
Food Categories 2 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pizza | Breads, Rolls and Buns | Cold cuts and Cured Meats (Excluding Sandwiches) | Soups | Burritos and Tacos | Savory Snacks (e.g., Chips, Crackers, Popcorn) | Poultry (Excluding Nuggets and Tenders) | Cheese (Including Cottage and Ricotta) | Pasta Mixed Dishes, Excludes Macaroni and Cheese | Burgers | Meat Mixed Dishes | Cookies, Brownies and Cakes | Bacon, Frankfurters and Sausages (Excluding Sandwiches) | Vegetables (Excluding White Potatoes) | Chicken Nuggets and Tenders | |
Total sample | 1388 ± 49 (930) | 385 ± 9.5 (2779) | 901 ± 36 (1075) | 1238 ± 45 (920) | 1656 ± 49 (618) | 303 ± 9.0 (3186) | 678 ± 27 (1502) | 315 ± 11 (1986) | 931 ± 39 (703) | 792 ± 19 (702) | 980 ± 58 (513) | 264 ± 10 (2225) | 552 ± 34 (976) | 167 ± 6.8 (2866) | 742 ± 36 (572) |
Household income 3 | |||||||||||||||
Low | 1443 ± 75 (287) | 361 ± 13 (718) | 691 ± 39 (298) | 1281 ± 118 (268) | 1716 ± 88 (191) | 292 ± 12 (859) | 735 ± 60 (423) | 325 ± 17 (547) | 1020 ± 78 (199) | 785 ± 33 (231) | 990 ± 168 (107) | 293 ± 28 (601) | 591 ± 59 (257) | 155 ± 10 (687) | 870 ± 85 (178) |
Middle | 1396 ± 83 (344) | 381 ± 15 (1012) | 947 ± 62 (423) | 1244 ± 60 (312) | 1699 ± 83 (221) | 332 ± 16 (1175) | 654 ± 42 (500) | 323 ± 18 (686) | 888 ± 54 (255) | 828 ± 33 (250) | 1045 ± 93 (220) | 293 ± 20 (806) | 582 ± 69 (359) | 172 ± 11 (975) | 717 ± 52 (200) |
High | 1434 ± 118 (85) | 390 ± 24 (318) | 1084 ± 135 (110) | 1134 ± 123 (100) | 1523 ± 128 (50) | 283 ± 23 (353) | 766 ± 105 (154) | 318 ± 43 (225) | 1071 ± 108 (79) | 764 ± 57 (78) | 879 ± 97 (66) | 245 ± 19 (266) | 666 ± 132 (105) | 159 ± 20 (360) | 781 ± 123 (71) |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
White | 1331 ± 69 (334) | 386 ± 14 (1093) | 941 ± 48 (491) | 1286 ± 78 (225) | 1475 ± 68 (163) | 331 ± 13 (1214) | 622 ± 42 (353) | 317 ± 16 (872) | 883 ± 51 (269) | 785 ± 25 (292) | 1063 ± 81 (237) | 253 ± 14 (820) | 560 ± 49 (393) | 160 ± 10 (987) | 731 ± 55 (229) |
Black | 1480 ± 85 (216) | 359 ± 13 (541) | 888 ± 88 (235) | 1080 ± 67 (146) | 1779 ± 131 (95) | 315 ± 13 (814) | 866 ± 41 (469) | 346 ± 23 (383) | 1039 ± 77 (169) | 864 ± 47 (174) | 837 ± 90 (86) | 290 ± 24 (525) | 507 ± 21 (311) | 200 ± 12 (606) | 858 ± 67 (169) |
Hispanic | 1548 ± 108 (207) | 368 ± 16 (569) | 761 ± 58 (214) | 1186 ± 66 (290) | 1943 ± 93 (275) | 285 ± 16 (628) | 623 ± 60 (373) | 292 ± 20 (460) | 896 ± 80 (131) | 762 ± 32 (151) | 773 ± 69 (72) | 260 ± 16 (466) | 578 ± 68 (143) | 145 ± 9.3 (654) | 656 ± 55 (88) |
Asian | 1302 ± 125 (100) | 469 ± 25 (403) | 986 ± 111 (58) | 1328 ± 95 (200) | 1557 ± 135 (43) | 196 ± 13 (307) | 656 ± 69 (218) | 284 ± 30 (128) | 817 ± 72 (69) | 840 ± 127 (39) | 710 ± 89 (72) | 239 ± 15 (273) | 536 ± 69 (64) | 214 ± 15 (456) | 692 ± 90 (40) |
“Other” | 1426 ± 125 (73) | 384 ± 47 (173) | 779 ± 172 (77) | 1088 ± 204 (59) | 1476 ± 143 (42) | 308 ± 29 (223) | 861 ± 111 (89) | 317 ± 34 (143) | 1233 ± 202 (65) | 792 ± 80 (46) | 891 ± 128 (46) | 381 ± 71 (141) | 517 ± 84 (65) | 193 ± 31 (163) | 752 ± 67 (46) |
Dietary Reference Intakes Age–Sex Groupings | |||||||||||||||
>1 y | 640 ± 94 (51) | 199 ± 21 (94) | 387 ± 58 (40) | 519 ± 61 (37) | 927 ± 205 (16) | 236 ± 24 (186) | 277 ± 25 (64) | 228 ± 26 (106) | 390 ± 56 (37) | 401 ± 63 (18) | 438 ± 52 (15) | 158 ± 13 (109) | 494 ± 79 (54) | 89 ± 14 (114) | 441 ± 33 (65) |
4–8 y | 951 ± 80 (136) | 288 ± 16 (236) | 626 ± 76 (107) | 908 ± 91 (57) | 984 ± 141 (45) | 280 ± 18 (365) | 403 ± 29 (120) | 272 ± 18 (189) | 565 ± 60 (76) | 522 ± 37 (60) | 667 ± 164 (36) | 213 ± 15 (248) | 408 ± 41 (83) | 98 ± 11 (188) | 522 ± 40 (110) |
9–13 y males | 1185 ± 124 (86) | 337 ± 21 (130) | 557 ± 61 (61) | 885 ± 117 (38) | 1523 ± 195 (39) | 494 ± 58 (175) | 752 ± 173 (63) | 287 ± 38 (79) | 981 ± 160 (33) | 642 ± 46 (30) | 943 ± 212 (11) | 242 ± 34 (116) | 462 ± 39 (47) | 96 ± 18 (87) | 736 ± 147 (31) |
9–13 y females | 982 ± 121 (88) | 346 ± 26 (105) | 646 ± 84 (39) | 1010 ± 94 (44) | 1285 ± 125 (28) | 329 ± 34 (205) | 668 ± 83 (52) | 309 ± 39 (91) | 785 ± 124 (47) | 656 ± 58 (35) | 622 ± 102 (17) | 231 ± 25 (146) | 382 ± 45 (40) | 127 ± 16 (112) | 611 ± 58 (50) |
14–18 y males | 2008 ± 190 (71) | 507 ± 61 (113) | 1237 ± 190 (59) | 1295 ± 275 (41) | 1713 ± 158 (32) | 412 ± 41 (164) | 1128 ± 201 (53) | 341 ± 41 (88) | 1155 ± 150 (42) | 865 ± 71 (58) | 977 ± 203 (18) | 298 ± 55 (104) | 687 ± 79 (28) | 125 ± 34 (72) | 846 ± 93 (42) |
14–18 y females | 1233 ± 161 (54) | 428 ± 33 (100) | 792 ± 83 (37) | 995 ± 91 (37) | 1716 ± 306 (28) | 359 ± 34 (160) | 771 ± 89 (75) | 320 ± 47 (72) | 846 ± 147 (27) | 618 ± 59 (34) | 1252 ± 336 (10) | 225 ± 30 (101) | 413 ± 109 (26) | 113 ± 18 (102) | 1085 ± 165 (29) |
19–30 y males | 1932 ± 247 (67) | 419 ± 34 (119) | 1401 ± 176 (60) | 1019 ± 112 (30) | 2120 ± 138 (65) | 320 ± 29 (158) | 967 ± 157 (84) | 306 ± 33 (109) | 1265 ± 119 (46) | 929 ± 57 (65) | 959 ± 151 (34) | 226 ± 25 (80) | 555 ± 98 (48) | 167 ± 22 (127) | 1159 ± 198 (41) |
19–30 y females | 1216 ± 136 (62) | 345 ± 25 (138) | 718 ± 129 (51) | 1253 ± 137 (43) | 1430 ± 110 (53) | 315 ± 35 (182) | 547 ± 56 (111) | 325 ± 33 (133) | 1044 ± 117 (51) | 731 ± 45 (42) | 806 ± 76 (41) | 205 ± 37 (123) | 748 ± 283 (57) | 192 ± 18 (188) | 864 ± 84 (40) |
31–50 y males | 1734 ± 176 (83) | 465 ± 36 (267) | 1093 ± 103 (103) | 1599 ± 174 (90) | 1933 ± 147 (84) | 327 ± 24 (248) | 937 ± 101 (169) | 404 ± 50 (184) | 1455 ± 240 (47) | 922 ± 66 (91) | 747 ± 94 (61) | 351 ± 44 (177) | 694 ± 96 (94) | 197 ± 23 (253) | 1039 ± 248 (30) |
31–50 y females | 1219 ± 122 (79) | 411 ± 31 (265) | 787 ± 84 (75) | 1229 ± 135 (107) | 1719 ± 135 (73) | 270 ± 31 (304) | 526 ± 58 (196) | 271 ± 19 (235) | 667 ± 76 (69) | 762 ± 41 (59) | 884 ± 166 (45) | 264 ± 32 (200) | 619 ± 151 (96) | 194 ± 25 (364) | 652 ± 76 (39) |
51–70 y males | 1720 ± 262 (65) | 412 ± 25 (420) | 1004 ± 122 (170) | 1310 ± 111 (132) | 1615 ± 130 (66) | 352 ± 37 (342) | 769 ± 76 (205) | 363 ± 41 (233) | 1168 ± 126 (74) | 828 ± 58 (93) | 1316 ± 222 (72) | 333 ± 36 (277) | 541 ± 51 (147) | 175 ± 21 (392) | 643 ± 107 (25) |
51–70 y females | 1262 ± 103 (59) | 359 ± 32 (387) | 736 ± 45 (121) | 1227 ± 110 (147) | 1338 ± 133 (14) | 219 ± 18 (363) | 520 ± 35 (185) | 303 ± 37 (257) | 768 ± 62 (86) | 729 ± 47 (62) | 1203 ± 180 (71) | 271 ± 35 (252) | 395 ± 35 (115) | 167 ± 17 (484) | 656 ± 132 (44) |
>70 y males | 1455 ± 103 (16) | 391 ± 23 (210) | 1206 ± 178 (88) | 1484 ± 183 (57) | 1785 ± 190 (12) | 214 ± 20 (164) | 691 ± 83 (55) | 274 ± 26 (103) | 928 ± 122 (32) | 753 ± 57 (34) | 1213 ± 220 (48) | 292 ± 25 (145) | 561 ± 84 (79) | 139 ± 18 (175) | 656 ± 158 (14) |
>70 y females | 1054 ± 129 (13) | 324 ± 17 (195) | 665 ± 61 (64) | 1076 ± 115 (60) | 1146 ± 108 (13) | 262 ± 34 (170) | 495 ± 56 (70) | 283 ± 30 (107) | 957 ± 156 (36) | 666 ± 72 (21) | 854 ± 123 (34) | 213 ± 21 (147) | 500 ± 93 (62) | 172 ± 15 (208) | 555 ± 118 (12) |
Food Categories 2 | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Pizza | Breads, Rolls and Buns | Cold Cuts and Cured Meats (Excluding Sandwiches) | Soups | Burritos and Tacos | Savory Snacks (e.g., Chips, Crackers, Popcorn) | Poultry (Excluding Nuggets and Tenders) | Cheese (Including Cottage and Ricotta) | Pasta Mixed Dishes, Excludes Macaroni and Cheese | Burgers | Meat Mixed Dishes | Cookies, Brownies and Cakes | Bacon, Frankfurters and Sausages (Excluding Sandwiches) | Vegetables (Excluding White Potatoes) | Chicken Nuggets and Tenders | |
Total sample | 7081 | 178 ± 10.4 | 157.6 ± 5.39 | 155 ± 9.25 | 147 ± 9.02 | 145 ± 9.42 | 140 ± 5.09 | 136 ± 7.05 | 105 ± 4.95 | 98.2 ± 6.69 | 85.3 ± 5.08 | 83.6 ± 8.11 | 82.3 ± 3.86 | 80.8 ± 6.40 | 52.3 ± 3.94 | 73.4 ± 3.41 |
Household income 3 | ||||||||||||||||
Low | 2029 | 180 ± 18.4 | 132 ± 6.96 | 109 ± 10.5 | 154 ± 19.5 | 162 ± 16.4 | 122 ± 6.47 | 143 ± 14.7 | 98.6 ± 7.64 | 107 ± 13.7 | 97.2 ± 8.55 | 57.3 ± 12.1 | 77.2 ± 8.51 | 72.4 ± 9.64 | 76.5 ± 11.2 | 51.1 ± 3.75 |
Middle | 2545 | 194 ± 17.8 | 155 ± 8.26 | 181 ± 16.9 | 135 ± 12.3 | 143 ± 15.6 | 156 ± 9.59 | 117 ± 10.3 | 103 ± 7.54 | 81.9 ± 8.30 | 88.9 ± 9.13 | 94.7 ± 14.6 | 90.4 ± 7.90 | 80.8 ± 11.4 | 49.6 ± 5.67 | 72.8 ± 5.53 |
High | 754 | 186 ± 31.3 | 176 ± 16.1 | 186 ± 33.3 | 117 ± 19.7 | 131 ± 26.9 | 123 ± 13.1 | 138 ± 23.6 | 107 ± 18.1 | 121 ± 23.4 | 77.8 ± 14.9 | 98.4 ± 19.6 | 83.5 ± 8.82 | 103 ± 27.8 | 51.2 ± 12.4 | 77.6 ± 10.6 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
White | 2479 | 178 ± 15.5 | 167 ± 8.2 | 184 ± 14.2 | 126 ± 13.3 | 109 ± 12.5 | 155 ± 7.93 | 106 ± 9.49 | 120 ± 7.62 | 97.2 ± 9.34 | 91.2 ± 7.71 | 104 ± 13.2 | 82.4 ± 5.58 | 92.4 ± 10.2 | 53.0 ± 5.98 | 73.7 ± 5.28 |
Black | 1646 | 166 ± 16.3 | 120 ± 7.0 | 129 ± 16.7 | 88.2 ± 10.2 | 110 ± 15.9 | 154 ± 8.22 | 254 ± 17.3 | 86.9 ± 7.60 | 113 ± 13.1 | 95.1 ± 9.92 | 46.2 ± 8.02 | 88.6 ± 8.30 | 87.6 ± 6.53 | 84.4 ± 10.4 | 74.9 ± 5.38 |
Hispanic | 1627 | 193 ± 21.3 | 131 ± 8.3 | 105 ± 12.6 | 212 ± 19.1 | 314 ± 27.5 | 108 ± 7.23 | 147 ± 16.7 | 86.4 ± 7.41 | 73.4 ± 10.2 | 74.0 ± 7.75 | 40.4 ± 6.68 | 73.1 ± 5.74 | 55.3 ± 8.50 | 33.7 ± 5.03 | 59.8 ± 4.53 |
Asian | 853 | 139 ± 20.7 | 216 ± 16.0 | 75.2 ± 15.9 | 319 ± 33.3 | 81.3 ± 17.2 | 72.8 ± 6.41 | 163 ± 21.6 | 42.1 ± 6.20 | 55.9 ± 8.91 | 37.3 ± 10.7 | 66.7 ± 12.2 | 71.2 ± 6.37 | 36.3 ± 7.03 | 31.2 ± 8.97 | 114 ± 9.30 |
“Other” | 476 | 197 ± 38.4 | 164 ± 24.6 | 142 ± 39.9 | 115 ± 24.1 | 136 ± 33.7 | 128 ± 17.3 | 154 ± 31.9 | 112 ± 19.2 | 199 ± 50.0 | 86.0 ± 19.9 | 99.5 ± 21.4 | 109 ± 24.0 | 69.5 ± 18.2 | 57.8 ± 11.6 | 69.1 ± 12.5 |
Dietary Reference Intakes Age–Sex Groupings | ||||||||||||||||
>1 y | 299 | 103 ± 23.4 | 72.0 ± 9.72 | 51.2 ± 11.9 | 56.6 ± 12.3 | 74.6 ± 32.3 | 140 ± 17.3 | 53.4 ± 9.42 | 102 ± 13.8 | 54.3 ± 12.4 | 18.6 ± 6.07 | 24.0 ± 8.39 | 56.5 ± 8.30 | 82.5 ± 18.7 | 99.1 ± 16.5 | 33.4 ± 5.87 |
4–8 y | 623 | 180 ± 23.3 | 114 ± 9.25 | 126 ± 22.1 | 72.3 ± 12.4 | 76.2 ± 17.5 | 162 ± 13.0 | 83.6 ± 10.4 | 98.0 ± 9.49 | 74.4 ± 11.4 | 49.2 ± 8.66 | 40.3 ± 12.9 | 93.2 ± 8.79 | 54.6 ± 8.84 | 86.1 ± 12.0 | 30.9 ± 3.66 |
9–13 y males | 328 | 300 ± 52.7 | 140 ± 14.9 | 115 ± 22.0 | 70.3 ± 15.0 | 199 ± 50.4 | 271 ± 39.1 | 111 ± 30.9 | 86.0 ± 15.3 | 96.0 ± 26.5 | 58.2 ± 14.6 | 29.8 ± 10.4 | 82.3 ± 10.9 | 78.2 ± 14.3 | 89.0 ± 25.0 | 29.4 ± 6.02 |
9–13 y females | 353 | 257 ± 45.0 | 116 ± 14.8 | 88.2 ± 19.9 | 107 ± 22.7 | 60.7 ± 14.1 | 185 ± 23.8 | 103 ± 20.5 | 93.9 ± 15.9 | 111 ± 23.9 | 45.4 ± 10.1 | 51.6 ± 16.8 | 106 ± 12.9 | 42.4 ± 9.57 | 83.5 ± 19.3 | 40.7 ± 6.44 |
14–18 y males | 341 | 369 ± 62.6 | 175 ± 32.3 | 248 ± 66.2 | 154 ± 40.7 | 143 ± 34.5 | 205 ± 25.1 | 184 ± 48.3 | 92.7 ± 18.2 | 119 ± 26.5 | 157 ± 25.8 | 50.0 ± 18.0 | 79.5 ± 17.8 | 53.8 ± 14.4 | 119 ± 23.8 | 25.6 ± 5.34 |
14–18 y females | 323 | 206 ± 39.8 | 148 ± 21.0 | 106 ± 30.1 | 99.8 ± 19.8 | 115 ± 34.3 | 169 ± 23.5 | 207 ± 39.1 | 77.7 ± 15.1 | 74.4 ± 19.1 | 58.9 ± 12.7 | 28.3 ± 12.6 | 75.0 ± 12.9 | 35.1 ± 10.4 | 87.8 ± 24.5 | 43.0 ± 8.08 |
19–30 y males | 422 | 295 ± 52.8 | 134 ± 16.7 | 254 ± 50.1 | 73.6 ± 21.5 | 314 ± 49.1 | 137 ± 16.0 | 172 ± 34.9 | 87.8 ± 12.8 | 118 ± 25.5 | 145 ± 22.3 | 101 ± 23.2 | 29.9 ± 4.96 | 84.8 ± 18.8 | 101 ± 26.5 | 55.7 ± 9.65 |
19–30 y females | 436 | 175 ± 31.6 | 110 ± 12.7 | 86.6 ± 19.1 | 99.6 ± 23.8 | 186 ± 36.4 | 129 ± 17.6 | 131.4 ± 17.4 | 111 ± 15.3 | 116 ± 24.3 | 65.8 ± 12.8 | 88.4 ± 18.3 | 58.9 ± 11.3 | 93.0 ± 39.1 | 73.1 ± 16.2 | 86.9 ± 10.0 |
31–50 y males | 677 | 253 ± 37.7 | 187 ± 19.9 | 173 ± 31.4 | 226 ± 40.8 | 273 ± 43.0 | 130 ± 14.6 | 230 ± 32.0 | 129 ± 21.4 | 88.7 ± 22.6 | 150 ± 21.9 | 51.0 ± 9.57 | 89.5 ± 14.6 | 108 ± 19.7 | 36.7 ± 12.2 | 78.8 ± 10.7 |
31–50 y females | 744 | 145 ± 27.2 | 148 ± 17.4 | 106 ± 17.2 | 138 ± 20.8 | 153 ± 29.0 | 122 ± 15.8 | 123 ± 15.9 | 102 ± 9.89 | 72.3 ± 11.9 | 68.3 ± 13.6 | 60.6 ± 19.4 | 76.9 ± 10.8 | 93.6 ± 30.4 | 29.8 ± 6.78 | 106 ± 15.3 |
51–70 y males | 876 | 151 ± 35.2 | 215 ± 17.9 | 233 ± 37.3 | 170 ± 28.5 | 114 ± 22.5 | 160 ± 20.8 | 149 ± 21.4 | 132 ± 19.1 | 144 ± 30.8 | 98.3 ± 16.0 | 117 ± 32.4 | 114 ± 15.3 | 99.1 ± 14.1 | 20.5 ± 6.46 | 79.6 ± 10.5 |
51–70 y females | 900 | 91.3 ± 24.4 | 160 ± 17.4 | 112 ± 16.5 | 178 ± 26.9 | 61.6 ± 12.4 | 103 ± 9.94 | 94.6 ± 12.6 | 101 ± 15.5 | 91.7 ± 17.1 | 65.5 ± 14.0 | 131 ± 38.1 | 73.5 ± 12.2 | 51.8 ± 8.08 | 26.6 ± 7.63 | 89.9 ± 10.4 |
>70 y males | 390 | 84.5 ± 33.8 | 204 ± 19.6 | 262 ± 57.1 | 243 ± 54.6 | 29.3 ± 9.52 | 87.8 ± 11.0 | 86.2 ± 21.3 | 71.0 ± 10.1 | 82.1 ± 25.5 | 68.3 ± 18.9 | 163 ± 45.0 | 132 ± 14.5 | 102 ± 24.5 | 28.9 ± 11.5 | 72.9 ± 10.3 |
>70 y females | 369 | 29.0 ± 9.98 | 172 ± 14.9 | 152 ± 27.1 | 191 ± 40.8 | 42.1 ± 16.6 | 126 ± 19.3 | 85.6 ± 16.1 | 107 ± 15.5 | 94.0 ± 21.9 | 32.6 ± 9.63 | 110 ± 28.2 | 99.0 ± 11.9 | 79.4 ± 18.9 | 17.0 ± 6.71 | 104 ± 10.9 |
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Ahmed, M.; Ng, A.; Christoforou, A.; Mulligan, C.; L’Abbé, M.R. Top Sodium Food Sources in the American Diet—Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients 2023, 15, 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040831
Ahmed M, Ng A, Christoforou A, Mulligan C, L’Abbé MR. Top Sodium Food Sources in the American Diet—Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients. 2023; 15(4):831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040831
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Mavra, Alena (Praneet) Ng, Anthea Christoforou, Christine Mulligan, and Mary R. L’Abbé. 2023. "Top Sodium Food Sources in the American Diet—Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" Nutrients 15, no. 4: 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040831
APA StyleAhmed, M., Ng, A., Christoforou, A., Mulligan, C., & L’Abbé, M. R. (2023). Top Sodium Food Sources in the American Diet—Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients, 15(4), 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040831