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Micromachines
Volume 10
Issue 4
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Micromachines, Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2019) – 63 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Small robotic devices for tetherless motion on hard, soft, and biological surfaces hold promise as on-chip manipulators or as in vivo operators. Magnetically guiding these devices using rotating magnetic fields has created a field of small, controllable robotic devices whose dimensions range from tens of nanometers to several millimeters. Magnetically aligned nanorods in alginate capsules enable capsules to climb inclines, traverse tissues, push objects, and release payloads under magnetic guidance. In this issue, authors describe magnetically aligning nanorods in alginate capsules, enabling capsules to climb inclines, traverse tissues, push objects, and release payloads under magnetic guidance. View this paper
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12 pages, 3694 KiB  
Article
A 135-190 GHz Broadband Self-Biased Frequency Doubler using Four-Anode Schottky Diodes
by Chengkai Wu, Yong Zhang, Jianhang Cui, Yukun Li, Yuehang Xu and Ruimin Xu
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040277 - 25 Apr 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4526
Abstract
This paper describes the design and demonstration of a 135–190 GHz self-biased broadband frequency doubler based on planar Schottky diodes. Unlike traditional bias schemes, the diodes are biased in resistive mode by a self-bias resistor; thus, no additional bias voltage is needed for [...] Read more.
This paper describes the design and demonstration of a 135–190 GHz self-biased broadband frequency doubler based on planar Schottky diodes. Unlike traditional bias schemes, the diodes are biased in resistive mode by a self-bias resistor; thus, no additional bias voltage is needed for the doubler. The Schottky diodes in this verification are micron-scaled devices with an anode area of 6.6 μm2 and an epitaxial layer thickness of 0.26 μm. For accurate design of the doubler, the 3D-EM model of the Schottky diode is built up to extract the parasitic parameters induced by the diode package when frequency rises up to the terahertz band. In order to implement broadband working, input waveguide steps, output suspended microstrip steps, and output probe with bias filter are all used as matching elements for impedance matching. Measured results show that the doubler exhibits a 3 dB bandwidth of 34% from 135 GHz to 190 GHz, with a conversion efficiency of above 4% when supplied with 100 mW of input power. A 17.8 mW peak output power with a 10.2% efficiency was measured at 166 GHz when the input power was 174 mW. The measured results agree well with the simulated results, which indicates that the self-bias scheme for Schottky diode-based frequency multipliers is feasible and effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanodevices for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Applications)
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11 pages, 3541 KiB  
Article
Detection of Cigarette Smoke Using a Surface-Acoustic-Wave Gas Sensor with Non-Polymer-Based Oxidized Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres
by Chi-Yung Cheng, Shih-Shien Huang, Chia-Min Yang, Kea-Tiong Tang and Da-Jeng Yao
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040276 - 24 Apr 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3577
Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop a surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensor of cigarette smoke to prevent tobacco hazards and to detect cigarette smoke in real time through the adsorption of an ambient tobacco marker. The SAW sensor was coated with oxidized hollow [...] Read more.
The objective of this research was to develop a surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensor of cigarette smoke to prevent tobacco hazards and to detect cigarette smoke in real time through the adsorption of an ambient tobacco marker. The SAW sensor was coated with oxidized hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (O-HMC) as a sensing material of a new type, which replaced a polymer. O-HMC were fabricated using nitric acid to form carboxyl groups on carbon frameworks. The modified conditions of O-HMC were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The appropriately modified O-HMC are more sensitive than polyacrylic acid and hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (PAA-HMC), which is proven by normalization. This increases the sensitivity of a standard tobacco marker (3-ethenylpyridine, 3-EP) from 37.8 to 51.2 Hz/ppm and prevents the drawbacks of a polymer-based sensing material. On filtering particles above 1 μm and using tar to prevent tar adhesion, the SAW sensor detects cigarette smoke with sufficient sensitivity and satisfactory repeatability. Tests, showing satisfactory selectivity to the cigarette smoke marker (3-EP) with interfering gases CH4, CO, and CO2, show that CO and CO2 have a negligible role during the detection of cigarette smoke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro- and Nanofluidics for Bionanoparticle Analysis)
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15 pages, 6140 KiB  
Article
A Novel Biodegradable Multilayered Bioengineered Vascular Construct with a Curved Structure and Multi-Branches
by Yuanyuan Liu, Yi Zhang, Weijian Jiang, Yan Peng, Jun Luo, Shaorong Xie, Songyi Zhong, Huayan Pu, Na Liu and Tao Yue
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040275 - 24 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3769
Abstract
Constructing tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) is of great significance for cardiovascular research. However, most of the fabrication techniques are unable to construct TEVG with a bifurcated and curved structure. This paper presents multilayered biodegradable TEVGs with a curved structure and multi-branches. The [...] Read more.
Constructing tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) is of great significance for cardiovascular research. However, most of the fabrication techniques are unable to construct TEVG with a bifurcated and curved structure. This paper presents multilayered biodegradable TEVGs with a curved structure and multi-branches. The technique combined 3D printed molds and casting hydrogel and sacrificial material to create vessel-mimicking constructs with customizable structural parameters. Compared with other fabrication methods, the proposed technique can create more native-like 3D geometries. The diameter and wall thickness of the fabricated constructs can be independently controlled, providing a feasible approach for TEVG construction. Enzymatically-crosslinked gelatin was used as the material of the constructs. The mechanical properties and thermostability of the constructs were evaluated. Fluid-structure interaction simulations were conducted to examine the displacement of the construct’s wall when blood flows through it. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded on the inner channel of the constructs and cultured for 72 h. The cell morphology was assessed. The results showed that the proposed technique had good application potentials, and will hopefully provide a novel technological approach for constructing integrated vasculature for tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
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10 pages, 2345 KiB  
Communication
Microdroplet Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Controlled Sizes
by Tingting Hong, Aijuan Lu, Wenfang Liu and Chuanpin Chen
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040274 - 24 Apr 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4271
Abstract
A method was developed to synthesize silver nanoparticles with controlled size and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) wavelength. In a microchip, droplets with high monodispersity and stability were produced. Using droplets as microreactors, seed-mediated growth approach was successfully applied for silver nanoparticles preparation. [...] Read more.
A method was developed to synthesize silver nanoparticles with controlled size and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) wavelength. In a microchip, droplets with high monodispersity and stability were produced. Using droplets as microreactors, seed-mediated growth approach was successfully applied for silver nanoparticles preparation. It was observed that nanoparticles size and LSPR wavelength could be optimized via adjusting synthesis conditions, such as droplets heating temperature, reaction time, and concentration of silver seeds and silver nitrate in aqueous phase. These results indicated that the proposed microdevices could provide a convenient and inexpensive approach for preparing nanoparticles with optimum properties. Full article
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2 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue on Development of CMOS-MEMS/NEMS Devices
by Jaume Verd and Jaume Segura
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040273 - 24 Apr 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2184
Abstract
Micro and nanoelectromechanical system (M/NEMS) devices constitute key technological building blocks to enable increased additional functionalities within integrated circuits (ICs) in the More-Than-Moore era, as described in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of CMOS-MEMS/NEMS Devices)
13 pages, 5660 KiB  
Article
2-Step Drop Impact Analysis of a Miniature Mobile Haptic Actuator Considering High Strain Rate and Damping Effects
by Byungjoo Choi, Hyunjun Choi, You-sung Kang, Yongho Jeon and Moon Gu Lee
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040272 - 23 Apr 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3598
Abstract
In recent times, the haptic actuators have been providing users with tactile feedback via vibration for a realistic experience. The vibration spring must be designed thin and small to use a haptic actuator in a smart device. Therefore, considerable interests have been exhibited [...] Read more.
In recent times, the haptic actuators have been providing users with tactile feedback via vibration for a realistic experience. The vibration spring must be designed thin and small to use a haptic actuator in a smart device. Therefore, considerable interests have been exhibited with respect to the impact characteristics of these springs. However, these springs have been difficult to analyze due to their small size. In this study, drop impact experiments and analyses were performed to examine the damages of the mechanical spring in a miniature haptic actuator. Finally, an analytical model with high strain rate and damping effects was constructed to analyze the impact characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Product/Process Fingerprint in Micro Manufacturing)
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13 pages, 4146 KiB  
Article
Defining Cell Cluster Size by Dielectrophoretic Capture at an Array of Wireless Electrodes of Several Distinct Lengths
by Joseph T. Banovetz, Min Li, Darshna Pagariya, Sungu Kim, Baskar Ganapathysubramanian and Robbyn K. Anand
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040271 - 23 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4147
Abstract
Clusters of biological cells play an important role in normal and disease states, such as in the release of insulin from pancreatic islets and in the enhanced spread of cancer by clusters of circulating tumor cells. We report a method to pattern cells [...] Read more.
Clusters of biological cells play an important role in normal and disease states, such as in the release of insulin from pancreatic islets and in the enhanced spread of cancer by clusters of circulating tumor cells. We report a method to pattern cells into clusters having sizes correlated to the dimensions of each electrode in an array of wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs). The cells are captured by dielectrophoresis (DEP), which confers selectivity, and patterns cells without the need for physical barriers or adhesive interactions that can alter cell function. Our findings demonstrate that this approach readily achieves fine control of cell cluster size over a broader range set by other experimental parameters. These parameters include the magnitude of the voltage applied externally to drive capture at the BPE array, the rate of fluid flow, and the time allowed for DEP-based cell capture. Therefore, the reported method is anticipated to allow the influence of cluster size on cell function to be more fully investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC Electrokinetics in Microfluidic Devices)
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15 pages, 3427 KiB  
Article
An Interface ASIC for MEMS Vibratory Gyroscopes with Nonlinear Driving Control
by Risheng Lv, Qiang Fu, Liang Yin, Yuan Gao, Wei Bai, Wenbo Zhang, Yufeng Zhang, Weiping Chen and Xiaowei Liu
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040270 - 22 Apr 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3500
Abstract
This paper proposes an interface application-specific-integrated-circuit (ASIC) for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) vibratory gyroscopes. A closed self-excited drive loop is employed for automatic amplitude stabilization based on peak detection and proportion-integration (PI) controller. A nonlinear multiplier terminating the drive loop is designed for rapid [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an interface application-specific-integrated-circuit (ASIC) for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) vibratory gyroscopes. A closed self-excited drive loop is employed for automatic amplitude stabilization based on peak detection and proportion-integration (PI) controller. A nonlinear multiplier terminating the drive loop is designed for rapid resonance oscillation and linearity improvement. Capacitance variation induced by mechanical motion is detected by a differential charge amplifier in sense mode. After phase demodulation and low-pass filtering an analog signal indicating the input angular velocity is obtained. Non-idealities are further suppressed by on-chip temperature drift calibration. In order for better compatibility with digital circuitry systems, a low passband incremental zoom sigma-delta (ΣΔ) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is implemented for digital output. Manufactured in a standard 0.35 μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the whole interface occupies an active area of 3.2 mm2. Experimental results show a bias instability of 2.2 °/h and a nonlinearity of 0.016% over the full-scale range. Full article
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2 pages, 157 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue on Small-Scale Deformation using Advanced Nanoindentation Techniques
by Ting Tsui and Alex A. Volinsky
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040269 - 22 Apr 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2055
Abstract
Nanoindentation techniques have been used to reliably characterize mechanical properties at small scales for the past 30 years [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Scale Deformation using Advanced Nanoindentation Techniques)
9 pages, 1737 KiB  
Article
Silver Doped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Based Electrochemical Enzyme-Less Sensor for Determination of H2O2 Released from Live Cells
by Danting Yang, Ning Ni, Lu Cao, Xin Song, Yasmin Alhamoud, Guangxia Yu, Jinshun Zhao and Haibo Zhou
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040268 - 21 Apr 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4513
Abstract
In this study, a silver doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based enzyme-less electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released from live cells was constructed for the first time. The presented electrochemical sensor exhibited fast response (2 s) towards [...] Read more.
In this study, a silver doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based enzyme-less electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released from live cells was constructed for the first time. The presented electrochemical sensor exhibited fast response (2 s) towards the reduction of H2O2 concentration variation at an optimized potential of −0.5 V with high selectivity over biological interferents such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, and glucose. In addition, a wide linear range (4 μM to 10 mM) with a low detection limit (LOD) of 3 μM was obtained. Furthermore, the Ag-mSiO2 nanoparticles/glass carbon electrode (Ag-mSiO2 NPs/GCE) based enzyme-less sensor showed good electrocatalytic performance, as well as good reproducibility, and long-term stability, which provided a successful way to in situ determine H2O2 released from live cells. It may also be promising to monitor the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in bacteria against oxidants and antibiotics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Pathogen Detection)
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24 pages, 5781 KiB  
Review
Micro-LEGO for MEMS
by Seok Kim
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040267 - 21 Apr 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6839
Abstract
The recently developed transfer printing-based microassembly called micro-LEGO has been exploited to enable microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications which are difficult to achieve using conventional microfabrication. Micro-LEGO involves transfer printing and thermal processing of prefabricated micro/nanoscale materials to assemble structures and devices in a [...] Read more.
The recently developed transfer printing-based microassembly called micro-LEGO has been exploited to enable microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications which are difficult to achieve using conventional microfabrication. Micro-LEGO involves transfer printing and thermal processing of prefabricated micro/nanoscale materials to assemble structures and devices in a 3D manner without requiring any wet or vacuum processes. Therefore, it complements existing microfabrication and other micro-assembly methods. In this paper, the process components of micro-LEGO, including transfer printing with polymer stamps, material preparation and joining, are summarized. Moreover, recent progress of micro-LEGO within MEMS applications are reviewed by investigating several example devices which are partially or fully assembled via micro-LEGO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Micromachines)
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9 pages, 1455 KiB  
Article
Study of Hole-Transporter-Free Perovskite Solar Cells based on Fully Printable Components
by Camellia Raminafshar, Dimitrios Raptis, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi and Panagiotis Lianos
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040266 - 20 Apr 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3949
Abstract
Hole-transporter-free perovskite solar cells carrying a carbon back contact electrode provide the possibility of making full printable low cost and stable devices, even though their efficiency is substantially lower than those made in the standard configuration. The present work searched for simple and [...] Read more.
Hole-transporter-free perovskite solar cells carrying a carbon back contact electrode provide the possibility of making full printable low cost and stable devices, even though their efficiency is substantially lower than those made in the standard configuration. The present work searched for simple and easy routes for constructing such devices, demonstrating that organic components do enhance device efficiency but only to a level that is not worth the trouble nor the cost. Devices based on a triple mesoporous layer of titania/zirconia/carbon with perovskite infiltration gave an efficiency of 10.7%. After 180 days of storing under ambient conditions, a small loss of efficiency has been observed for a cell made in June, in spite of the fact that in going from June to December, a large increase of the ambient humidity took place, thus verifying the protective effect that the carbon electrode is providing. The addition of spiro-OMeTAD to the hole-transporter-free device resulted in increasing the efficiency by about 10%, a change which is appreciated to be of low importance given the cost of this material. This increase mainly derived from an increase in the current. Devices of different sizes have been constructed by screen printing, using home-made pastes for all the components making the cell scaffold, i.e., for titania, zirconia, and carbon layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Electronic Devices)
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11 pages, 4210 KiB  
Communication
Gelatin-Coated Microfluidic Channels for 3D Microtissue Formation: On-Chip Production and Characterization
by Gabriele Pitingolo, Antoine Riaud, Claudio Nastruzzi and Valerie Taly
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040265 - 19 Apr 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5234
Abstract
Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models are limited in their ability to reproduce human structures and functions. On the contrary, three-dimensional (3D) microtissues have the potential to permit the development of new cell-based assays as advanced in vitro models to test new drugs. [...] Read more.
Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models are limited in their ability to reproduce human structures and functions. On the contrary, three-dimensional (3D) microtissues have the potential to permit the development of new cell-based assays as advanced in vitro models to test new drugs. Here, we report the use of a dehydrated gelatin film to promote tumor cells aggregation and 3D microtissue formation. The simple and stable gelatin coating represents an alternative to conventional and expensive materials like type I collagen, hyaluronic acid, or matrigel. The gelatin coating is biocompatible with several culture formats including microfluidic chips, as well as standard micro-well plates. It also enables long-term 3D cell culture and in situ monitoring of live/dead assays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano-system for Drug Delivery)
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22 pages, 13896 KiB  
Article
Research on the Disc Sensitive Structure of a Micro Optoelectromechanical System (MOEMS) Resonator Gyroscope
by Xiang Shen, Liye Zhao and Dunzhu Xia
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040264 - 19 Apr 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3827 | Correction
Abstract
A micro optoelectromechanical system (MOEMS) resonator gyroscope based on a waveguide micro-ring resonator was proposed. This sensor was operated by measuring the shift of the transmission spectrum. Modal analysis was carried out for the disc sensitive structure of the MOEMS resonator gyroscope (MOEMS-RG). [...] Read more.
A micro optoelectromechanical system (MOEMS) resonator gyroscope based on a waveguide micro-ring resonator was proposed. This sensor was operated by measuring the shift of the transmission spectrum. Modal analysis was carried out for the disc sensitive structure of the MOEMS resonator gyroscope (MOEMS-RG). We deduced the equations between the equivalent stiffness and voltage of each tuning electrode and the modal parameters. A comprehensive investigation of the influences of the structure parameters on the sensitivity noise of the MOEMS-RG is presented in this paper. The mechanical sensitivity and transducer sensitivities of the MOEMS-RG, with varying structural parameters, are calculated based on the finite-element method. Frequency response test and the fiber optic spectrometer displacement test were implemented to verify the reliability of the model. Research results indicate that the resonant frequencies of the operating modes are tested to be 5768.407 Hz and 5771.116 Hz and the resonant wavelength change ΔX was 0.08 nm for 45° rotation angle. The resonant wavelength, which has a good linear response in working range, changes from −0.071 nm to 0.080 μm. The MOEMS-RG, with an optimized disc sensitive structure, can detect the deformation of the sensitive membrane effectively, and has a high sensitivity. This resonator shows very large meff, low f 0 , and very high Q. Therefore, this resonator can provide a small A R W B ( 0.09 ° / h ), which makes it a promising candidate for a low-cost, batch-fabricated, small size inertial-grade MOEMS gyroscope. The multi-objective optimization method could be expanded to include other objectives, constraints, or variables relevant to all kinds of gyroscopes or other microelectromechanical systems devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS/NEMS Sensors: Fabrication and Application, Volume II)
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12 pages, 1945 KiB  
Communication
Estimation of Air Damping in Out-of-Plane Comb-Drive Actuators
by Ramin Mirzazadeh and Stefano Mariani
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040263 - 19 Apr 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2846
Abstract
The development of new compliant resonant microsystems and the trend towards further miniaturization have recently raised the issue of the accuracy and reliability of computational tools for the estimation of fluid damping. Focusing on electrostatically actuated torsional micro-mirrors, a major dissipation contribution is [...] Read more.
The development of new compliant resonant microsystems and the trend towards further miniaturization have recently raised the issue of the accuracy and reliability of computational tools for the estimation of fluid damping. Focusing on electrostatically actuated torsional micro-mirrors, a major dissipation contribution is linked to the constrained flow of air at comb fingers. In the case of large tilting angles of the mirror plate, within a period of oscillation the geometry of the air domain at comb-drives gets largely distorted, and the dissipation mechanism is thereby affected. In this communication, we provide an appraisal of simple analytical solutions to estimate the dissipation in the ideal case of air flow between infinite plates, at atmospheric pressure. The results of numerical simulations are also reported to assess the effect on damping of the finite size of actual geometries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Flows in Microsystems)
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13 pages, 4684 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Micro-Mixing in Time Pulsed Newtonian Fluid and Viscoelastic Fluid
by Meng Zhang, Wu Zhang, Zhengwei Wu, Yinan Shen, Yicheng Chen, Chaofeng Lan, Fengchen Li and Weihua Cai
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040262 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3624
Abstract
Fluid mixing plays an essential role in many microfluidic applications. Here, we compare the mixing in time pulsing flows for both a Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic fluid at different pulsing frequencies. In general, the mixing degree in the viscoelastic fluid is higher [...] Read more.
Fluid mixing plays an essential role in many microfluidic applications. Here, we compare the mixing in time pulsing flows for both a Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic fluid at different pulsing frequencies. In general, the mixing degree in the viscoelastic fluid is higher than that in the Newtonian fluid. Particularly, the mixing in Newtonian fluid with time pulsing is decreased when the Reynolds number Re is between 0.002 and 0.01, while it is enhanced when Re is between 0.1 and 0.2 compared with that at a constant flow rate. In the viscoelastic fluid, on the other hand, the time pulsing does not change the mixing degree when the Weissenberg number Wi ≤ 20, while a larger mixing degree is realized at a higher pulsing frequency when Wi = 50. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optofluidics 2018)
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16 pages, 3931 KiB  
Article
Process Control in Jet Electrochemical Machining of Stainless Steel through Inline Metrology of Current Density
by Matin Yahyavi Zanjani, Matthias Hackert-Oschätzchen, André Martin, Gunnar Meichsner, Jan Edelmann and Andreas Schubert
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040261 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5270
Abstract
Jet electrochemical machining (Jet-ECM) is a flexible method for machining complex microstructures in high-strength and hard-to-machine materials. Contrary to mechanical machining, in Jet-ECM there is no mechanical contact between tool and workpiece. This enables Jet-ECM, like other electrochemical machining processes, to realize surface [...] Read more.
Jet electrochemical machining (Jet-ECM) is a flexible method for machining complex microstructures in high-strength and hard-to-machine materials. Contrary to mechanical machining, in Jet-ECM there is no mechanical contact between tool and workpiece. This enables Jet-ECM, like other electrochemical machining processes, to realize surface layers free of mechanical residual stresses, cracks, and thermal distortions. Besides, it causes no burrs and offers long tool life. This paper presents selected features of Jet-ECM, with special focus on the analysis of the current density during the machining of single grooves in stainless steel EN 1.4301. Especially, the development of the current density resulting from machining grooves intersecting previous machining steps was monitored in order to derive systematic influences. The resulting removal geometry is analyzed by measuring the depth and the roughness of the machined grooves. The correlation between the measured product features and the monitored current density is investigated. This correlation shows that grooves with the desired depth and surface roughness can be machined by controlling current density through the adjustment of process parameters. On the other hand, current density is sensitive to the changes of working gap. As a consequence of the changes of workpiece form and size for the grooves intersecting premachined grooves as well as the grooves with a lateral gap, working gap, and current density change. By analyzing monitoring data and removal geometry results, the suitability of current density inline monitoring to enable process control is shown, especially with regards to manufacture products that should comply with tight predefined specifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Product/Process Fingerprint in Micro Manufacturing)
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11 pages, 10177 KiB  
Technical Note
Continuous Phase Plate Structuring by Multi-Aperture Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Processing
by Duo Li, Na Li, Xing Su, Kan Liu, Peng Ji and Bo Wang
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040260 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2848
Abstract
A multi-aperture atmospheric pressure plasma processing (APPP) method was proposed to structure the continuous phase plate (CPP). The APPP system was presented and removal investigation showed the removal function of APPP was of a high repeatability and robustness to the small disturbance of [...] Read more.
A multi-aperture atmospheric pressure plasma processing (APPP) method was proposed to structure the continuous phase plate (CPP). The APPP system was presented and removal investigation showed the removal function of APPP was of a high repeatability and robustness to the small disturbance of gas flows. A mathematical model for the multi-aperture structuring process was established and the simulation analysis indicated the advantages of the proposed method in terms of balancing the efficiency and accuracy of the process. The experimental results showed that multi-aperture APPP has the ability to structure a 30 mm × 30 mm CPP with the accuracy of 163.4 nm peak to valley (PV) and 31.7 nm root mean square (RMS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D：Materials and Processing)
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17 pages, 1273 KiB  
Article
3-D Design and Simulation of a Piezoelectric Micropump
by Seyed Amir Fouad Farshchi Yazdi, Alberto Corigliano and Raffaele Ardito
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040259 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6720
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to carefully study the performances of a new piezoelectric micropump that could be used, e.g., for drug delivery or micro-cooling systems. The proposed micropump is characterized by silicon diaphragms, with a piezoelectric actuation at a 60 V [...] Read more.
The objective of this paper is to carefully study the performances of a new piezoelectric micropump that could be used, e.g., for drug delivery or micro-cooling systems. The proposed micropump is characterized by silicon diaphragms, with a piezoelectric actuation at a 60 V input voltage, and by two passive valves for flow input and output. By means of a 3-D Finite Element (FE) model, the fluid dynamic response during different stages of the working cycle is investigated, together with the fluid–structure interaction. The maximum predicted outflow is 1.62 μL min − 1 , obtained at 10 Hz working frequency. The computational model enables the optimization of geometrical features, with the goal to improve the pumping efficiency: The outflow is increased until 2.5 μL min − 1 . Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Transducers: Materials, Devices and Applications)
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8 pages, 1067 KiB  
Article
Effect of Conditioner Type and Downforce, and Pad Surface Micro-Texture on SiO2 Chemical Mechanical Planarization Performance
by Jeffrey McAllister, Calliandra Stuffle, Yasa Sampurno, Dale Hetherington, Jon Sierra Suarez, Leonard Borucki and Ara Philipossian
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040258 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3551
Abstract
Based on a previous work where we investigated the effect of conditioner type and downforce on the evolution of pad surface micro-texture during break-in, we have chosen certain break-in conditions to carry out subsequent blanket SiO2 wafer polishing studies. Two different conditioner [...] Read more.
Based on a previous work where we investigated the effect of conditioner type and downforce on the evolution of pad surface micro-texture during break-in, we have chosen certain break-in conditions to carry out subsequent blanket SiO2 wafer polishing studies. Two different conditioner discs were used in conjunction with up to two different conditioning downforces. For each disc-downforce combination, mini-marathons were run using SiO2 wafers. Prior to polishing, each pad was broken-in for 30 min with one of the conditioner-downforce combinations. The goal of this study was to polish wafers after this break-in to see how the polishing process behaved immediately after break-in. One of the discs used in this study produced similar micro-texture results at both downforces, which echoed the results seen in the mini-marathon. When comparing the different polishing results obtained from breaking-in the pad with the different discs used in this study, the coefficient of friction (COF) and SiO2 removal rate (RR) were uncorrelated in all cases. However, the use of different discs resulted in different COF and RR trends. The uncorrelated COF and RR, as well as the differing trends, were explained by pad micro-texture results (i.e. the differing amount of fractured, poorly supported pad asperity summits). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D：Materials and Processing)
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11 pages, 4280 KiB  
Article
Two-Dimensional Manipulation in Mid-Air Using a Single Transducer Acoustic Levitator
by Harri Wijaya, Kourosh Latifi and Quan Zhou
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040257 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4957
Abstract
We report a single transducer acoustic levitator capable of manipulating objects in two-dimensions. The levitator consists of a centrally actuated vibrating plate and a flat reflector. We show that the levitation position of the object depends not only on the vibration frequency, but [...] Read more.
We report a single transducer acoustic levitator capable of manipulating objects in two-dimensions. The levitator consists of a centrally actuated vibrating plate and a flat reflector. We show that the levitation position of the object depends not only on the vibration frequency, but also on the tilting angle between the plate and the reflector. Additionally, new levitation positions can be created by actuating the plate with a composite signal of two frequencies using frequency switching. Based on recorded levitation positions, such single transducer acoustic levitator can manipulate a cluster of levitated microspheres in predefined trajectories, with mean position error of 155 ± 84 µm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotic Micromanipulation)
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9 pages, 2167 KiB  
Article
A Technology-Computer-Aided-Design-Based Reliability Prediction Model for DRAM Storage Capacitors
by Woo Young Choi, Gyuhan Yoon, Woo Young Chung, Younghoon Cho, Seongun Shin and Kwang Ho Ahn
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040256 - 17 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5075
Abstract
A full three-dimensional technology-computer-aided-design-based reliability prediction model was proposed for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) storage capacitors. The model can be used to predict the time-dependent dielectric breakdown as well as leakage current of a state-of-the-art DRAM storage capacitor with a complex three-dimensional structure. [...] Read more.
A full three-dimensional technology-computer-aided-design-based reliability prediction model was proposed for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) storage capacitors. The model can be used to predict the time-dependent dielectric breakdown as well as leakage current of a state-of-the-art DRAM storage capacitor with a complex three-dimensional structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extremely-Low-Power Devices and Their Applications)
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19 pages, 5052 KiB  
Article
Experimental Studies on MoS2-Treated Grinding Wheel Active Surface Condition after High-Efficiency Internal Cylindrical Grinding Process of INCONEL® Alloy 718
by Wojciech Kapłonek, Krzysztof Nadolny, Marzena Sutowska, Mozammel Mia, Danil Yurievich Pimenov and Munish Kumar Gupta
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040255 - 17 Apr 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3922
Abstract
This work demonstrates that molybdenum disulfide can be successfully used as an impregnating substance that is introduced in the abrasive tool structure for improving its cutting properties and favorably affecting the effects of the abrasive process. For the experimental studies, a set of [...] Read more.
This work demonstrates that molybdenum disulfide can be successfully used as an impregnating substance that is introduced in the abrasive tool structure for improving its cutting properties and favorably affecting the effects of the abrasive process. For the experimental studies, a set of MoS2-treated small-sized grinding wheels with a technical designation 1-35×10×10×109A5X60L10VE0 PI-50 before and after the reciprocating internal cylindrical grinding process of rings made from INCONEL® alloy 718 was prepared. The condition of grinding wheel active surface was analyzed using an advanced observation measurement system based on stylus/optical profilometry, as well as confocal and electron microscopy. The obtained results confirmed the correctness of introduction of the impregnating substance into the grinding wheel structure, and it was possible to obtain an abrasive tool with a given characteristic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D：Materials and Processing)
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16 pages, 22489 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Mechanism of Au@CaTiO3 Composites with Au Nanoparticles Assembled on CaTiO3 Nanocuboids
by Yuxiang Yan, Hua Yang, Zao Yi, Ruishan Li and Xiangxian Wang
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040254 - 17 Apr 2019
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 6292
Abstract
Using P25 as the titanium source and based on a hydrothermal route, we have synthesized CaTiO3 nanocuboids (NCs) with the width of 0.3–0.5 μm and length of 0.8–1.1 μm, and systematically investigated their growth process. Au nanoparticles (NPs) of 3–7 nm in [...] Read more.
Using P25 as the titanium source and based on a hydrothermal route, we have synthesized CaTiO3 nanocuboids (NCs) with the width of 0.3–0.5 μm and length of 0.8–1.1 μm, and systematically investigated their growth process. Au nanoparticles (NPs) of 3–7 nm in size were assembled on the surface of CaTiO3 NCs via a photocatalytic reduction method to achieve excellent Au@CaTiO3 composite photocatalysts. Various techniques were used to characterize the as-prepared samples, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution was chosen as the model pollutant to assess the photocatalytic performance of the samples separately under simulated-sunlight, ultraviolet (UV) and visible-light irradiation. Under irradiation of all kinds of light sources, the Au@CaTiO3 composites, particularly the 4.3%Au@CaTiO3 composite, exhibit greatly enhanced photocatalytic performance when compared with bare CaTiO3 NCs. The main roles of Au NPs in the enhanced photocatalytic mechanism of the Au@CaTiO3 composites manifest in the following aspects: (1) Au NPs act as excellent electron sinks to capture the photoexcited electrons in CaTiO3, thus leading to an efficient separation of photoexcited electron/hole pairs in CaTiO3; (2) the electromagnetic field caused by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au NPs could facilitate the generation and separation of electron/hole pairs in CaTiO3; and (3) the LSPR-induced electrons in Au NPs could take part in the photocatalytic reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructures for Photocatalysis)
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15 pages, 4868 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Micro-Structured Polymer by Micro Injection Molding Based on Precise Micro-Ground Mold Core
by Yanjun Lu, Fumin Chen, Xiaoyu Wu, Chaolan Zhou, Yan Lou and Liejun Li
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040253 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4890
Abstract
Precise micro-grinding machining was proposed to fabricate regular and controllable micro-grooved array structures on the surface of mold cores to realize the mass production and manufacturing of micro-structured polymer components by micro injection molding in this paper. First, the 3D topographies and section [...] Read more.
Precise micro-grinding machining was proposed to fabricate regular and controllable micro-grooved array structures on the surface of mold cores to realize the mass production and manufacturing of micro-structured polymer components by micro injection molding in this paper. First, the 3D topographies and section profiles of micro-ground mold cores and micro-formed polymers with different micro-structure parameters were presented. Then, the surface roughness of mold cores and polymers were compared. Next, the relationships between machining accuracy of mold core ground by micro-grinding and filling rates of micro-structured polymer formed by micro injection molding were investigated. Finally, the influences of micro injection molding parameters on the filling rate of micro-structures polymer were investigated. It is shown that the micro-structured polymer can be effectively and rapidly fabricated using the proposed method. The experimental results indicate the highest form accuracy of the micro-grooved mold core and the filling rate of micro-structured polymer can reach to 4.05 µm and 99.30%, respectively. It is found that the filling rate of the micro-structured polymer roughly increased with increasing machining accuracy of the mold core. The injection pressure had the greatest influence on the filling rate of the injection formed polymer, while the melt temperature had the least influence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D：Materials and Processing)
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18 pages, 4022 KiB  
Commentary
Integrating Microfabrication into Biological Investigations: the Benefits of Interdisciplinarity
by Gianluca Grenci, Cristina Bertocchi and Andrea Ravasio
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040252 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4760
Abstract
The advent of micro and nanotechnologies, such as microfabrication, have impacted scientific research and contributed to meaningful real-world applications, to a degree seen during historic technological revolutions. Some key areas benefitting from the invention and advancement of microfabrication platforms are those of biological [...] Read more.
The advent of micro and nanotechnologies, such as microfabrication, have impacted scientific research and contributed to meaningful real-world applications, to a degree seen during historic technological revolutions. Some key areas benefitting from the invention and advancement of microfabrication platforms are those of biological and biomedical sciences. Modern therapeutic approaches, involving point-of-care, precision or personalized medicine, are transitioning from the experimental phase to becoming the standard of care. At the same time, biological research benefits from the contribution of microfluidics at every level from single cell to tissue engineering and organoids studies. The aim of this commentary is to describe, through proven examples, the interdisciplinary process used to develop novel biological technologies and to emphasize the role of technical knowledge in empowering researchers who are specialized in a niche area to look beyond and innovate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics for Cells and Other Organisms)
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33 pages, 11253 KiB  
Review
Sensors that Learn: The Evolution from Taste Fingerprints to Patterns of Early Disease Detection
by Nicolaos Christodoulides, Michael P. McRae, Glennon W. Simmons, Sayli S. Modak and John T. McDevitt
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040251 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4992
Abstract
The McDevitt group has sustained efforts to develop a programmable sensing platform that offers advanced, multiplexed/multiclass chem-/bio-detection capabilities. This scalable chip-based platform has been optimized to service real-world biological specimens and validated for analytical performance. Fashioned as a sensor that learns, the platform [...] Read more.
The McDevitt group has sustained efforts to develop a programmable sensing platform that offers advanced, multiplexed/multiclass chem-/bio-detection capabilities. This scalable chip-based platform has been optimized to service real-world biological specimens and validated for analytical performance. Fashioned as a sensor that learns, the platform can host new content for the application at hand. Identification of biomarker-based fingerprints from complex mixtures has a direct linkage to e-nose and e-tongue research. Recently, we have moved to the point of big data acquisition alongside the linkage to machine learning and artificial intelligence. Here, exciting opportunities are afforded by multiparameter sensing that mimics the sense of taste, overcoming the limitations of salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and glutamate sensing and moving into fingerprints of health and wellness. This article summarizes developments related to the electronic taste chip system evolving into a platform that digitizes biology and affords clinical decision support tools. A dynamic body of literature and key review articles that have contributed to the shaping of these activities are also highlighted. This fully integrated sensor promises more rapid transition of biomarker panels into wide-spread clinical practice yielding valuable new insights into health diagnostics, benefiting early disease detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Tongues)
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11 pages, 4506 KiB  
Article
Machining of Lenticular Lens Silicon Molds with a Combination of Laser Ablation and Diamond Cutting
by Jide Han, Lihua Li and Wingbun Lee
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040250 - 16 Apr 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4790
Abstract
Lenticular lenses are widely used in the three-dimensional display industry. Conventional lenticular lens components are made of plastics that have low thermal stability. An alternative is to use glass to replace plastic as the lenticular lens component material. Single crystal silicon is often [...] Read more.
Lenticular lenses are widely used in the three-dimensional display industry. Conventional lenticular lens components are made of plastics that have low thermal stability. An alternative is to use glass to replace plastic as the lenticular lens component material. Single crystal silicon is often used as the mold material in the precision glass molding process. It is, however, difficult to fabricate a lenticular lens silicon mold that has a large feature size compared to the critical depth of cut of silicon. In order to solve the problems of machining lenticular lens silicon molds using the conventional diamond cutting method, such as low machining efficiency and severe tool wear, a hybrid machining method that combined laser ablation and diamond cutting was proposed. A feasibility study was performed to investigate the possibility of using this method to fabricate a lenticular lens silicon mold. The influence of the laser parameters and machining parameters on the machining performance was investigated systematically. The experimental results indicated that this hybrid machining method could be a possible method for manufacturing lenticular lens silicon molds or other similar microstructures. Full article
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16 pages, 4869 KiB  
Article
Design Guidelines for Thermally Driven Micropumps of Different Architectures Based on Target Applications via Kinetic Modeling and Simulations
by Guillermo López Quesada, Giorgos Tatsios, Dimitris Valougeorgis, Marcos Rojas-Cárdenas, Lucien Baldas, Christine Barrot and Stéphane Colin
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040249 - 14 Apr 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4007
Abstract
The manufacturing process and architecture of three Knudsen type micropumps are discussed and the associated flow performance characteristics are investigated. The proposed fabrication process, based on the deposition of successive dry film photoresist layers with low thermal conductivity, is easy to implement, adaptive [...] Read more.
The manufacturing process and architecture of three Knudsen type micropumps are discussed and the associated flow performance characteristics are investigated. The proposed fabrication process, based on the deposition of successive dry film photoresist layers with low thermal conductivity, is easy to implement, adaptive to specific applications, cost-effective, and significantly improves thermal management. Three target application designs, requiring high mass flow rates (pump A), high pressure differences (pump B), and relatively high mass flow rates and pressure differences (pump C), are proposed. Computations are performed based on kinetic modeling via the infinite capillary theory, taking into account all foreseen manufacturing and operation constraints. The performance characteristics of the three pump designs in terms of geometry (number of parallel microchannels per stage and number of stages) and inlet pressure are obtained. It is found that pumps A and B operate more efficiently at pressures higher than 5 kPa and lower than 20 kPa, respectively, while the optimum operation range of pump C is at inlet pressures between 1 kPa and 20 kPa. In all cases, it is advisable to have the maximum number of stages as well as of parallel microchannels per stage that can be technologically realized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Flows in Microsystems)
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15 pages, 5702 KiB  
Article
MEMS Gyroscope Temperature Compensation Based on Drive Mode Vibration Characteristic Control
by Min Cui, Yong Huang, Wei Wang and Huiliang Cao
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040248 - 14 Apr 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4829
Abstract
In this paper, a novel temperature compensation method for a dual-mass MEMS gyroscope is proposed based on drive mode vibration characteristic compensation using a temperature variable resistor. Firstly, the drive and sense modes of the gyroscope re analyzed and investigated, and it is [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel temperature compensation method for a dual-mass MEMS gyroscope is proposed based on drive mode vibration characteristic compensation using a temperature variable resistor. Firstly, the drive and sense modes of the gyroscope re analyzed and investigated, and it is found that the scale factor is proportional to the drive mode amplitude controlling reference voltage. Then, the scale factor temperature compensation method is proposed, and a temperature variable resistor is utilized to compensate the drive amplitude working point and make it change with temperature. In addition, the temperature compensation circuit is designed and simulated. After that, the temperature bias drift is compensated in a modular output. The experimental results show that scale factor and bias variation during the temperature range from −40 °C to 60 °C decrease from 3.680% to 1.577% and 3.880% to 1.913%, respectively. In addition, the bias value improves from 103.395 °/s to 22.478 °/s (optimized 78.26%). The bias stability and angular rate walking parameter are also optimized to 45.97% and 16.08%, respectively, which verify the method proposed in this paper. Full article
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