Pediatric Hepatocellular Adenomas: What Is Known and What Is New?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Risk Factors and Epidemiology
3. Presentation and Clinical Features
4. Imaging
5. Histopathology, Genetics and Classification
6. Management, Complications and Prognosis
7. Future Perspective
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Pediatric HCA | Adult HCA |
---|---|---|
Background Liver | Often abnormal | Usually normal |
Incidence | 1:1,000,000 | 4:100,000 |
Risk factors | Genetic disorders, underlying hepatic parenchymal diseases, obesity | Obesity, alcoholism |
Sex predisposition | Equal incidence in pre-pubertal girls and boys but higher in post-pubertal girls. | Females > Males |
Hormonal abnormality | Elevated estrogen, exposure to anabolic steroids. | Elevated estrogen, exposure to oral contraceptive pills and anabolic steroids |
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Espinoza, A.F.; Vasudevan, S.A.; Masand, P.M.; Lòpez-Terrada, D.H.; Patel, K.R. Pediatric Hepatocellular Adenomas: What Is Known and What Is New? Cancers 2023, 15, 4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194790
Espinoza AF, Vasudevan SA, Masand PM, Lòpez-Terrada DH, Patel KR. Pediatric Hepatocellular Adenomas: What Is Known and What Is New? Cancers. 2023; 15(19):4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194790
Chicago/Turabian StyleEspinoza, Andres F., Sanjeev A. Vasudevan, Prakash M. Masand, Dolores H. Lòpez-Terrada, and Kalyani R. Patel. 2023. "Pediatric Hepatocellular Adenomas: What Is Known and What Is New?" Cancers 15, no. 19: 4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194790
APA StyleEspinoza, A. F., Vasudevan, S. A., Masand, P. M., Lòpez-Terrada, D. H., & Patel, K. R. (2023). Pediatric Hepatocellular Adenomas: What Is Known and What Is New? Cancers, 15(19), 4790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194790