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Article

CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN Nanocomposites with Ternary Heterostructures for Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance

by
Huanhuan Xu
†,
Peizhi Fan
† and
Lan Xu
*
National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to the work.
Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010110
Submission received: 25 November 2022 / Revised: 30 December 2022 / Accepted: 1 January 2023 / Published: 4 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photocatalysis and Sonocatalysis for Environmental Applications: Synergy or Competition?)
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Abstract

:
Photocatalysis is a green technology. In this paper, CuO/ZnO/carbon quantum dots (CQDs)@PAN nanocomposites with ternary heterostructures (CZC@PAN)—as high-performance environmentally friendly nanophotocatalysts—were prepared by electrospinning, heat treatment, and hydrothermal synthesis in sequence, and their practical applications were investigated by degrading methylene blue (MB). The synergistic effects of components in ternary heterostructures on the morphology, structure, and photocatalytic performance of CZC@PAN were analyzed, and their photocatalytic mechanism was further discussed. The results showed that due to the formation of p-n heterojunctions and the loading of CQDs and CZC@PAN had excellent photocatalytic degradation performance, and its photocatalytic degradation rate for MB reached 99.56% under natural sunlight for 4 h.

1. Introduction

Photocatalytic degradation technology can effectively eliminate organic pollutants in wastewater [1], and its core is photocatalysis [2]. Nano semiconductor photocatalysts—such as TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3 and ZnS [3,4,5,6]—have been widely regarded and studied due to their high efficiency, low energy consumption, non-toxicity, and harmlessness in wastewater treatment. ZnO is an n-type semiconductor, which has become a highly active photocatalyst due to its unique physicochemical properties [7,8,9,10]. However, ZnO with a wide bandgap can only absorb ultraviolet (UV) light, resulting in its low utilization of sunlight. Simultaneously, it has poor photocatalytic quantum efficiency due to the rapid compounding of photogenerated electrons and holes [11]. CuO is a p-type semiconductor with a narrow bandgap, which has a wide range of light absorption [12]. The combination of CuO and ZnO can form p-n heterojunctions, which can effectively separate the photogenerated electron–hole pairs to accelerate the photocatalytic reaction, and also extend the light response range of ZnO from the UV region to the visible light region [13].
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a new type of fluorescent carbon nanomaterial, can be very useful components in the design of composite photocatalysts due to their unique optical properties [14,15,16]. Especially, their up-converted photoluminescence (PL) behavior can further extend the light utilization range of semiconductors, excite semiconductors to form more photogenerated electron–hole pairs, and enhance photoinduced electron transfer, thereby improving their photocatalytic degradation efficiency [17]. For example, the combination of CQDs with ZnO can convert the absorbed long-wavelength light into short-wavelength light, and excite ZnO to form more photogenerated electron–hole pairs, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity of ZnO [18,19]. Similarly, the composites of CuO and CQDs can also enhance the photocatalytic degradation of dyes and organic pollutants under visible light [20]. In addition, due to the corrosion resistance of CQDs, the recycling rate of composite photocatalysts can be greatly improved. However, these composite photocatalysts compounded with CQDs are mostly nanoparticles that are difficult to recycle and reuse [21,22,23,24].
Nanofiber membranes (NFMs) prepared by electrospinning technology have the advantages of large specific surface area, no secondary pollution, and being easy to recycle [25,26,27,28]. Therefore, in this paper, CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN nanophotocatalysts with ternary heterostructures (CZC@PAN) were prepared, characterized, and applied in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Moreover, the effects of the addition of CQDs and the synergistic effects of components in ternary heterostructures on the photocatalytic degradation performance of photocatalysts were investigated. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic mechanism of CZC@PAN was further discussed and verified. As shown in Table 1, CZC@PAN has excellent photocatalytic degradation performance compared with other ZnO-based nanophotocatalysts. In addition, it was found that the nanoparticle-like photocatalysts had better degradation effects [29,30], but they are not easy to recover and reuse.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Morphology and Structure Analysis

Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PAN-CNFMs had a smooth fiber surface (Figure 1a), while CZ-NPs-CNFMs had a considerable number of particles on the fiber surface (Figure 1b), which were probably CuO and ZnO nanoparticles generated by thermal decomposition of Cu(Ac)2 and Zn(Ac)2, respectively. Many lamellar crystals were grown on the fiber surface of CZ@PAN (Figure 1c) and CZC@PAN (Figure 1d) due to the formation of heterostructures during hydrothermal growth. However, the lamellar crystals on the fiber surface of CZC@PAN were smaller and denser due to the influence of CQDs on their growth. TEM image (Figure 1e) indicated that the nanosheets were formed on the fiber, and nearly spherical CQD nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the nanosheets. HRTEM image (Figure 1f) showed that the lattice spacing of CuO, ZnO, and CQDs was 0.23 nm, 0.26 nm and 0.21 nm, respectively, corresponding to the (111) crystal plane of CuO, the (002) crystal plane of ZnO, and the (100) crystal plane of graphite phase. This showed that CQDs were successfully loaded on the CuO/ZnO heterostructure, generating a ternary CuO/ZnO/CQDs heterostructure. EDS results (Figure 1g) indicated that CZC@PAN mainly included C, O, Cu, and Zn, and all elements were uniformly distributed, confirming the existence and loading of CQDs on the surface of ZnO and CuO crystals, which was consistent with the TEM image analysis results. In addition, the element mapping still showed that the content of C element was lower than that of O, Cu, and Zn elements, which was due to the lower content of CQDs on the sample surface.

2.2. FTIR and XRD Analysis

In FTIR patterns (Figure 1h), all samples showed the absorption peaks at 2345 cm−1, 1618 cm−1, and 1024 cm−1, separately assigning to the stretching vibration of nitrile group C≡N in PAN, the vibrations of oxygen-containing groups C=O and C–O. CZ-NPs-CNFMs, CZ@PAN and CZC@PAN all exhibited the absorption peaks at 450 cm−1 and 580 cm−1, corresponding to the stretching vibrations of Zn–O and Cu–O bonds, respectively, due to the generation of ZnO and CuO [37,38,39]. The stretching vibration of –OH was attributed to the broad absorption peak near 3426 cm−1, which was more visible after loading CQDs. In XRD spectra (Figure 1i), 2θ = 17° related to the diffraction peaks of PAN, while 2θ = 7°, 23.4°, 21.2°, and 29.3° corresponded to the diffraction peaks of Cu(Ac)2 and Zn(Ac)2 [40,41], which was caused by the incomplete decomposition of Cu(Ac)2 and Zn(Ac)2 due to the low heat treatment temperature. The diffraction peaks at 35.5°, 39.4°, 49.7°, and 53.1° corresponded to the (−111), (111), (−202), and (020) crystal planes of CuO (JCPDS 89-5899), while the diffraction peaks at 31.7°, 34.6°, 36.7°, and 47.5° was the (100), (002), (101), and (102) crystal planes of ZnO (JCPDS 75-1526). There were no apparent diffraction peaks of CQDs in the XRD spectrum of CZC@PAN due to the low amount of CQDs.

2.3. XPS Analysis and Mott–Schottky Test

In XPS survey spectra (Figure 2a), the surface components of samples were O, C, Cu, and Zn. The peaks at 284.8 eV, 286.2 eV, and 288.4 eV in the XPS spectra of C 1s (Figure 2b) corresponded to sp2 (C=C/C–C), C–O, and carboxy COOR, respectively [20]. Comparing the two samples showed that the addition of CQDs had an impact on these peaks. The peaks near 530 and 532 eV in the XPS spectra of O 1s (Figure 2c) were assigned to O in metal oxides and oxygen-containing functional groups, respectively. Compared with CZ@PAN, the oxygen-containing functional group peak of CZC@PAN shifted to 532.5 eV, showing that some Zn–O bonds in the sample had been converted to Zn–COO bonds, also confirming the presence of interaction between CuO/ZnO heterostructure and CQDs. XPS spectra of Cu 2p (Figure 2d) indicated that the energy level peaks of Cu 2p3/2 and Cu 2p1/2 for CZ@PAN were located at 933.5 eV and 953.5 eV, respectively. However, for CZC@PAN, the two peaks were separately located at 933.8 eV and 953.8 eV, showing a slight positive shift of 0.3 eV. In addition, both samples had two satellite peaks around 942 eV and 960 eV, illustrating that elemental Cu was in a divalent oxidation state [29]. XPS spectra of Zn 2p (Figure 2e) displayed double peaks at 1022 eV and 1045 eV, which belonged to Zn 2p3/2 and Zn 2p1/2, respectively, indicating that the oxidation state of Zn on the surface of samples was +2 valence. In conclusion, the XPS analysis results exhibited the formation of CuO/ZnO/CQDs heterostructures, which were consistent with the XRD analysis results.
To further determine the electronic energy band structure of CZC@PAN, a Mott-Schottky test was performed, and the Mott-Schottky curve was shown in Figure 2f. In general, an n-type or p-type semiconductor can be determined by the slope of the linear part of its Mott-Schottky curve, where a positive slope represents an n-type semiconductor and a negative slope indicates a p-type semiconductor. The results showed that the appearance of positive and negative slopes in the Mott-Schottky curve of CZC@PAN was a typical p-n junction feature [42], which was in complete agreement with the XPS and TEM analyses. In addition, in our previous work [5], the Mott-Schottky curve of CZ@PAN indicated that CZ@PAN was also a typical p-n junction, which illustrated that CQDs had no effect on the energy band structure of CZC@PAN.

2.4. UV-vis and PL Analysis

Compared with CZ@PAN, CZC@PAN demonstrated stronger response and a considerable red-shifted absorption edge in the visible light region (Figure 3a). According to Tauc plot (Figure 3b), the band gap energy of CZ@PAN and CZC@PAN was close, verifying that there was no new energy band structure in CZC@PAN compared with CZ@PAN, including a new bandgap formed. When the excitation wavelength was 370 nm, the fluorescence intensity of CZC@PAN was lower than that of CZ@PAN, indicating that the loading of CQDs was more helpful to hinder the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs (Figure 3c). The above results showed that CZC@PAN had better photocatalytic performance than CZ@PAN.

2.5. Photocatalytic Degradation Performance

Under natural sunlight, the degradation rates of CZ@PAN and CZC@PAN were separately 89.67% and 99.56% after degrading MB for 4 h (Figure 3d), showing their good photocatalytic degradation effects. Moreover, CQDs further enhanced the absorption of sunlight and promoted the separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs, thus improving the photocatalytic degradation performance of samples. Under mercury lamp, the degradation rates of CZ@PAN and CZC@PAN reached 70.49% and 92.36%, respectively, after 1.5 h of MB degradation, while their degradation rates of MB solution reached 92.39% and 99.04% respectively after 3 h (Figure 3e). After three repeated experiments, the degradation rate of MB by CZC@PAN for 3 h was still 96.55% (Figure 3f), illustrating that it had good reusability.

2.6. Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism

Free radical capture experiments illustrated the addition of BQ reduced the photodegradation rate of MB to 61%, while the addition of IPA and AO reduced the photodegradation rate to 87.10% and 84.24%, respectively (Figure 4a). Therefore, ·O2− was the main active group, while ·OH and photogenerated h+ contributed relatively less to the MB degradation. Based on the above characterization and analysis, a photocatalytic degradation mechanism of CZC@PAN was presented, as shown in Figure 4b. The conduction band (CB) potentials for CuO and ZnO were −0.43 eV and −0.15 eV vs. normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), respectively, while the band gaps of CuO and ZnO were 1.4 eV and 3.23 eV, respectively [30]. Therefore, the valence band (VB) potentials for CuO and ZnO were 0.97 eV and 3.08 eV, respectively. When CuO/ZnO/CQDs heterostructures were exposed to sunlight, the photogenerated electrons (e−) on the CB of CuO migrated to the CB of ZnO, while the h+ on the VB of ZnO transferred to the VB of CuO, resulting in many photoexcited electron–hole pairs on CuO/ZnO heterostructures, effectively separating the photogenerated carriers through the p-n heterostructures, and extending the light response range of ZnO from the UV region to the visible region [5,30,43]. Meanwhile, the up-converted PL behavior of CQDs can further broad the light utilization range of CuO/ZnO, excite CuO/ZnO to form more photogenerated electron–hole pairs [35,36]. Besides, CQDs could not only boost e− transfer to the surface of CuO/ZnO heterostructures, but also transfer excess e− from CuO/ZnO heterostructures to CQDs, thus improving the separation rate of electron–hole pairs [14,15,16,17,18,22,44,45]. Then, through redox reactions, O2 adsorbed on the catalyst surface captured e− to produce ·O2− (−0.33 eV vs. NHE) and h+ combined with H2O to generate ·OH (2.68 eV vs. NHE) [46], which oxidized organic pollutants into CO2 and H2O, resulting in higher photocatalytic activity.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Mw = 150,000 g/mol) powders were offered from Hefei Sipin Technology Co., Ltd. (Hefei, China). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Mw = 73.09 g/mol) was obtained from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Graphite rods were provided by Alfa Aesar Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Anhydrous zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2, Mw = 183.48 g/mol) and anhydrous copper acetate (Cu(Ac)2, Mw = 181.63 g/mol) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Copper sulphate (CuSO4, Mw = 159.60 g/mol), ammonia (NH3·H2O, Mw = 17.03 g/mol), hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA, Mw = 140.19 g/mol), and zinc chloride (ZnCl2, Mw = 136.30 g/mol) were purchased from China Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methylene blue (MB, Mw = 373.90 g/mol) was supplied by Shanghai Debai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4, Mw = 142.04 g/mol) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA, Mw = 60.01 g/mol) were provided by Jiangsu Qiangsheng Functional Chemical Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). Ammonium oxalate (AO) was supplied by Jiangsu Argon Krypton Xenon Material Technology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). P-benzoquinone (BQ) was obtained from Suzhou Grete Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China).

3.2. Preparation of CZC@PAN

As shown in Figure 5, firstly, Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PAN composite NFMs (Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PAN-CNFMs) were prepared by electrospinning, and then the carbon NFMs containing CuO/ZnO nanoparticles (CZ-NPs-CNFMs) were obtained by heat treatment. Finally, CZC@PAN was hydrothermal synthesized by adding CQDs to the growth solution. As a control, CuO/ZnO@PAN nanocomposites (CZ@PAN) were hydrothermally synthesized using a growth solution without CQDs.

3.2.1. Preparation of CZ-NPs-CNFMs

4 g PAN was weighed and dissolved in 46 g DMF, and then 4 g Cu(Ac)2 and 4 g Zn(Ac)2 were weighed and added into the aforementioned solution and thoroughly mixed. Next, Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PAN-CNFMs were prepared by electrospinning at a spinning distance of 15 cm, a flow parameter of 0.6 mL h−1, and a voltage of 15 kV. Finally, these composite NFMs were cut into 3 × 3 cm squares and heated at 150 °C for 3 h to produce CZ-NPs-CNFMs.

3.2.2. Preparation of CQD Solution and Growth Solution

Firstly, CQD solution were fabricated by electrochemical etching of graphite rods [47]. 1 mL of the prepared CQD solution was mixed with 2 mL of deionized water by sonicate for 10 min to obtain the diluted CQD solution for subsequent use. Next, 2 g of ZnCl2 and 2 g of CuSO4 were put into two beakers respectively, and 10 mL of deionized water was added into each beaker. After ZnCl2 and CuSO4 in the two beakers were completely dissolved, 10 mL of ammonia was added dropwise into each beaker and uniformly mixed. Then the solutions in the two beakers were mixed in one beaker and stirred evenly to obtain the growth solution without CQDs. Finally, 300 μL of CQD solution was mixed with 20 mL of the above prepared growth solution by sonicate for 10 min to obtain the growth solution with CQDs.

3.2.3. Preparation of CZC@PAN

CZ-NPs-CNFMs were immersed in a reactor containing the growth solution with CQDs. Afterwards, the reactor was put into an electrothermal thermostatic blast drying oven for hydrothermal synthesis at 150 °C for 3 h to obtain CZC@PAN. Finally, CZC@PAN was taken out from the reactor, washed with deionized water, and dried. Similarly, CZ@PAN was obtained using the growth solution without CQDs as a control.

3.3. Measurement and Characterization

The morphology and elemental distribution of samples were studied by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Regulus 8100, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and a transmission electron microscopy (TEM, HT7700, Tokyo, Japan). The lattice spacing of samples was observed by a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, Tecnai G2 F20 S-Twin, Portland Oregon, USA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) patterns of samples were tested by a FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet 5700, Thermo Nicolet Company, New York, NY, USA). The crystal structure of samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (D8 Advance, Karlsruhe, Germany). The chemical composition of samples was analyzed by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Axis Ultra DLD, Manchester, UK). Mott–Schottky testing was performed by an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E, Chenhua, Shanghai, China). The light absorption ability of samples was tested through an UV-vis-NIR spectrometer (UV3600, Tokyo, Japan). The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of samples were tested by a fluorescence spectrometer (FLS920, Edinburgh, UK).

3.4. Photocatalytic Degradation Tests

The photocatalytic properties of samples were investigated by degrading MB solution under a UV lamp (250 W, 365 nm) and natural sunlight, respectively. In order to achieve the adsorption–desorption equilibrium, 0.1 g of the sample was placed in 40 mL of MB solution (10 mg L−1) and kept in the dark for 1 h. The maximum absorbance of the MB solution was measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (SPECORD S600, Jena, Germany) at 664 nm for various time intervals. Free radical capture studies were performed to discover the main active components in the photocatalytic degradation of MB. 0.01 M of IPA, AO, and BQ were added to MB solutions as trapping agents respectively to capture hydroxyl radicals (·OH), photogenerated holes (h+), and superoxide radicals (·O2−) correspondingly.

4. Conclusions

A nanophotocatalyst with ternary heterostructures (CZC@PAN) was fabricated, characterized, and applied in the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The synergistic effects of components in ternary heterostructures on the morphology, structure, and photocatalytic activity of CZC@PAN were further discussed. It was found that the photocatalytic degradation rate of MB by CZC@PAN was 99.04% under mercury lamp for 3 h and 99.56% under natural sunlight for 4 h, respectively. Compared with CZ@PAN, CZC@PAN could broad the light utilization range and separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs faster, leading to its better photocatalytic performance. The high photocatalytic activity of CZC@PAN might be related to the creation of p-n heterojunctions and the loading of CQDs, which promoted the photo response ability of CZC@PAN and its separation rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, making it a high-performance environmentally friendly nanophotocatalyst.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.X. and L.X.; Methodology, H.X. and L.X.; Validation, H.X. and P.F.; Formal analysis, H.X. and P.F.; Investigation, H.X. and P.F.; Resources, L.X.; Data curation, H.X. and P.F.; Writing—original draft preparation, H.X. and P.F.; Writing—review and editing, L.X.; Supervision, L.X.; Project administration, L.X.; Funding acquisition, L.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 11672198), Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (grant number 20KJA130001), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Textile Dyeing and Printing for Energy Conservation (grant number ERC-Q811580722), and PAPD (A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 13 00110 g001 550
Figure 1. SEM image of Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PAN-CNFM (a); SEM image of CZ-NPs-CNFMs (b); SEM image of CZ@PAN (c); SEM image (d), HRTEM image (e), TEM image (f), and EDS results (g) of CZC@PAN; FTIR patterns (h) and XRD spectra (i) of samples.
Figure 1. SEM image of Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PAN-CNFM (a); SEM image of CZ-NPs-CNFMs (b); SEM image of CZ@PAN (c); SEM image (d), HRTEM image (e), TEM image (f), and EDS results (g) of CZC@PAN; FTIR patterns (h) and XRD spectra (i) of samples.
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Figure 2. XPS spectra of samples: survey (a), C 1s (b), O 1s (c), Cu 2p (d), and Zn 2p (e); Mott-Schottky curve of CZC@PAN (f).
Figure 2. XPS spectra of samples: survey (a), C 1s (b), O 1s (c), Cu 2p (d), and Zn 2p (e); Mott-Schottky curve of CZC@PAN (f).
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Figure 3. UV-vis spectra (a), Tauc plot (b), PL spectra (c), photocatalytic degradation of MB under natural sunlight (d), photocatalytic degradation of MB under mercury lamp (e) of samples; Reuse efficiency of CZC@PAN under mercury lamp (f).
Figure 3. UV-vis spectra (a), Tauc plot (b), PL spectra (c), photocatalytic degradation of MB under natural sunlight (d), photocatalytic degradation of MB under mercury lamp (e) of samples; Reuse efficiency of CZC@PAN under mercury lamp (f).
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Figure 4. Free radical trapping experiment results (a) and photocatalytic degradation mechanism (b) of CZC@PAN.
Figure 4. Free radical trapping experiment results (a) and photocatalytic degradation mechanism (b) of CZC@PAN.
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Figure 5. Preparation flowchart of CZC@PAN.
Figure 5. Preparation flowchart of CZC@PAN.
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Table
Table 1. Photocatalytic degradation activity of ZnO-based nanophotocatalysts.
Table 1. Photocatalytic degradation activity of ZnO-based nanophotocatalysts.
PhotocatalystPollutantsPhotocatalytic DegradationReference
NFMs loaded with CuO/ZnOMB:10 mg/LUV light: 60% for 3 h,
94.2% for 7 h		[5]
PAN/Ag/ZnO microporous membranesRhodamine B (RhB):10 mg/LVisible light: 72% for 3 h[8]
ZnO@CuO nanoparticlesmethyl orange (MO)
MB		UV light: 93.3% (MO) and 94.4% (MB) for 100 min[29]
CuO/ZnO nanoparticlesMB: 10 mg/LSunlight: 98% for 2 h[30]
ZnO nanoparticles encapsulated NFMsMO: 20 mg/LUV light: 95% for 9 h[31]
PAN-ZnO/Ag NFMsMB: 5 mg/LUV light: 85% for 2 h[32]
Porous TiO2/ZnO NFMsMB: 12.8 mg/LXenon-lamp: 30% for 1 h[33]
NFMs loaded with CuO/ZnOMO:10 mg/LUV light: 92.2% for 5 h[34]
ZnO/CQDs nanopaticlesBenzene: 15.6 ppmVisible light: 86% for 24 h[35]
ZnO/CQDs nanopaticlesRhBVisible light: 80% for 2 h[36]
CZC@PAN NFMsMB:10 mg/LUV light: 92.38% for 1.5 h,
Sunlight: 99.56% for 4 h		This work
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Xu, H.; Fan, P.; Xu, L. CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN Nanocomposites with Ternary Heterostructures for Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance. Catalysts 2023, 13, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010110

AMA Style

Xu H, Fan P, Xu L. CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN Nanocomposites with Ternary Heterostructures for Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance. Catalysts. 2023; 13(1):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010110

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Huanhuan, Peizhi Fan, and Lan Xu. 2023. "CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN Nanocomposites with Ternary Heterostructures for Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance" Catalysts 13, no. 1: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010110

APA Style

Xu, H., Fan, P., & Xu, L. (2023). CuO/ZnO/CQDs@PAN Nanocomposites with Ternary Heterostructures for Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance. Catalysts, 13(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010110

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