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Article

Synthesis, Structure and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Pd(II) Complex of Pyrazolyl-s-Triazine Ligand; A New Example of Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of s-Triazine Pincer Ligand

by
Jamal Lasri
1,*,
Matti Haukka
2,
Hessa H. Al-Rasheed
3,
Nael Abutaha
4,
Ayman El-Faham
3,5,* and
Saied M. Soliman
5,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 344, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
3
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020119
Submission received: 24 December 2020 / Revised: 23 January 2021 / Accepted: 23 January 2021 / Published: 27 January 2021
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
The square planar complex [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O (HPT: 6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione) was obtained by the reaction of 2-methoxy-4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (MBPT) pincer ligand with PdCl2 in a molar ratio (1:1) under thermal conditions and using acetone as a solvent. The reaction proceeded via C-N cleavage of one C-N moiety that connects the pyrazole and s-triazine combined with the hydrolysis of the O-CH3 group. The reaction of the chloride salt of its higher congener (PtCl2) gave [Pt(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole)2Cl2]. The crystal structure of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex is stabilized by inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions. Hirshfeld analysis revealed that the H...H (34.6%), O...H (23.6%), and Cl...H (7.8%) interactions are the major contacts in the crystal. The charges at Pd, H2O, Cl and PT are changed to 0.4995, 0.2216, −0.4294 and −0.2917 instead of +2, 0, −1 and −1, respectively, using the MPW1PW91 method. [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex has almost equal activities against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 of 38.3 µg/mL.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Palladium(II) compounds have many applications in C-C cross-coupling reactions (e.g. Suzuki–Miyaura, Mizoroki–Heck, etc.) [1,2,3,4]. In addition, the combination of heterocyclic ligands with Pd metal center leads to new active compounds [5], where complexes with Pd(II) metal center are good candidates for discovering new anti-cancer agents [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Graham et al. [16] reported the use of Pd(II) compounds as plausible anti-cancer agents. Moreover, various Pd(II) compounds have been synthesized and showed promising anti-cancer activities. In some cases, Pd(II) metal complexes have shown better anti-cancer activity than their Pt(II) analogs [12,13,14,15]. In fact, Pd(II) complexes have lately been showed an important anti-tumor activity to cancer cells with minor side effects compared to cisplatin [15,17].
In addition, the s-triazine scaffold is a key for the preparation of various products with important applications in pharmaceutical chemistry [18,19,20,21,22]. In the previous studies by Soliman and El-Faham group, the reactions of 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine (MBPT; Figure 1) pincer ligand with different metal ions such as Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were examined [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. For the majority of these reactions, the corresponding pincer complexes were obtained with varied coordination numbers depending on the metal ion. It ranges from 5 in the case of [Cd(MBPT)Cl2] to 8 for the corresponding nitrato complex, while in the majority of metal ions, the coordination number was 6. In few cases, the reaction proceeded with the decomposition of the pincer ligand. In the presence of ZnCl2, the C-N cleavage of the MBPT was achieved, and the [Zn(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole)2Cl2] was obtained [23]. In another instance, the reactions with Cu(II) salts yielded 1D polymeric complexes due to the hydrolysis of the MBPT ligand [25]. In the presence of Cu(II) perchlorate salt, the hydrolysis occurred only for the methoxy group, while in the case of CuCl2 the hydrolysis occurred at one C-N with the pyrazolyl moiety in addition to the hydrolysis of the methoxy group [25]. In this publication, we tested the reaction of MCl2 (M = Pd or Pt) salts with MBPT ligand and the structure of the resulting complexes were established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the anti-cancer activities of the new Pd(II) complex were also reported here against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231).

2. Materials and Methods

Solvents and reagents were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany. The C, H, and N analyses were determined using Perkin-Elmer 2400 elemental analyzer.

2.1. Syntheses of Ligand and [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O

2.1.1. Synthesis of MBPT Ligand

The ligand MBPT was prepared following the reported method [30,31]. The spectral data agreed with the reported one (see in Supplementary Material, Figure S1).

2.1.2. Synthesis of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O

PdCl2 (35.5 mg, 0.200 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-methoxy-4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (MBPT) ligand (60.0 mg, 0.200 mmol) in acetone (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 days at 50 °C. After that time, the solution was filtered from the insoluble materials and kept at room temperature for slow evaporation to afford the target crystalline complex [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O. Yield: 92%. Anal. Calcd for C8H12ClN5O4Pd: C, 25.02; H, 3.15; N, 18.23. Found: C, 24.86; H, 3.04; N, 18.15.
Following the same procedures, the reaction of PtCl2 with the same ligand afforded the [Pt(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole)2Cl2] complex also indicating the hydrolysis of MBPT. The crystals were isolated and the solid-state structure was established using X-ray diffraction of a single crystal, and it is found to agree with the previously reported structure by Khripun et al. [32].

2.2. Crystal Structure Determination

The crystal of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O was immersed in cryo-oil, mounted in a loop, and measured at a temperature of 170 K. The X-ray diffraction data was collected on a Bruker Kappa Apex II diffractometer using MoKα radiation. The Denzo-Scalepack [33] software package was used for cell refinement and data reduction. A numerical absorption correction (SADABS [34]) was applied to the intensities before structure solution. The structure was solved by the intrinsic phasing method using the SHELXT [35] software. Structural refinement was carried out using SHELXL [36] software. The H2O and NH hydrogen atoms were located from the difference Fourier map and refined isotropically. Other hydrogen atoms were positioned geometrically and constrained to ride on their parent atoms, with C-H = 0.95–0.98 Å and Uiso = 1.2–1.5 Ueq (parent atom). The crystallographic details are summarized in Table 1.

2.3. Hirshfeld Analysis

Hirshfeld surfaces were computed using Crystal Explorer 17.5 program [37].

2.4. Computational Details

Gaussian 09 program [38] was used for DFT calculations. MPW1PW91 and ωB97XD methods [39,40] combined with cc-PVTZ and cc-PVTZ-PP [41,42,43] as basis sets for nonmetal atoms and Pd, respectively, were used for natural charge populations [44] at the X-ray structure coordinates of the studied Pd(II) complex.

2.5. In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity

In vitro anti-cancer activities against two breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cell lines were tested (see in Supplementary Material, Method S1).

2.5.1. Cell Culture Conditions

Breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were obtained from the German Type Cell Culture Collection (DSMZ, Germany). Cells were maintained in high glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA).

2.5.2. MTT Assay

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out according to the previous report by Abutaha et al. [45]. Briefly, trypsin was added to MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cells, and then cells were counted and seeded at 5 × 104 cells/well in the 24-well plate for 24 h. The following day, cells were incubated with different concentrations of the compounds for 48 h with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. After that, 100 µL of MTT (5 mg/mL) (Thermo, USA) was added to each well and left for 2 h. Next, the supernatant was discarded, and 1000 µL of methanol was added, and the formazan was quantified at 595 nm using a microplate reader. Triplicates were used to calculate the cell viability percentage and the IC50 values using OriginPro 8.5 software.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. X-ray Structure Description of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O

In [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex, the Pd(II) is coordinated by a chloride anion, one water molecule as monodentate ligands and two nitrogen atoms from the chelating ligand PT−1 as a mononegative bidentate NN-chelate. The Pd(II) exhibiting slightly distorted square planar coordination geometry (Table 2, Figure 2). The structure of the metal complex is supported by one intramolecular H-bond between the coordinated water molecule (H1A) and the oxygen (O2), forming the organic chelate (PT−1), leading to the six-membered ring (Figure 3). The asymmetric unit also contains water of crystallization. The NH2-group and the oxygen O3 are involved in a pair of hydrogen bonds binding the metal complex with the adjacent molecule at the equivalent position of −x + 1, y, −z + 1.5. The aqua ligand is also hydrogen bonded to the water of crystallization (Figure 3). The water of crystallization forms additional hydrogen bonds with chloride ligand as well as with O6 of the neighboring metal complexes. Additional weak CH⋅⋅⋅O type H-bonds (C6-H6⋅⋅⋅O4 and C8-H8C⋅⋅⋅O4) are supporting the overall packing of the molecules. The hydrogen bonds are summarized in Table 3 and Figure 3. Packing of the Pd(II) complex units stacked along the crystallographic b-axis is shown in Figure 4.

3.2. Hirshfeld Analysis of Molecular Packing

Hirshfeld surfaces mapped over dnorm, shape index (SI) and curvedness for the studied complex are shown in Figure S2 (see in Supplementary Material). Quantitative analysis of molecular packing is given in Figure 5. The H...H (34.6%), O...H (23.6%), and Cl...H (7.8%) interactions are the major contacts in the crystal. For this complex, the N2-H2...O3, O4-H4A...O3, O1-H1B...O4 and C6-H6...O2 hydrogen bonds were observed at hydrogen-acceptor distances of 1.838, 1.876, 1.636, and 2.366 Å, respectively using Hirshfeld calculations. The first three hydrogen bonding interactions appeared as intense red spots indicating that these interactions are the most significant, while the C-H...O hydrogen bond is less important (Figure 6). The N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds appeared as sharp spikes in the fingerprint plot. Another intense red spot was observed close to the coordinated chloride ion corresponding to the O4-H4B...Cl1 with H...Cl contact distance of 2.415 Å and one sharp spike in the fingerprint plot indicating that the chloride ion inside the surface acting as hydrogen bond acceptor. In addition, every two complex units forming a dimer via two equivalent C1...N5 contacts (3.344 Å) along the crystallographic b-direction indicating weak π-π stacking interactions, which is further indicated by the presence of blue/red triangle in the shape index map.

3.3. Natural Population Analysis

The divalent Pd ion is coordinated with two negatively charged ligand groups, which are Cl− and PT−. These isolated ions have a net charge of −1 e. As a result of the interactions between the Pd(II) ion as Lewis acid and these ligand groups as Lewis base, there are some electrons that are transferred from the ligand groups to Pd(II) ion (Table 4). Two DFT methods (MPW1PW91 and ωB97XD) employing natural charge population analysis [46] which has low sensitivity to the basis set variations, were used for this task. The chloride ion transferred 0.571–0.527 e to the Pd(II) while the anionic organic ligand (PT−) as a bidentate chelate transferred a large amount (0.708–0.701 e) of its negative charge to the metal center while the coordinated water molecule has a net charge of 0.2216–0.2172 e. As a result, the water molecule as ligand transferred about 0.2 e to Pd(II). The net charge of Pd was decreased to 0.500–0.527 e. Since the charges transferred are not associated with a physical observable [47], one could conclude that there are some charges that are transferred from the ligand groups to the Pd(II) central metal ion, which confirm the coordination between the Pd(II) and ligand groups.
Another interesting feature that could be discussed is the HOMO and LUMO patterns of the studied system (Figure 7). The energies of these frontier molecular orbitals were calculated to be –7.146 and –2.358 eV, respectively, and the HOMO-LUMO transition required an energy of 4.789 eV using the MPW1PW91 method. As can be seen from Figure 7, the HOMO is mainly localized over the Pd(II), which has a major contribution from the dz2 orbital, while the LUMO is distributed over the metal and organic ligand skeleton, suggesting d-d transition mixed with metal-ligand charge transfer transitions.

3.4. In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity

Presently, palladium-based drugs are among the most studied drugs in oncology and are attractive substitute metal-based drugs because of considerable similarities to platinum agents regarding structure and coordination chemistry [48]. Palladium-based drugs are known to be active against a wide range of cancer cells with different IC50 values, including MDA-MB-231 ([Pd(sperH)2][PdCl4]; sperH: spermidine), HCT 116 ([BzBimy)2PdCl2]; BzBimy:1-benzyl-3-tertbutylimidazol-2-ylidene), U-251 Glio ([Pd(L)Cl2]2; L: (S)-(1-phenylethylimino)benzyl phenyl ketone), A549 ([Pd(dmnP)2Cl2]; dmnp: 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitro-pyridine), K562 (trans-PdCl2[(R)(−)bornylamino]2), and many more [49]. In addition, Pd(II) complexes were reported to have more activity against cancer cell lines with less side effects compared to cisplatin [15,17]. The studied [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex showed a cell growth reduction against both of the tested breast cell lines compared with the control that was inactive at all the tested concentrations. In addition, the complex showed good activity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with same IC50 of 38.3 µg/mL for both cells (Figure 8). This data is somewhat better than the reported data for cisplatin and the Pd(II) complex of 2-(1-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-2-yl)ethanol after 48 h of incubation (IC50 values were 93.0, 42.5 µM for MCF-7 and 87.0 and 39.2 µM for MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively) [50], therefore, this [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex showed a promising anti-cancer activity against both tested cell lines.

4. Conclusions

Under thermal conditions, the reaction of 2-methoxy-4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (MBPT) with PdCl2 or PtCl2 afforded [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O, or [Pt(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole)2Cl2], respectively. In the case of PdCl2, partial hydrolysis of MBPT for one pyrazole moiety and the methoxy group was observed. The molecular and supramolecular structural aspects of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O were examined using X-ray single crystallography combined with Hirshfeld and DFT calculations. The stability of the solid-state crystalline [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex is mainly controlled by the H...H (34.6%), O...H (23.6%), and Cl...H (7.8%) interactions based on Hirshfeld analysis. Based on natural population analysis, one could speculate that, some amount of negative charge densities were transferred from the ligand groups to Pd(II) due to the Lewis acid-base interactions. On the other hand, the [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex showed a promising activity with IC50 (38.3 µg/mL) against the two tested breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7).

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/2/119/s1, Method S1 (In vitro anti-cancer experimental details); Figure S1 (1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the ligand MBPT); Figure S2 (Hirshfeld surfaces of the studied complex).

Author Contributions

H.H.A.-R., N.A., and A.E.-F. carried out the preparation of the organic ligand, analysis, and the biological evaluation. X-ray structure analyses were performed by M.H. and S.M.S. The computational studies and Hirshfeld calculations were carried out by S.M.S. J.L. synthesized the studied complex. All authors contributed to the first draft and the final version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University research group no. (RG-1441-365, Saudi Arabia).

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their thanks to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group no. (RG-1441-365, Saudi Arabia).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 11 00119 g001 550
Figure 1. Structure of the ligand (MBPT).
Figure 1. Structure of the ligand (MBPT).
Crystals 11 00119 g001
Crystals 11 00119 g002 550
Figure 2. Thermal ellipsoids plots of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
Figure 2. Thermal ellipsoids plots of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O. Thermal ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
Crystals 11 00119 g002
Crystals 11 00119 g003 550
Figure 3. Part of H-bonding network in [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O.
Figure 3. Part of H-bonding network in [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O.
Crystals 11 00119 g003
Crystals 11 00119 g004 550
Figure 4. Packing of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O along crystallographic b-axis.
Figure 4. Packing of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O along crystallographic b-axis.
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Crystals 11 00119 g005 550
Figure 5. All possible intermolecular interactions and their percentages in the Pd(II) complex.
Figure 5. All possible intermolecular interactions and their percentages in the Pd(II) complex.
Crystals 11 00119 g005
Crystals 11 00119 g006 550
Figure 6. The Hirshfeld analysis of (I): O…H; (II): Cl…H and (III): π-π stacking interactions. The most important interactions are N2-H2...O3 (A), O4-H4A...O3 (B), O1-H1B...O4 (C), C6-H6...O2 (D) and O4-H4B...Cl1 (E) hydrogen bonds, as well as weak π-π stacking interactions via long C1...N5 (F) contacts.
Figure 6. The Hirshfeld analysis of (I): O…H; (II): Cl…H and (III): π-π stacking interactions. The most important interactions are N2-H2...O3 (A), O4-H4A...O3 (B), O1-H1B...O4 (C), C6-H6...O2 (D) and O4-H4B...Cl1 (E) hydrogen bonds, as well as weak π-π stacking interactions via long C1...N5 (F) contacts.
Crystals 11 00119 g006
Crystals 11 00119 g007 550
Figure 7. The HOMO (a) and LUMO (b) levels of the studied complex using MPW1PW91 method.
Figure 7. The HOMO (a) and LUMO (b) levels of the studied complex using MPW1PW91 method.
Crystals 11 00119 g007
Crystals 11 00119 g008 550
Figure 8. Effect of the concentration of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex on the cell viability against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 after 48 h of treatment. Data are mean ± standard deviation.
Figure 8. Effect of the concentration of [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O complex on the cell viability against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 after 48 h of treatment. Data are mean ± standard deviation.
Crystals 11 00119 g008
Table
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O.
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O.
Empirical Formula C8H12ClN5O4Pd
Formula weight 384.08
Temperature 170(2) K
Wavelength 0.71073 Å
Crystal system Monoclinic
Space group C2/c
Unit cell dimensionsa = 20.3494(9) Åα = 90°
b = 7.1687(2) Åβ = 120.004(2)°
c = 19.9275(8) Åγ = 90°
Volume2517.43(17) Å3
Z8
Density (calculated)2.027 Mg/m3
Absorption coefficient1.705 mm−1
F(000)1520
Crystal size0.372 × 0.171 × 0.153 mm3
Theta range for data collection3.501 to 27.482°
Index ranges−19 ≤ h ≤ 26, −9 ≤ k ≤ 9, −25 ≤ l ≤ 25
Reflections collected11,575
Independent reflections2843 [R(int) = 0.0253]
Completeness to theta = 25.242°98.3%
Absorption correctionNumerical
Max. and min. transmission0.7994 and 0.6924
Refinement methodFull-matrix least-squares on F2
Data / restraints / parameters2843/0/194
Goodness-of-fit on F21.091
Final R indices [I > 2sigma(I)]R1 = 0.0230, wR2 = 0.0510
R indices (all data)R1 = 0.0268, wR2 = 0.0529
Largest diff. peak and hole0.477 and − 0.460 e Å−3
CCDC2048907
Table
Table 2. Selected bond lengths [Å] and angles [°] for [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O.
Table 2. Selected bond lengths [Å] and angles [°] for [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O.
Pd(1)-N(5)1.9953(19)
Pd(1)-N(1)2.0141(18)
Pd(1)-O(1)2.0155(17)
Pd(1)-Cl(1)2.2838(6)
N(5)-Pd(1)-N(1)79.93(7)
N(5)-Pd(1)-O(1)171.77(8)
N(1)-Pd(1)-O(1)93.50(8)
N(5)-Pd(1)-Cl(1)99.55(6)
N(1)-Pd(1)-Cl(1)179.10(6)
O(1)-Pd(1)-Cl(1)87.08(6)
Table
Table 3. Hydrogen bonds for [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O [Å and °].
Table 3. Hydrogen bonds for [Pd(PT)Cl(H2O)]*H2O [Å and °].
D-H⋅⋅⋅Ad(D-H)d(H⋅⋅⋅A)d(D⋅⋅⋅A)<(DHA)
C(6)-H(6)...O(2)#10.952.493.406(3)161.5
O(4)-H(4A)...O(3)#20.88(4)1.98(4)2.821(3)161(3)
O(1)-H(1A)...O(2)0.92(4)1.69(4)2.587(3)161(4)
O(4)-H(4B)...Cl(1)#30.75(4)2.61(4)3.278(2)148(4)
O(4)-H(4B)...O(4)#40.75(4)2.59(4)2.986(5)115(3)
O(1)-H(1B)...O(4)#50.97(4)1.65(4)2.592(3)163(4)
N(2)-H(2)...O(3)#60.78(3)2.07(3)2.840(3)172(3)
C(6)-H(6)...O(2)#10.952.493.406(3)161.5
C(8)-H(8C)...O(4)#70.982.713.629(3)155.9
O(4)-H(4B)...Cl(1)#30.75(4)2.61(4)3.278(2)148(4)
Symmetry transform: #1 x, −y + 1, z − 1/2 #2 −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1 #3 x + 1/2, y − 1/2, z #4 −x + 1, −y, −z + 1 #5 −x + 1/2, −y + 1/2, −z + 1 #6 −x + 1, y, −z + 3/2 #7 −x + 1/2, y + 1/2, −z + 1/2.
Table
Table 4. The natural charges at the Pd, coordinated chloride and organic ligands.
Table 4. The natural charges at the Pd, coordinated chloride and organic ligands.
AtomMPW1PW91WB97XD
Pd0.49950.5273
H2O0.22160.2172
Cl−0.4294−0.4452
PT−0.2917−0.2992
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Lasri, J.; Haukka, M.; Al-Rasheed, H.H.; Abutaha, N.; El-Faham, A.; Soliman, S.M. Synthesis, Structure and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Pd(II) Complex of Pyrazolyl-s-Triazine Ligand; A New Example of Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of s-Triazine Pincer Ligand. Crystals 2021, 11, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020119

AMA Style

Lasri J, Haukka M, Al-Rasheed HH, Abutaha N, El-Faham A, Soliman SM. Synthesis, Structure and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Pd(II) Complex of Pyrazolyl-s-Triazine Ligand; A New Example of Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of s-Triazine Pincer Ligand. Crystals. 2021; 11(2):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020119

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lasri, Jamal, Matti Haukka, Hessa H. Al-Rasheed, Nael Abutaha, Ayman El-Faham, and Saied M. Soliman. 2021. "Synthesis, Structure and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Pd(II) Complex of Pyrazolyl-s-Triazine Ligand; A New Example of Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of s-Triazine Pincer Ligand" Crystals 11, no. 2: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020119

APA Style

Lasri, J., Haukka, M., Al-Rasheed, H. H., Abutaha, N., El-Faham, A., & Soliman, S. M. (2021). Synthesis, Structure and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Pd(II) Complex of Pyrazolyl-s-Triazine Ligand; A New Example of Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of s-Triazine Pincer Ligand. Crystals, 11(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020119

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