Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site and Conditions
2.2. Morphological Traits and Data Collection
2.3. Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments and Gas Exchange Parameters
2.4. Determination of Oxidative Stress Indicators
2.5. Determination of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
2.6. Determination of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants, Sugars and Proline Contents
2.7. Determination of Nutrient Contents
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Germination and Post-Germinating Growth Characters
3.2. Photosynthetic Measurements and Stomatal Properties
3.3. Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Response and Sugars
3.4. Ion Uptake
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Aslam, M.; Ibni Zamir, M.S.; Afzal, I.; Yaseen, M. Morphological and physiological response of maize hybrids to potassium application under drought stress. J. Agric. Res. 2013, 51, 03681157. [Google Scholar]
- Waraich, E.A.; Ahmad, R.; Ashraf, M. Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of drought stress in plants. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2011, 5, 764. [Google Scholar]
- Hasanuzzaman, M.; Nahar, K.; Anee, T.; Khan, M.; Fujita, M. Silicon-mediated regulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems confers drought stress tolerance in Brassica napus L. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2018, 115, 50–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.N.; Zhang, J.; Luo, T.; Liu, J.; Ni, F.; Rizwan, M.; Fahad, S.; Hu, L. Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of tolerant and sensitive rapeseed cultivars to drought stress during early seedling growth stage. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2019, 41, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, Z.; Waraich, E.A.; Ahmad, R.; Shahbaz, M. Modulation in water relations, chlorophyll contents and antioxidants activity of maize by foliar phosphorus application under drought stress. Pak. J. Bot. 2017, 49, 11–19. [Google Scholar]
- Akram, N.A.; Iqbal, M.; Muhammad, A.; Ashraf, M.; Al-Qurainy, F.; Shafiq, S. Aminolevulinic acid and nitric oxide regulate oxidative defense and secondary metabolisms in canola (Brassica napus L.) under drought stress. Protoplasma 2018, 255, 163–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sakya, A.; Prahasto, D. The Application of Phosphorus and Potassium to Increase Drought Tolerance in Pereskia Bleo (Kunt) DC with Proline and Antioxidant Indicators. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2020; p. 012055. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, W.; Ma, B.L.; Whalen, J.K. Enhancing rapeseed tolerance to heat and drought stresses in a changing climate: Perspectives for stress adaptation from root system architecture. In Advances in Agronomy; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; Volume 151, pp. 87–157. [Google Scholar]
- Taha, R.; Alharby, H.; Bamagoos, A.; Medani, R.; Rady, M. Elevating tolerance of drought stress in Ocimum basilicum using pollen grains extract; A natural biostimulant by regulation of plant performance and antioxidant defense system. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2020, 128, 42–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saleem, M.H.; Fahad, S.; Khan, S.U.; Ahmar, S.; Khan, M.H.U.; Rehman, M.; Maqbool, Z.; Liu, L. Morpho-physiological traits, gaseous exchange attributes, and phytoremediation potential of jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) grown in different concentrations of copper-contaminated soil. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2020, 189, 109915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saleem, M.; Ali, S.; Rehman, M.; Rana, M.; Rizwan, M.; Kamran, M.; Imran, M.; Riaz, M.; Hussein, M.; Elkelish, A.; et al. Influence of phosphorus on copper phytoextraction via modulating cellular organelles in two jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) varieties grown in a copper mining soil of Hubei Province, China. Chemosphere 2020, 248, 126032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saleem, M.H.; Kamran, M.; Zhou, Y.; Parveen, A.; Rehman, M.; Ahmar, S.; Malik, Z.; Mustafa, A.; Anjum, R.M.A.; Wang, B. Appraising growth, oxidative stress and copper phytoextraction potential of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown in soil differentially spiked with copper. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 257, 109994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anjum, S.A.; Ashraf, U.; Tanveer, M.; Khan, I.; Hussain, S.; Zohaib, A.; Abbas, F.; Saleem, M.F.; Wang, L. Drought tolerance in three maize cultivars is related to differential osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant defense system, and oxidative damage. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 69. [Google Scholar]
- Rehman, M.Z.-u.; Rizwan, M.; Ali, S.; Fatima, N.; Yousaf, B.; Naeem, A.; Sabir, M.; Ahmad, H.R.; Ok, Y.S. Contrasting effects of biochar, compost and farm manure on alleviation of nickel toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) in relation to plant growth, photosynthesis and metal uptake. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2016, 133, 218–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaya, C.; Akram, N.A.; Ashraf, M. Kinetin and indole acetic acid promote antioxidant defense system and reduce oxidative stress in maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown at boron toxicity. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2018, 37, 1258–1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fahad, S.; Bajwa, A.A.; Nazir, U.; Anjum, S.A.; Farooq, A.; Zohaib, A.; Sadia, S.; Nasim, W.; Adkins, S.; Saud, S. Crop production under drought and heat stress: Plant responses and management options. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alam, H.; Khattak, J.Z.K.; Ksiksi, T.S.; Saleem, M.H.; Fahad, S.; Sohail, H.; Ali, Q.; Zamin, M.; El-Esawi, M.A.; Saud, S. Negative impact of long-term exposure of salinity and drought stress on native Tetraena mandavillei L. Physiol. Plant. 2021, 172, 1336–1351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jezek, M.; Geilfus, C.-M.; Mühling, K.-H. Glutamine synthetase activity in leaves of Zea mays L. as influenced by magnesium status. Planta 2015, 242, 1309–1319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, J.; Brown, K.M.; Lynch, J.P. Root cortical aerenchyma improves the drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.). PlantCell Environ. 2010, 33, 740–749. [Google Scholar]
- Mohammadkhani, N.; Heidari, R. Effects of drought stress on soluble proteins in two maize varieties. Turk. J. Biol. 2008, 32, 23–30. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S.; Wang, X.; Wang, H.; Xin, H.; Yang, X.; Yan, J.; Li, J.; Tran, L.-S.P.; Shinozaki, K.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Genome-wide analysis of ZmDREB genes and their association with natural variation in drought tolerance at seedling stage of Zea mays L. PLoS Genet. 2013, 9, e1003790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parveen, A.; Saleem, M.H.; Kamran, M.; Haider, M.Z.; Chen, J.-T.; Malik, Z.; Rana, M.S.; Hassan, A.; Hur, G.; Javed, M.T. Effect of Citric Acid on Growth, Ecophysiology, Chloroplast Ultrastructure, and Phytoremediation Potential of Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) Seedlings Exposed to Copper Stress. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saleem, M.H.; Ali, S.; Rehman, M.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; Rizwan, M.; Irshad, S.; Shafiq, F.; Iqbal, M.; Alharbi, B.M.; Alnusaire, T.S. Jute: A Potential Candidate for Phytoremediation of Metals—A Review. Plants 2020, 9, 258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mansour, E.; Aboelnaga, A.; Nassar, E.M.; Elewa, S.I. A new series of thiazolyl pyrazoline derivatives linked to benzo [1, 3] dioxole moiety: Synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities. Synth. Commun. 2020, 50, 368–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rizwan, M.; Ali, Q.; Malik, A. Effects of drought and salt stress on wheat seedling growth related traits under salicylic acid seed priming. Int. J. Bot. Stud. 2019, 5, 130–136. [Google Scholar]
- Rahimi, A.; Hosseini, S.M.; Pooryoosef, M.; Fateh, I. Variation of leaf water potential, relative water content and SPAD under gradual drought stress and stress recovery in two medicinal species of Plantago ovata and P. psyllium. Plant Ecophysiol. 2010, 2, 53–60. [Google Scholar]
- Asgharipour, M.; Rafiei, M. Intercropping of Isabgol (Plantago ovata L.) and lentil as influenced by drought stress. Am. Euras. J. Sustain. Agric. 2010, 4, 341–348. [Google Scholar]
- Saghir, S.; Iqbal, M.S.; Hussain, M.A.; Koschella, A.; Heinze, T. Structure characterization and carboxymethylation of arabinoxylan isolated from Ispaghula (Plantago ovata) seed husk. Carbohydr. Polym. 2008, 74, 309–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiesner, L. Rules for Testing Seeds; Association of Official Seed Analysts: Moline, IL, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Coolbear, P.; Francis, A.; Grierson, D. The effect of low temperature pre-sowing treatment on the germination performance and membrane integrity of artificially aged tomato seeds. J. Exp. Bot. 1984, 35, 1609–1617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bewley, J.D.; Black, M. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ruan, S.; Xue, Q.; Tylkowska, K. The influence of priming on germination of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds and seedling emergence and performance in flooded soil. Seed Sci. Technol. 2002, 30, 61–67. [Google Scholar]
- Arnon, D.I. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 1949, 24, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Austin, R.B. Prospects for Genetically Increasing the Photosynthetic Capacity of Crops; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT): El Batan, Mexico, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Heath, R.L.; Packer, L. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1968, 125, 189–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jana, S.; Choudhuri, M.A. Glycolate metabolism of three submersed aquatic angiosperms: Effect of heavy metals. Aquat. Bot. 1981, 11, 67–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dionisio-Sese, M.L.; Tobita, S. Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Sci. 1998, 135, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.-N.; Pan, S.-M. Assay of superoxide dismutase activity by combining electrophoresis and densitometry. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 1996, 37, 107–111. [Google Scholar]
- Sakharov, I.Y.; Ardila, G.B. Variations of peroxidase activity in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans during their ripening, fermentation and drying. Food Chem. 1999, 65, 51–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aebi, H. Catalase in vitro. In Methods in Enzymology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1984; Volume 105, pp. 121–126. [Google Scholar]
- Nakano, Y.; Asada, K. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 1981, 22, 867–880. [Google Scholar]
- Pękal, A.; Pyrzynska, K. Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Anal. Methods 2014, 7, 1776–1782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bray, H.; Thorpe, W. Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in metabolism. Methods Biochem. Anal. 1954, 1, 27–52. [Google Scholar]
- Azuma, K.; Nakayama, M.; Koshioka, M.; Ippoushi, K.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Kohata, K.; Yamauchi, Y.; Ito, H.; Higashio, H. Phenolic antioxidants from the leaves of Corchorus olitorius L. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 3963–3966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, C.E.; Walker, J.R.; Lancaster, J.E.; Sutton, K.H. Determination of anthocyanins, flavonoids and phenolic acids in potatoes. I: Coloured cultivars of Solanum tuberosum L. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1998, 77, 45–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dubois, M.; Gilles, K.A.; Hamilton, J.K.; Rebers, P.A.; Smith, F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 1956, 28, 350–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bates, L.S.; Waldren, R.P.; Teare, I. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 1973, 39, 205–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidthoffer, I.; Szilák, L.; Molnár, P.; Csontos, P.; Skribanek, A. Drought tolerance of European barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties. Agriculture 2018, 64, 137–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mahajan, S.; Tuteja, N. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 444, 139–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-García, N.; Martínez, V.; Carvajal, M. Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, and water relations of grafted tomato plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2004, 167, 616–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nizam, I. Effects of salinity stress on water uptake, germination and early seedling growth of perennial ryegrass. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 10, 10418–10424. [Google Scholar]
- Kosar, F.; Akram, N.; Ashraf, M. Exogenously-applied 5-aminolevulinic acid modulates some key physiological characteristics and antioxidative defense system in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under water stress. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2015, 96, 71–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saud, S.; Fahad, S.; Yajun, C.; Ihsan, M.Z.; Hammad, H.M.; Nasim, W.; Arif, M.; Alharby, H. Effects of nitrogen supply on water stress and recovery mechanisms in Kentucky bluegrass plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liang, B.; Ma, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wei, Z.; Gao, T.; Zhao, Q.; Ma, F.; Li, C. Long-term exogenous application of melatonin improves nutrient uptake fluxes in apple plants under moderate drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2018, 155, 650–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashir, T.; Naz, S.; Bano, A. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in combination with plant growth regulators attenuate the effect of drought stress. Pak. J. Bot 2020, 52, 783–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, A.; Wang, J.; Xu, D.; Tao, S.; Chong, S.; Yan, D.; Li, Z.; Yuan, H.; Zheng, B. Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression, and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 713, 136675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miri, H.R.; Armin, M. The interaction effect of drought and exogenous application of glycine betaine on corn (Zea mays L.). Eur. J. Exp. Biol. 2013, 3, 197–206. [Google Scholar]
- Rivas, R.; Falcão, H.; Ribeiro, R.; Machado, E.; Pimentel, C.; Santos, M. Drought tolerance in cowpea species is driven by less sensitivity of leaf gas exchange to water deficit and rapid recovery of photosynthesis after rehydration. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2016, 103, 101–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hussain, M.I.; Lyra, D.-A.; Farooq, M.; Nikoloudakis, N.; Khalid, N. Salt and drought stresses in safflower: A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2016, 36, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lotter, D.; Valentine, A.J.; Van Garderen, E.A.; Tadross, M. Physiological responses of a fynbos legume, Aspalathus linearis to drought stress. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2014, 94, 218–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saleem, M.H.; Ali, S.; Seleiman, M.F.; Rizwan, M.; Rehman, M.; Akram, N.A.; Liu, L.; Alotaibi, M.; Al-Ashkar, I.; Mubushar, M. Assessing the Correlations between Different Traits in Copper-Sensitive and Copper-Resistant Varieties of Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.). Plants 2019, 8, 545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saleem, M.H.; Rehman, M.; Zahid, M.; Imran, M.; Xiang, W.; Liu, L. Morphological changes and antioxidative capacity of jute (Corchorus capsularis, Malvaceae) under different color light-emitting diodes. Braz. J. Bot. 2019, 42, 581–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saleem, M.H.; Fahad, S.; Rehman, M.; Saud, S.; Jamal, Y.; Khan, S.; Liu, L. Morpho-physiological traits, biochemical response and phytoextraction potential of short-term copper stress on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seedlings. PeerJ 2020, 8, e8321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hashmat, S.; Shahid, M.; Tanwir, K.; Abbas, S.; Ali, Q.; Niazi, N.K.; Akram, M.S.; Saleem, M.H.; Javed, M.T. Elucidating distinct oxidative stress management, nutrient acquisition and yield responses of Pisum sativum L. fertigated with diluted and treated wastewater. Agric. Water Manag. 2021, 247, 106720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hameed, A.; Akram, N.A.; Saleem, M.H.; Ashraf, M.; Ahmed, S.; Ali, S.; Abdullah Alsahli, A.; Alyemeni, M.N. Seed Treatment with α-Tocopherol Regulates Growth and Key Physio-Biochemical Attributes in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Plants under Water Limited Regimes. Agronomy 2021, 11, 469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mumtaz, S.; Saleem, M.H.; Hameed, M.; Batool, F.; Parveen, A.; Amjad, S.F.; Mahmood, A.; Arfan, M.; Ahmed, S.; Yasmin, H. Anatomical adaptations and ionic homeostasis in aquatic halophyte Cyperus laevigatus L. under high salinities. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 2655–2666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.N.; Zhang, J.; Luo, T.; Liu, J.; Rizwan, M.; Fahad, S.; Xu, Z.; Hu, L. Seed priming with melatonin coping drought stress in rapeseed by regulating reactive oxygen species detoxification: Antioxidant defense system, osmotic adjustment, stomatal traits and chloroplast ultrastructure perseveration. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 140, 111597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imran, M.; Sun, X.; Hussain, S.; Ali, U.; Rana, M.S.; Rasul, F.; Saleem, M.H.; Moussa, M.G.; Bhantana, P.; Afzal, J. Molybdenum-Induced Effects on Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Elemental Profile of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Different Nitrogen Sources. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kamran, M.; Parveen, A.; Ahmar, S.; Malik, Z.; Hussain, S.; Chattha, M.S.; Saleem, M.H.; Adil, M.; Heidari, P.; Chen, J.-T. An Overview of Hazardous Impacts of Soil Salinity in Crops, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Amelioration through Selenium Supplementation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 21, 148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rana, M.; Bhantana, P.; Sun, X.-C.; Imran, M.; Shaaban, M.; Moussa, M.; Hamzah Saleem, M.; Elyamine, A.; Binyamin, R.; Alam, M.; et al. Molybdenum as an Essential Element for Crops: An Overview. Int. J. Sci. Res. Growth 2020, 24, 18535. [Google Scholar]
- Rehman, M.; Yang, M.; Fahad, S.; Saleem, M.H.; Liu, L.; Liu, F.; Deng, G. Morpho-physiological traits, antioxidant capacity and nitrogen metabolism in Boehmeria nivea L. under nitrogen fertilizer. Agron. J. 2020, 112, 2988–2997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaseen, R.; Aziz, O.; Saleem, M.H.; Riaz, M.; Zafar-ul-Hye, M.; Rehman, M.; Ali, S.; Rizwan, M.; Nasser Alyemeni, M.; El-Serehy, H.A. Ameliorating the Drought Stress for Wheat Growth through Application of ACC-Deaminase Containing Rhizobacteria along with Biogas Slurry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imran, M.; Hussain, S.; El-Esawi, M.A.; Rana, M.S.; Saleem, M.H.; Riaz, M.; Ashraf, U.; Potcho, M.P.; Duan, M.; Rajput, I.A. Molybdenum Supply Alleviates the Cadmium Toxicity in Fragrant Rice by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Gene Expression. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afzal, J.; Saleem, M.H.; Batool, F.; Elyamine, A.M.; Rana, M.S.; Shaheen, A.; El-Esawi, M.A.; Tariq Javed, M.; Ali, Q.; Arslan Ashraf, M.; et al. Role of Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) in Resistance to Cadmium Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, I.A.; Shalby, N.; MA El-Badri, A.; Saleem, M.H.; Khan, M.N.; Nawaz, M.A.; Qin, M.; Agami, R.A.; Kuai, J.; Wang, B. Stomata and Xylem Vessels Traits Improved by Melatonin Application Contribute to Enhancing Salt Tolerance and Fatty Acid Composition of Brassica napus L. plants. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dimkpa, C.O.; Andrews, J.; Sanabria, J.; Bindraban, P.S.; Singh, U.; Elmer, W.H.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L.; White, J.C. Interactive effects of drought, organic fertilizer, and zinc oxide nanoscale and bulk particles on wheat performance and grain nutrient accumulation. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 722, 137808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delshadi, S.; Ebrahimi, M.; Shirmohammadi, E. Influence of plant-growth-promoting bacteria on germination, growth and nutrients’ uptake of Onobrychis sativa L. under drought stress. J. Plant Interact. 2017, 12, 200–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raza, S.; Farrukh Saleem, M.; Mustafa Shah, G.; Jamil, M.; Haider Khan, I. Potassium applied under drought improves physiological and nutrient uptake performances of wheat (Triticum Aestivun L.). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2013, 13, 175–185. [Google Scholar]
- Abid, M.; Hakeem, A.; Shao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zahoor, R.; Fan, Y.; Suyu, J.; Ata-Ul-Karim, S.T.; Tian, Z.; Jiang, D. Seed osmopriming invokes stress memory against post-germinative drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 2018, 145, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dawood, M.G.; El-Awadi, M.E. Alleviation of salinity stress on Vicia faba L. plants via seed priming with melatonin. Acta Biol. Colomb. 2015, 20, 223–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Wang, G.; Guo, T.; Xing, Y.; Mo, F.; Wang, H.; Fan, J.; Zhang, F. Effects of plastic mulch and nitrogen fertilizer on the soil microbial community, enzymatic activity and yield performance in a dryland maize cropping system. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2021, 72, 400–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Fan, J.; Xing, Y.; Xu, G.; Wang, H.; Deng, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Li, P.; Li, Z. The effects of mulch and nitrogen fertilizer on the soil environment of crop plants. Adv. Agron. 2019, 153, 121–173. [Google Scholar]
- Patel, M.K.; Mishra, A.; Jha, B. Non-targeted metabolite profiling and scavenging activity unveil the nutraceutical potential of psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk). Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Talukder, P.; Talapatra, S.; Ghoshal, N.; Raychaudhuri, S. Antioxidant activity and HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds during in vitro callus culture of Plantago ovata Forsk and effect of exogenous additives on accumulation of phenolic compounds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015, 96, 232–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jamilah, J.; Sharifa, A.; Sharifah, N. GC-MS analysis of various extracts from leaf of Plantago major used as traditional medicine. World Appl. Sci. J. 2012, 17, 67–70. [Google Scholar]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nawaz, M.; Wang, X.; Saleem, M.H.; Khan, M.H.U.; Afzal, J.; Fiaz, S.; Ali, S.; Ishaq, H.; Khan, A.H.; Rehman, N.; et al. Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071404
Nawaz M, Wang X, Saleem MH, Khan MHU, Afzal J, Fiaz S, Ali S, Ishaq H, Khan AH, Rehman N, et al. Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage. Agronomy. 2021; 11(7):1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071404
Chicago/Turabian StyleNawaz, Muhammad, Xiukang Wang, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Muhammad Hafeez Ullah Khan, Javaria Afzal, Sajid Fiaz, Sajjad Ali, Hasnain Ishaq, Aamir Hamid Khan, Nagina Rehman, and et al. 2021. "Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage" Agronomy 11, no. 7: 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071404
APA StyleNawaz, M., Wang, X., Saleem, M. H., Khan, M. H. U., Afzal, J., Fiaz, S., Ali, S., Ishaq, H., Khan, A. H., Rehman, N., Shaukat, S., & Ali, S. (2021). Deciphering Plantago ovata Forsk Leaf Extract Mediated Distinct Germination, Growth and Physio-Biochemical Improvements under Water Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) at Early Growth Stage. Agronomy, 11(7), 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071404