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Article

Estimation of Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration for Short-Panicle Cultivars of Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Silage

by
Satoru Fukagawa
1,
Kyohei Ninomiya
1 and
Yasuyuki Ishii
2,*
1
Nagasaki Agricultural and Forestry Technical Development Center, Nagasaki 859-1404, Japan
2
Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2024, 14(11), 2710; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112710
Submission received: 4 October 2024 / Revised: 29 October 2024 / Accepted: 14 November 2024 / Published: 17 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A linear regression model for predicting total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration in forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) silage was previously developed with traditional cultivars (>30% dry matter, DM as panicle), and we here extend the linear regression model to two short-panicle cultivars, ‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’ (<20% DM as panicle). Silage fermentation quality was superior for the short-panicle cultivars compared to the traditional ones, partly due to higher mono- and oligosaccharide concentrations in leaves and stems. Silage TDN concentration was previously estimated for traditional cultivars by in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude ash (CA) concentration (estimated TDN = 0.329 × IVDMD − 0.688 × CA + 44.5, r2 = 0.815, p < 0.001). In vivo TDN concentration in silages of short-panicle cultivars, ranging from 49.5 to 58.3%, was nearly identical to the TDN concentration estimated by the equation with an error rate <5%, demonstrating that the new equation model can be satisfactorily applied to silages of short-panicle rice cultivars.

1. Introduction

Forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation has been expanding year by year in Japan where it exceeded 44,000 ha in 2021 [1], and in south Korea, its use has expanded to where it is cultivated even in paddy fields reclaimed from high salinity [2,3]. Without regulation in Japan for the past half-century, staple rice would have been overproduced [4]. In an effort to adjust staple rice production to the national demand, improve efficient utilization of arable land and increase the self-sufficiency ratio of livestock feed [5], forage rice production has been given prominence in governmental policy by increasing subsidies to rice producers [6]. Forage rice cultivation also has the effect of suppressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission if livestock manure compost is applied, compared to staple rice plot production without the application of manure compost [7].
Forage rice silage is now fed not only to beef cattle breeding stock but also dairy cows [8,9,10] and fattening beef cattle [11,12], which has improved the self-sufficiency ratio of roughage production in Japan. A similar study using forage rice silage was conducted for feeding Korean fattening Hanwoo steers [13]. However, there are problems with utilizing rice as a feed resource such as the indigestibility of hulls of traditional rice cultivars with long panicles [14], which leads to the excretion of indigestible grain hulls into the cattle dung [15,16,17]. Recently, the acreage of new cultivars of short-panicle forage rice, ‘Tachisuzuka’ [18] and ‘Tachiayaka’ [19], which have a lower percentage of indigestible husk compared to traditional cultivars with long panicles has been expanded [20]. The acreage of these two cultivars in Nagasaki Prefecture has also been expanding year by year.
Hirose et al. [21] reported that short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’ was bred by incorporating a mutation of the SP1 gene from the NRT1/PTR family [22,23]. Hoshida et al. [24] found differences in sugar metabolism of forage rice for the short-panicle and the traditional cultivars and between leaf sheath and internodes in the short-panicle cultivars and showed that ‘Tachisuzuka’ had higher mono- or oligosaccharide concentration, especially in the leaf sheath and internode sections compared to traditional cultivars. Higher concentrations of oligosaccharides in forage rice cultivars are beneficial for producing silage with higher total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration [20]. In a comparison of methane (CH4) emissions of forage rice cultivars in pot experiments, ‘Tachisuzuka’ which is a short panicle type and ‘Fukuhibiki’, a traditional long panicle type, both produced larger amounts than the edible rice cultivar ‘Haenuki’ [25].
Analysis of nutrient concentrations in silages is a labor-intensive process. In order to determine in vivo TDN concentration in silages of short-panicle rice cultivars, plants should be harvested at dough- to yellow-ripe stages and processed to silage after the harvest, followed by in vivo digestion trials that need four head of ruminants, and thus it is essential to prepare feed stock for feeding the test animals [26]. Being able to estimate TDN concentration in these newer short-panicle cultivars that are being used in the expanding cultivation acreage before feeding to ruminants is highly beneficial for livestock producers in building feeding strategies with total mixed rations that also meet feed self-sufficiency goals for roughage sources. Although Fukagawa et al. [26], Hattori et al. [27] and Nakano et al. [28] demonstrated that TDN concentration of forage rice silage can be estimated from forage quality attributes for traditional cultivars, the same process has not yet been established for short-panicle cultivars. Previous research [26] developed the multiple regression model to estimate TDN concentration in the traditional forage rice silage by chemical analysis on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude ash (CA) concentration. However, the model has the possibility to be applied to silages of short-panicle rice cultivars.
Here, growth and yield attributes, fermentation quality and sugar concentration of short-panicle forage rice cultivars ‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’ were compared with the traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’ grown at two sites in three growing seasons and digestibility studies were performed in vivo with Japanese Black (JB) beef cows. A multiple regression model developed for TDN concentration in traditional forage rice silages based on in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD) and crude ash (CA) concentration [26] was extended to short-panicle forage rice silages.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Cultivation and Measurement

For the 2013–2015 seasons at Unzen in southern Nagasaki (gray lowland soils, 32°50′ N, 130°9′ E) and Hirado in northern Nagasaki (red and yellow soils, 33°20′, 129°36′ E), two short-panicle cultivars of forage rice (‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’) and one traditional cultivar (‘Tachiaoba’) were cultivated in plots (plot size: 2000–3000 m2; 15.2–18.5 plants m−2; three replicates per growing condition) within lowland fields. Plots were harvested in the milk to yellow-ripe stages and processed to make round bale silage. As TDN concentrations of forage rice silage differ by cultivar, nitrogen application, growth stage, cultivation area and silage processing method, we cultivated forage rice in various ways to obtain a wide range of TDN concentrations (Table 1).
‘Tachiaoba’ was selected as a control for short-panicle cultivars since it is a leading traditional cultivar of forage rice in the study region [29]. For some years preceding as well as during the study, rice crops in both areas were transplanted in June and harvested at milk to yellow-ripe stages.
Slow-release compound fertilizer (effective for 100 days after application), containing 68–102 kg ha−1 of N, 68–102 kg ha−1 of P and 68–102 kg ha−1 of K, was supplied at planting as shown Table 1. In the 2013 growing season, nitrogen was supplied at 68 kg ha−1, based on determinations of forage rice producers in the region, while in 2014 and thereafter, nitrogen was supplied at around 100 kg ha−1, which is the application rate used for traditional forage rice cultivars [30].
Forage crops were harvested and preserved as silage between September and November. At Unzen, a flail-type harvester equipped with a round baler (JCB1420 Combination Baler; IHI Corp., Sapporo, Japan) was employed to make 10 bales. At Hirado, a disk mower (CM190; Vicon Japan, Saitama, Japan) and a round baler (CR1080TB; Takakita Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan) were used to make six bales. All bales were wrapped with six layers of polyethylene film.
Measurement of growth attributes was conducted at harvest by sampling 10 plants at 10 cm above soil level from each replicate and recording culm and panicle lengths and plant dry weight. For three plants in each replicate, leaves, stems (inclusive of leaf sheath) and panicles were separated and oven-dried at 70 °C for 72 h. Dry samples of each plant fraction for the traditional ‘Tachiaoba’ and short-panicle ‘Tachisuzuka’ cultivars at the Unzen site from 2013 were milled through a 1 mm sieve using a grinder, shaken at 40 °C for 16 h and extracted with 80% ethanol. Ethanol extractions were analyzed for mono- or oligosaccharide concentrations using an HPLC (detector: Refractive Index Detector, RI-2031 Plus, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a Shodex Ionpak KS-801 column (Showa Denko K.K., Kawasaki, Japan), according to Akiyama [31].

2.2. Digestion Trial and Estimation of TDNs

At the Livestock Research Division, Nagasaki Agricultural and Forestry Technical Development Center in Shimabara, Nagasaki (32°50′12″ N, 130°18′19″ E), a digestion study was undertaken to determine the in vivo TDN concentration for five selected short-panicle silages (‘Tachisuzuka’ at Unzen grown in 2013 and at both Hirado and Unzen in 2015, and ‘Tachiayaka’ at both Hirado and Unzen in 2014) using four Japanese Black (JB) beef cows (average live weight, 495 ± 51 kg) as test replicates. The study consisted of a 7-day acclimatization period, a 7-day preliminary period and a 5-day collection period for every cultivar and site [26]. After a 90- to 150-day storage, round baled forage rice silage was fed to JB beef cows at 105% of their maintenance requirement [32]. At 7.1 ± 0.6 kg DM head−1 day−1, intake represented 1.44 ± 0.07% of live weight. Silage was fed twice a day at 9:00 and 15:00 with a supplement of urea to adjust N supply and sodium chloride as required. Water was supplied ad libitum. Feces were collected daily and oven-dried at 60 °C for 48 h to determine crude fat and CA concentration.
Fresh silage was sampled in 1 kg fresh weight samples collected from three positions of top, middle and bottom in each of three bales per cultivar at 60 days after ensiling. Silage samples were oven-dried at 70 °C for 48 h to analyze IVDMD by pepsin-cellulase assay [33] using an in vitro incubator, crude fat and CA concentrations, determined by incinerating silage samples at 550 °C for 2 h in a muffle furnace. In vivo TDN concentration of silage was calculated using the following equation [34]:
In vivo TDN = 1.25 × digestible crude fat concentration + digestible organic matter concentration,
which is similar with Hosoda et al. [35].
Organic matter concentration was calculated with the dry matter concentration minus crude ash concentration. Crude fat and organic matter concentrations were calculated both in forages and feces, and in vivo digestibility of crude fat and organic matter in forages and feces was determined with cattle-feeding trials to calculate digestible crude fat concentration and digestible organic matter concentration [34].
A digestion trial was conducted with four cattle from 31 March to 18 April 2013, from 18 January to 25 February 2014 and 18 January to 25 February 2015.

2.3. Chemical Analysis of Silages

The chemical properties of silage extracts were analyzed for the traditional ‘Tachiaoba’ and the short-panicle ‘Tachisuzuka’ cultivars at Unzen site in 2013 and for the five selected short-panicle silages (‘Tachisuzuka’ at Unzen grown in 2013 and at both Hirado and Unzen in 2015, and ‘Tachiayaka’ at both Hirado and Unzen grown in 2014) in triplicate following previously published methods [36,37]. Subsamples (25 g) of the silages, collected as described in the methods of the previous section ‘Digestion Trial and Calculation of TDN’, were mixed with 200 mL of distilled water and stored in a refrigerator at 5 °C overnight [26]. The pH of silage extracts was measured using a pH meter (S20 Seven Easy pH, Mettler-Toledo AG, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured using a Kjeltec analyzer (Kjeltec system 1035, FOSS A/S Co. Ltd., Hillerød, Denmark), and organic acids were measured with a BTB post-labelling method using a HPLC system (detector: UV/VIS Detector, UV-2070 Plus, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan with a Shodex RS Pak KC-811 column, Showa Denko K.K.), following the guidelines [34]. The IVDMD was determined by pepsin-cellulase assay [33] and CA concentrations were determined by incinerating at 550 °C for 2 h in a muffle furnace and following the methods described in the previous section. The V-SCORE values for assessing silage fermentation quality were determined from the concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric, caproic and valeric acids and NH3-N/total nitrogen concentration [34], as shown in Table 2 [38]. Estimated TDN concentration was calculated by the multiple model [26] as follows:
Estimated TDN = 0.329 × IVDMD − 0.688 × CA + 44.5, r2 = 0.815, n = 17, p < 0.001

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Independent t-tests and analysis of variance by one-way analysis were carried out using StatView for Windows software ver. 5.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Differences between means were evaluated at 5% probability using a Tukey–Kramer test. Therefore, means of variables in both Table 3 and Table 4 were statistically analyzed between cultivars in each year and site with t-test at the 5% level. Variables in Table 5 and Table 6 were statistically analyzed with the analysis of variance by one-way analysis at the 5% level, and then, differences between means were evaluated at 5% probability using a Tukey–Kramer test. The authors checked the test for equality of variance in normality of data distribution and homogeneity of variance by an F-test on variables in Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6.

3. Results

3.1. Growth and Yield Attributes of Short-Panicle Cultivars

Growth attributes of culm length, panicle length, fresh and DM yields and DM percentage of panicle are shown in Table 3 for both short-panicle cultivars and the traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’. Across sites and years, the short-panicle cultivars ‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’ had shorter panicle length with longer culm length than the traditional cultivar, ‘Tachiaoba’. Panicle DM percentage to whole plant in ‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’ was lower than in ‘Tachiaoba’, showing characteristics specific to the short-panicle property; however, ‘Tachisuzuka’ harvested at the immature milk stage at the Hirado site in 2015 did not have a significantly lower panicle DM percentage than ‘Tachiaoba’.

3.2. Fermentation Quality of Silage Ensiled for 60 Days and Digestion Trial of Silage Fed to JB Beef Cattle at 60 Days from Ensilage in 2013

Organic acid composition, pH and fermentation quality are shown in Table 4A for both short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’ and traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’ silages for the Unzen site at 60 days after ensiling in 2013. Although silages of both cultivars were characterized as having good quality based on a V-SCORE of more than 80, lactic acid concentration was significantly higher and pH was significantly lower in the short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’ than in the traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’.
However, as the percentage of lactic acid was the highest among the organic acids in the short-panicle silages in the present study, it was considered that mono- and oligosaccharide concentrations in short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’ were significantly higher than in traditional ‘Tachiaoba’ for leaves and stems as well as for whole plants (Table 4B). Saccharide composition is considered to lead to higher lactic acid and lower pH in silages of ‘Tachisuzuka’ than of ‘Tachiaoba’.
Moisture content, pH, organic acid composition and fermentation quality of five forage rice silages examined in the digestion trials are shown in Table 5. Silage moisture content ranged from 43.5% to 65.7%, and silages with moisture content above 62% were obtained from the Unzen site. Except for ‘Tachiayaka’ silage at the Hirado site in 2014, short-panicle silages contained high lactic acid content ranging from 1.6% to 5.0% and were assessed as being of satisfactory fermentation quality with V-SCORE above 83.

3.3. Relationship Between In Vivo and Estimated TDNs

In the present study, the in vivo TDN concentration of the short-panicle silages estimated by digestion trials with JB beef cows ranged from 49.5% to 59.5% (Table 6).
Variations in TDN concentration across the present short-panicle silages were derived from those in examined sites, harvest stages and processing methods, indicating its significance for accurately predicting the TDN concentration of forage rice silages when fed to the ruminants. The relationship between in vivo TDN and estimated TDN in short panicle forage rice silage showed a positive correlation at the significance level of 5% (r = 0.919) in Figure 1. The in vivo TDN concentration of different silages showed an almost one-to-one correspondence with the estimated TDN concentration derived from IVDMD and CA with an error rate within the 5% range, as shown in Table 6.

4. Discussion

4.1. Comparision of Growth and Yield Attributes Between Short-Panicle and Traditional Cultivars

The highest biomass production was achieved at the optimal fertilizer rate of 14 g N m−2 [39], which was 27% to 51% higher than at the present rates of 6.8 to 10.2 g m−2. However, DM yield for short-panicle cultivars ‘Tachisuzuka’ and ‘Tachiayaka’ was comparable to that of traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’ across two sites and 3 years, suggesting that the present fertilizer levels are sufficient for the growth of these short-panicle forage rice cultivars. However, in the northern Tohoku region of Japan [40], DM yield of forage rice was higher in short-panicle cultivars than in traditional cultivars under a fertilizer level [38] comparable that in the present study.

4.2. Fermentation Quality of Silage Ensiled for 60 Days and Digestion Trial of Silages Fed to JB Beef Cattle

The short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachiayaka’ silage, which had the lowest moisture content at 43.5% and was cultivated at the Hirado site in 2014, had the highest pH with the lowest lactic acid content, given that a lower moisture content around 40% should retard the fermentation process in silages. It is often reported that lactic acid fermentation is promoted in silage with more than 40% DM [41], while acetic acid fermentation tends to be more dominant to lactic acid fermentation in most forage rice silages [42,43]. Kawamoto et al. [41] determined that ethanol fermentation dominates lactic acid fermentation in traditional forage rice silages based on the presence of an excess of ethanol in the silages [44]. However, in the short-panicle silages examined in the present study for which lactic acid was the highest percentage among the organic acids, the mono- and oligosaccharide concentrations in the short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’ were significantly higher than in the traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’ for leaves and stems as well as for the whole plant (Table 4B), corroborating results obtained in a previous study [18]. Saccharide composition is considered to lead to higher lactic acid and lower pH in silage from short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’ than in that from traditional cultivar ‘Tachiaoba’.

4.3. Accuracy of Estimated TDNs from In Vivo TDNs

The TDN concentration of forage rice silages harvested at the yellow-ripe stage was reported to be about 55% in traditional cultivars [45]. In the present study, in vivo TDN concentration of the short-panicle silages estimated by digestion trials with JB beef cows ranged from 49.5% to 59.5% (Table 6). Fukagawa et al. [26] examined TDN concentration of forage rice silages in traditional cultivars, ranging from 40.6% to 55.1%; here, the short-panicle silages showed TDN concentration that was 4.4 to 8.9 points higher than for the traditional cultivars. However, it was clear that the TDN concentration of the short-panicle silages can decline to below 50%. Forage rice shows an increasing tendency in indigestible grain hull percentage in cattle dung with an increasing panicle weight percentage, while in short-panicle cultivar ‘Tachisuzuka’, panicle weight percentage in the present study ranged from 16.3% to 18.8%, which was higher than the previous reports at 5% to 15% [29]. Matsushita et al. [46] identified that breeding cow-calf and dairy producers who evaluated the short-panicle forage rice found it to be of high feeding quality based on the low percentage of the indigestible grain hulls in cattle feces; however, low seed propagation efficiency causes problems in forage rice cultivation. Low propagation efficiency can be solved either by increasing ear number with an increase in nitrogen fertilization at the panicle-formation stage [47,48] or by reducing planting density to 11 plants m−2 [46]. The present planting densities were 15.2 and 18.5 plants m−2 at Unzen and Hirado, respectively (Table 2), which were not greatly lower than conventional densities. However, in the present study, slow-release chemical fertilizer was applied as the nitrogen source, which might effectively increase the tiller number at the panicle formation stage and lead to an increase in panicle weight percentage above 15% with an increase in panicle number. Therefore, the percentage of indigestible grain hulls in cattle feces increased and TDN concentration in silages declined to below 50% for forage rice silages of the short-panicle cultivars tested at Unzen in 2013. At the Unzen site, TDN concentrations of short-panicle forage rice silages were 49.5, 52.9 and 53.8% in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, which were lower (p < 0.05) than those examined in the Hirado site. We assume that the lower TDN concentrations at Unzen were related to higher (p < 0.05) concentration of indigestible crude ash concentration at 20.3, 17.4 and 16.6% in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, which was caused by reclaimed lands [49].
These results suggest that TDN concentration of forage rice silages can be predicted from IVDMD and CA using laboratory techniques, and these are applicable for not only traditional cultivars [26] but also short-panicle forage rice silages. Although IVDMD evaluation by pepsin-cellulase assay was originally applied to tropical grasses [33], this procedure is applicable to forage rice silages with short-panicle cultivars.
Kato [4] concluded that forage rice silages with low lignin and silica concentrations of the short-panicle cultivars have improved quality with high TDN concentration, but this assertion remains to be confirmed by digestion trials. Since the TDN concentration can be estimated by the regression equation already developed by [26], which has been shown to be applicable to short-panicle silages, it is expected that the equation can also be used for breeding forage rice cultivars with an aim of achieving high TDN concentration.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we examined the differences in growth attributes and mono- and oligosaccharides of forages at ensilage between traditional and short-panicle forage rice cultivars, and fermentation quality, in vivo TDN concentration, IVDMD and CA concentration of short-panicle forage rice silages. Based on these data, we validated that the multiple regression model developed for TDN concentration in traditional forage rice silages can be applied to the prediction of TDN concentration in short-panicle cultivar silages. In addition, the model could be adapted for future studies focused on selecting cultivars with high TDN concentrations in a specific paddy field condition.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.F. and Y.I.; methodology, S.F. and K.N.; validation, S.F.; formal analysis, K.N.; investigation, S.F. and K.N.; data curation, Y.I.; writing—original draft preparation, S.F.; writing—review and editing, K.N. and Y.I.; visualization, Y.I.; supervision, S.F.; project administration, S.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors are deeply grateful to A., Ooura and to the permanent and temporary staff of the Forage Crops and Grassland Section of the Nagasaki Agricultural and Forestry Technical Development Center for their contributions to conducting the present research. The authors thank K., Ooyama and F., Umemoto for their help with cultivation and round-bale silage processing of forage rice in dairy farmers’ fields.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Relationship between estimated total digestible nutrients (TDNs) and in vivo TDNs in the short-panicle forage rice silage, based on data from Table 6.
Figure 1. Relationship between estimated total digestible nutrients (TDNs) and in vivo TDNs in the short-panicle forage rice silage, based on data from Table 6.
Agronomy 14 02710 g001
Table 1. Cultivation parameters for forage rice cultivars along with harvest and processing practices across two experimental sites and 3 years.
Table 1. Cultivation parameters for forage rice cultivars along with harvest and processing practices across two experimental sites and 3 years.
YearSiteCultivarTypeTrans-plant DatePlant Spacing
(Density)		Elemental Fertilizer
(kg ha−1)		Harvest
Stage		Ensiling
Date		Harvest and Ensiling Practice
NP2O5K2O
2013UnzenTachiaobaTraditional22 Jun.30 × 22 cm
(15.2 plants m−2)		686868Yellow-ripe30 Oct.Flail-type harvester equipped with a round baler
TachisuzukaShort-panicleYellow-ripe
2014HiradoTachiaobaTraditional4 Jun.30 × 18 cm
(18.5 plants m−2)		929292Dough-ripe17 Sep.Disk mower and round baler
TachiayakaShort-panicleDough-ripe
2014UnzenTachisuzukaShort-panicle25 Jun.30 × 22 cm
(15.2 plants m−2)		959595Yellow-ripe20 Oct.Flail-type harvester equipped with a round baler
TachiayakaShort-panicleYellow-ripe
2015HiradoTachiaobaTraditional10 Jun.30 × 18 cm
(18.5 plants m−2)		102102102Dough-ripe30 Sep.Disk mower and round baler
TachisuzukaShort-panicleMilk
2015UnzenTachiaobaTraditional25 Jun.30 × 22 cm
(15.2 plants m−2)		102102102Dough-ripe16 Oct.Flail-type harvester equipped with a round baler
TachisuzukaShort-panicleYellow-ripe
Table 2. Calculation of V-SCORE evaluation (Y) for silage (% FW) [38].
Table 2. Calculation of V-SCORE evaluation (Y) for silage (% FW) [38].
NH3-N/TN 1EvaluationC2 + C3 Evaluation 2C4 + C5 + C6 Evaluation 3V-SCORE Evaluation 4
XaYaXbYbXcYcY
≤5Ya = 50≤0.2Yb = 100Yc = 40Y = Ya + Yb + Yc
5–10Ya = 60 − 2 × Xa0.2–1.5Yb = (150 − 100 × Xa)/130–0.5Yc = 40 − 80 × Xc
10–20Ya = 80 − 4 × Xa>1.5Yb = 0>0.5Yc = 0
>20Ya = 0
1 Ammonia-nitrogen/total nitrogen × 100. 2 Sum of acetic and propionic acids. 3 Sum of butyric, caproic and valeric acids containing each isomer. 4 V-SCORE indicates fermentation quality of silage with scores of good (above 80), fair (60–80) and poor (below 60).
Table 3. Culm length, panicle length, fresh matter yield, dry matter yield and dry matter percentage of panicle for forage rice cultivars.
Table 3. Culm length, panicle length, fresh matter yield, dry matter yield and dry matter percentage of panicle for forage rice cultivars.
YearSiteCultivarPanicle TypeCulm Length (cm)Panicle Length (cm)Fresh Matter Yield
(g m−2)		Dry Matter Yield
(g m−2)		Dry Matter Percentage of Panicle to Whole Plant
2013UnzenTachiaobaTraditional84.9 ± 0.9 1 b 2 23.5 ± 0.8 a 22680 ± 183 b1259 ± 68 ns42.6 ± 1.2 a
TachisuzukaShort-panicle119.5 ± 3.2 a13.0 ± 0.7 b4195 ± 806 a1534 ± 28118.8 ± 0.6 b
2014HiradoTachiaobaTraditional97.1 ± 1.5 b 32.0 ± 0.6 a4469 ± 343 a 1355 ± 116 ns30.2 ± 1.3 a
TachiayakaShort-panicle107.6 ± 1.2 a13.6 ± 0.5 b 3466 ± 213 b1363 ± 5215.6 ± 0.6 b
2014UnzenTachisuzukaShort-panicle103.6 ± 1.7 b7.8 ± 0.6 ns3896 ± 392 ns1658 ± 171 ns16.3 ± 2.3 ns
TachiayakaShort-panicle110.1 ± 2.5 a6.2 ± 1.73542 ± 4801430 ± 1667.5 ± 6.0
2015HiradoTachiaobaTraditional95.9 ± 1.4 b23.2 ± 0.6 a4216 ± 363 ns1406 ± 96 ns16.0 ± 0.7 ns
TachisuzukaShort-panicle112.0 ± 1.6 a14.5 ± 0.8 b4256 ± 5921495 ± 21617.3 ± 2.3
2015UnzenTachiaobaTraditional93.6 ± 2.1 b20.7 ± 1.7 a4617 ± 279 ns1629 ± 53 ns27.4 ± 1.8 a
TachisuzukaShort-panicle110.3 ± 1.6 a12.0 ± 0.3 b4841 ± 2861846 ± 14916.8 ± 1.0 b
1 Average ± standard deviation (n = 3). 2 Values with different lowercase letters within the same column, year and site are significantly different at the 5% level (ns: non-significant).
Table 4. Fermentation quality of silage for forage rice cultivars at 60 days from ensilage (A) and mono- and oligosaccharide concentration in plant fractions at ensilage in 2013 (B).
Table 4. Fermentation quality of silage for forage rice cultivars at 60 days from ensilage (A) and mono- and oligosaccharide concentration in plant fractions at ensilage in 2013 (B).
(A)
Fermentation quality
SiteCultivarTypeMoisture (%)pHOrganic Acid CompositionNH3-N/TN 3
(%)		V-SCORE 4
Lactic
(% FW 5)		C2 + C3 1
(% FW)		C4 + C5 + C6 2
(% FW)
UnzenTachiaobaTraditional62.46 ± 1.75 6 a 74.63 ± 0.23 a0.91 ± 0.31 b0.18 ± 0.03 b0.15 ± 0.03 a1.15 ± 0.05 ns87.84 ± 2.16 b
TachisuzukaShort-panicle66.61 ± 0.68 b4.26 ± 0.01 b1.62 ± 0.19 a0.30 ± 0.01 a0.01 ± 0.03 b1.91 ± 0.1198.00 ± 2.09 a
(B)
Mono- and oligosaccharide concentration in plant fractions
SiteCultivarTypePlant Fraction
Leaves and Stems
(% DW 8)		Panicles
(% DW)		Whole Plants
(% DW)
UnzenTachiaobaTraditional4.64 ± 0.64 9 b 100.88 ± 0.11 ns3.04 ± 0.37 b
TachisuzukaShort-panicle12.5 ± 4.36 a0.99 ± 0.1210.31 ± 3.63 a
1 Sum of acetic and propionic acids. 2 Sum of butyric, caproic and valeric acids containing each isomer. 3 Ratio of ammonia-nitrogen to total nitrogen. 4 V-SCORE indicates fermentation quality of silage with scores of good (above 80), fair (60–80) and poor (below 60). 5 Fresh matter weight (FW). 6 Average ± standard deviation (n = 3). 7 Values with different small letters within the same column are significantly different at the 5% level (ns: non-significant). 8 Dry matter weight (DW). 9 Average ± standard deviation (n = 3). 10 Values with different small letters within the same column are significantly different at the 5% level (ns: non-significant).
Table 5. Fermentation quality of forage rice silages used for digestion trials, from 2013 to 2015.
Table 5. Fermentation quality of forage rice silages used for digestion trials, from 2013 to 2015.
YearSiteCultivarTypeMoisture
(%)		pHOrganic Acid CompositionNH3-N/TN 3
(%)		V-SCORE 4
Lactic
(% FW)		C2 + C3 1
(% FW)		C4 + C5 + C6 2
(% FW)
2013UnzenTachisuzukaShort-panicle65.68 ± 1.96 5 a 64.14 ± 0.14 c1.96 ± 1.05 c0.84 ± 0.30 b0.12 ± 0.10 ns6.34 ± 0.23 a82.95 ± 6.17 ns
2014HiradoTachiayakaShort-panicle43.51 ± 2.18 c5.25 ± 0.16 a0.12 ± 0.15 c0.46 ± 0.07 b0.05 ± 0.052.09 ± 0.04 b91.66 ± 3.77
2014UnzenTachiayakaShort-panicle65.14 ± 0.56 a3.96 ± 0.09 c1.62 ± 0.31 bc0.94 ± 0.04 a0.08 ± 0.016.90 ± 0.43 a83.93 ± 1.43
2015HiradoTachisuzukaShort-panicle55.15 ± 1.42 b4.77 ± 0.10 b1.73 ± 0.21 bc0.36 ± 0.03 b0.11 ± 0.013.23 ± 0.78 b90.32 ± 1.07
2015UnzenTachisuzukaShort-panicle62.31 ± 2.77 a3.85 ± 0.09 c5.04 ± 0.79 a0.62 ± 0.03 ab0.09 ± 0.083.51 ± 0.31 b89.87 ± 6.52
1 Sum of acetic and propionic acids. 2 Sum of butyric, caproic and valeric acids containing each isomer. 3 Ratio of ammonia-nitrogen to total nitrogen. 4 V-SCORE indicates fermentation quality of silages with score of good (above 80), fair (60–80) and poor (below 60). 5 Average ± standard deviation (n = 3). 6 Values with different small letters within the same column are significantly different at the 5% level (ns: non-significant).
Table 6. In vivo total digestible nutrient (TDN) and estimated TDN concentrations for the short-panicle forage rice silages from in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude ash (CA) concentration, harvested in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
Table 6. In vivo total digestible nutrient (TDN) and estimated TDN concentrations for the short-panicle forage rice silages from in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude ash (CA) concentration, harvested in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
YearSiteCultivarTypeHarvest StageIn Vivo TDN 1 (%)IVDMD (%)CA (% DM)Estimated TDN 2 (%)Error Rate (%)
2013UnzenTachisuzukaShort-panicleYellow-ripe49.5 ± 1.6 3 c 454.5 ± 3.3 c20.3 ± 0.9 a48.5 ± 1.6 c2.0
2014UnzenTachiayakaShort-panicleYellow-ripe52.9 ± 1.5 bc64.3 ± 0.6 ab17.4 ± 0.7 b53.8 ± 0.6 b1.7
2014HiradoTachiayakaShort-panicleDough-ripe59.5 ± 1.1 a67.6 ± 3.2 a12.5 ± 0.3 c58.1 ± 0.9 a2.4
2015UnzenTachisuzukaShort-panicleYellow-ripe53.8 ± 3.3 b66.6 ± 1.2 ab16.6 ± 1.3 b55.0 ± 0.6 b2.2
2015HiradoTachisuzukaShort-panicleDough-ripe58.3 ± 1.3 a61.0 ± 0.8 b13.0 ± 0.6 c55.6 ± 0.5 ab4.6
1 Values obtained by digestion trial test with JB beef cows. 2 Values calculated by the equation of Fukagawa et al. (2007) (Estimated TDN = 0.329 × IVDMD − 0.688 × CA + 44.5). 3 Average ± standard deviation (n = 4). 4 Values with different small letters within the same column are significantly different at the 5% level.
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Fukagawa, S.; Ninomiya, K.; Ishii, Y. Estimation of Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration for Short-Panicle Cultivars of Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Silage. Agronomy 2024, 14, 2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112710

AMA Style

Fukagawa S, Ninomiya K, Ishii Y. Estimation of Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration for Short-Panicle Cultivars of Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Silage. Agronomy. 2024; 14(11):2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112710

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fukagawa, Satoru, Kyohei Ninomiya, and Yasuyuki Ishii. 2024. "Estimation of Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration for Short-Panicle Cultivars of Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Silage" Agronomy 14, no. 11: 2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112710

APA Style

Fukagawa, S., Ninomiya, K., & Ishii, Y. (2024). Estimation of Total Digestible Nutrient Concentration for Short-Panicle Cultivars of Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Silage. Agronomy, 14(11), 2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112710

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