Coupling Relationship and Interactive Response between Intensive Land Use and Tourism Industry Development in China’s Major Tourist Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. The Coupling and Coordination Mechanism of ILU and TID
2.3. Implementation of Methodology
2.3.1. Construction of Evaluation Index System
2.3.2. Evaluation Method of Development Level
2.3.3. Coupling Coordination Degree Model
2.3.4. Panel Vector Auto-Regression Model
2.4. Data Sources
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Index of ILU and TID
3.1.1. ILU Index
3.1.2. TID Index
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Coupling Coordination Degree
3.2.1. Characteristics of Time-Series Change
3.2.2. Spatial Characteristics
3.3. Analysis of Interaction Mechanism
3.3.1. PVAR Model Test
3.3.2. Impulse Response
3.3.3. Variance Decomposition
4. Discussion
4.1. Coupling Relationship between ILU and TID
4.2. Interaction between ILU and TID
4.3. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The indices of ILU and TID in China’s major tourist cities show an increasing trend, and the development statuses of both are generally acceptable.
- (2)
- During the study period, the coupling and coordination degree of ILU and TID in major tourist cities in China was optimized year by year. The coupling coordination degree from 2004 to 2008 was less than 0.2, which belonged to the severe disorder recession stage. The coupling coordination degree from 2009 to 2018 was between 0.2 and 0.4, which belonged to the moderate maladjustment recession stage. In terms of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination degree of tourist cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta region, and Pearl River Delta region was at a high level, whereas tourist cities in the western region were always in a serious imbalance state.
- (3)
- The interaction between ILU and TID is not the influence of a single trend but will constantly change with the change in the development level between them. The intensity of ILU on TID is significantly higher than that of TID on ILU.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | Primary Indicator | Secondary Indicator | Unit | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
ILU system | Input intensity | Fixed asset investment per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.0573 |
Number of tertiary industry employees per unit area | Person/km2 | 0.0863 | ||
Real estate development investment per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.0817 | ||
Utilization degree | Urban development land per capita | km2/person | 0.0269 | |
Employment density | Person/km2 | 0.0889 | ||
Urban road area per capita | km2/person | 0.0361 | ||
Economic benefit | GDP per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.0946 | |
Financial revenue per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.1334 | ||
Retail sales of consumer goods per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.0821 | ||
Output value of the tertiary industry per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.1095 | ||
Total postal and telecommunications services per unit area | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.1356 | ||
Ecological benefit | Green coverage rate in built-up areas | % | 0.0024 | |
Urban green space per capita | km2/person | 0.0564 | ||
Centralized treatment rate of urban domestic sewage | % | 0.0052 | ||
Safe household garbage disposal rate | % | 0.0036 | ||
TID system | Industry benefit | Earning from domestic tourism | RMB100,000,000 | 0.1049 |
Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism | USD 10,000 | 0.1657 | ||
Annual growth rate of total tourism income | % | 0.0070 | ||
Industry scale | Number of domestic tourists | 10,000 person | 0.0963 | |
Number of international tourists | Person | 0.3633 | ||
Annual growth rate of total tourist arrivals | % | 0.0388 | ||
Industry status | Proportion of total earning from tourism in GDP | % | 0.0528 | |
Percent of total earnings from tourism in tertiary industry | % | 0.0456 | ||
Tourism output density | RMB10,000/km2 | 0.1256 |
Coupling Coordination | Degree | Relative Development | Meaning and Feature |
---|---|---|---|
0 < D ≤ 0.2 | Serious incoordination | R < 0.8 | I-1 ILU lag |
0.8 ≤ R < 2 | I-2 Synchronized | ||
R ≥ 1.2 | I-3 TID lag | ||
0.2 < D ≤ 0.4 | Intermediate incoordination | R < 0.8 | II-1 ILU lag |
0.8 ≤ R < 2 | II-2 Synchronized | ||
R ≥ 1.2 | II-3 TID lag | ||
0.4 < D ≤ 0.6 | Primary coordination | R < 0.8 | III-1 ILU lag |
0.8 ≤ R < 2 | III-2 Synchronized | ||
R ≥ 1.2 | III-3 TID lag | ||
0.6< D ≤ 0.8 | Intermediate coordination | R < 0.8 | IV-1 ILU lag |
0.8 ≤ R < 2 | IV-2 Synchronized | ||
R ≥ 1.2 | IV-3 TID lag | ||
0.8 < D ≤ 1 | Quality coordination | R < 0.8 | V-1 ILU lag |
0.8 ≤ R < 2 | V-2 Synchronized | ||
R ≥ 1.2 | V-3 TID lag |
Year | Coupling Coordination | Relative Development | Type | Year | Coupling Coordination | Relative Development | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | 0.1702 | 0.4764 | I-1 | 2012 | 0.2414 | 0.7595 | II-1 |
2005 | 0.1740 | 0.5959 | I-1 | 2013 | 0.2514 | 0.8090 | II-2 |
2006 | 0.1811 | 0.6110 | I-1 | 2014 | 0.2629 | 0.8099 | II-2 |
2007 | 0.1902 | 0.6192 | I-1 | 2015 | 0.2718 | 0.8031 | II-2 |
2008 | 0.1948 | 0.7307 | I-1 | 2016 | 0.2834 | 0.7676 | II-1 |
2009 | 0.2044 | 0.7254 | II-1 | 2017 | 0.2954 | 0.7344 | II-1 |
2010 | 0.2176 | 0.7455 | II-1 | 2018 | 0.3057 | 0.6968 | II-1 |
2011 | 0.2325 | 0.8487 | II-2 |
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Huang, C.; Lin, F.; Chu, D.; Wang, L.; Liao, J.; Wu, J. Coupling Relationship and Interactive Response between Intensive Land Use and Tourism Industry Development in China’s Major Tourist Cities. Land 2021, 10, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070697
Huang C, Lin F, Chu D, Wang L, Liao J, Wu J. Coupling Relationship and Interactive Response between Intensive Land Use and Tourism Industry Development in China’s Major Tourist Cities. Land. 2021; 10(7):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070697
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chengkun, Feiyang Lin, Deping Chu, Lanlan Wang, Jiawei Liao, and Junqian Wu. 2021. "Coupling Relationship and Interactive Response between Intensive Land Use and Tourism Industry Development in China’s Major Tourist Cities" Land 10, no. 7: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070697
APA StyleHuang, C., Lin, F., Chu, D., Wang, L., Liao, J., & Wu, J. (2021). Coupling Relationship and Interactive Response between Intensive Land Use and Tourism Industry Development in China’s Major Tourist Cities. Land, 10(7), 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070697