1. Introduction
Given a structured object
of any sort, a symmetry is a mapping of the object
onto itself such that the structure is preserved. This kind of mapping can occur in many ways: On one hand, if
is a set with no additional structure, a symmetry is a bijective map from the set
to itself, which often results in a permutation group. On the other hand, if object
is a set of points in the plane with its metric structure, a symmetry is a bijection of the set
to itself, which preserves the distance between each pair of points
. In [
1], Sain established the idea of left symmetric and right symmetric points in Banach spaces (recall that an element
is known as left symmetric if
implies
for all
, whereas an element
is known as right symmetric if
implies
for all
. Hence, an element
is a symmetric point if
ℏ is both left symmetric and right symmetric).
Let
be a normed linear space. For any two elements
in
,
ℏ is said to be orthogonal to
in the sense of Birkhoff–James [
2], written
, if and only if
. Birkhoff–James orthogonality is related to many important geometric properties of normed linear spaces including strict convexity, uniform convexity and smoothness.
Let
C be a nonempty, closed and convex subset of a real Banach space
E. If
is a dual of
E, then the mapping
defined by the following:
is known as normalized duality mapping.
Let be a nonlinear mapping. We will denote the set of all fixed points of T by . The set of common fixed points of finite family of mappings will be denoted by , where (the set of natural numbers).
Definition 1. A self mapping T on C is said to be L-Lipschitizian, if for all , there exists a constant such that the following is the case:where L is known as Lipschitz constant. Definition 2. A mapping T is known as -enriched Lipschitizian (or -enriched Lipschitizian) if for all , there exists and a continuous nondecreasing function , with , such that the following is the case. Remark 1. In special case, where , then the -enriched Lipschitizian mapping T is known as -Lipschitzian; if and , for , then T is known as Lipschitzian mapping with L as the Lipschitz constant. In particular, if , and , then the -enriched Lipschitizian mapping T is known as nonexpansive mapping on C.
Now, if
In this case, inequality (
3) becomes the following:
and, hence, we obtain the following.
Inequality (
4) can be written as follows:
where
. Note that the mapping
is
-Lipschitizian in the sense of Hicks and Kubecek [
3].
Remark 2. Every Lipschitz mapping is automatically -Lipschitzian but the converse implications may not be true (see [3] for more details). Moreover, every -Lipschitz mapping is a -enriched Lipschitz mapping. Note that if , then (5) reduces to the following:and it is known as b-enriched nonexpansive mapping. The concept of b-enriched nonexpansive mapping was established by Berinde [4] as a generalization of an important class of mapping known as nonexpansive mapping. Apart from being an obvious generalization of the contraction mapping (and its connection with monotonicity method), nonexpansive mapping belongs to the first class of nonlinear mapping for which fixed-point theorems were obtained by utilizing geometric properties instead of the compactness conditions. This class of mapping could also be seen in applications as transition operators for initial value problems of differential inclusion, accretive operators, monotone operators, variational inequality problems and equilibrium problems. Several generalizations of nonexpansive mappings in different directions have been studied by different researchers in the current literature; see, for instance, Refs. [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] and the references therein. Note that, in particular that, if is not necessarily nondecreasing and satisfies for , then T is known as a nonlinear contraction on C. Example 1. Let be defined by the following. Consider Clearly, is continuous and nondecreasing. First notice that the mapping T is subadditive. Suppose that . Then, we have the following. Utilizing the subadditivity of T, we obtain the following. Thus, T is -Lipschitizian (or -enriched Lipschitizian) mapping with as the -function. Now, suppose that T is Lipschitizian with constant Then, for all with and , we have . Hence, for all , . Letting , we obtain a contradiction. Consequently, T is not Lipschitizian.
Definition 3 ([
14])
. A mapping T is known as -enriched strictly pseudocontractive mapping (-ESPCM) if for all , there exist and such that the following is the case. Note that if
in inequality (
7), we obtain a class of mapping known as
k-strictly pseudocontractive mapping, and if
, then the inequality (
7) reduces to a class of mapping defined by (
6). Thus, the class of
-ESPCM is a superclass of the class of
b-enriched nonexpansive mapping and
k-strictly pseudocontractive mapping (for more details, see, [
14,
15,
16,
17,
18]).
Set
, for
. Then, from inequality (
7), we have the following:
where
satisfies the inequality (
5). Here, the average operator
is
k-strictly pseudocontractive mapping. If
in (
8), then we have a pseudocontraction. Thus, the class of
-strictly pseudocontractive mappings is a subclass of the class of
b-enriched pseudocontractive mappings.
In a real Banach space, inequality (
8) is equivalent to the following:
where
. If
I denotes the identity mapping, then inequality (
9) can be written in the following form.
Again, the average operator
in this setting is still a strict pseudocontraction. The class of
-enriched strictly pseudocontractive mappings was established in 2019 by Berinde as a generalization of the class of
k-strictly pseudocontractive mappings (i.e, a mapping
such that for all
and
, we have
. If
, then we have a pseudocontraction. The class of strictly pseudocontractive mappings, defined in the setup of a real Hilbert space, was introduced in 1967 by Browder and Petryshym [
19] as a superclass of the class of nonexpansive mappings and a subclass of the class of Lipschitz pseudocontractive mappings. Whereas lipschitz pseudocontractive mappings are generally not continuous, the strictly pseudocontractive mappings inherit Lipschitz properties from their definitions). He proved that if
C is a bounded, closed and convex subset of a real Hilbert space and
is a
-enriched strictly pseudocontractive mapping, then
T has a fixed point. He examined the following theorems.
Theorem 1. Let C be a bounded closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space and is a -enriched strictly pseudocontractive demicompact mapping. Then, , and for any and any fixed , the Krasnoselkii iteration sequence given by the following:which converges strongly to a fixed point of the mapping T. Theorem 2. Let C is a bounded closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space and is a -ESPCM for some . Then , and for any , and any control sequence such that and , the Krasnoselkii–Mann iteration sequence given by the following:for some converges weakly to a fixed point of a mapping T. Modified Mixed-Type Ishikawa Iteration Scheme
Let
E be a real Banach space and
K be a nonempty closed and convex subset of
E. Let
be a finite family of
-enriched
-Lipschitizian self mappings and
be a finite family of enriched strictly pseudocontractive self mappings. If
, then the new hybrid-type iteration scheme for the above mentioned mappings is as follows:
with
where
with the following being the case.
The above Hybrid-type iteration sequence can be written in compact form as follows:
where
also
, and
are two bounded sequences.
The following well known iteration schemes can be obtained as special cases from inequality (
11).
Remark 3. - 1.
If , where I denotes the identity map in K, for all , in inequality (11), we have the following:where are as in inequality (11). - 2.
For in inequality (12), we have the following:where are as stated in inequality (11). - 3.
If in inequality (13), we obtain the well-known Ishikawa iteration scheme as follows:where are as in inequality (11). - 4.
If in (14), we obtain the Mann iteration scheme as discussed below: For an arbitrary , the sequence is given by the following:where is as in inequality (11).
From (
12)–(
15), it is clear that the iteration scheme considered in this paper is much more general than several iteration schemes so far employed in obtaining convergence theorems in the current literature.
Motivated and inspired by the results in [
4,
14,
15], our main focus in this manuscript is to examine the new iteration scheme defined by inequality (
11), extend the idea of
-ESPCM from a real Hilbert space to a more general Banach space and from a single
-ESPCM as considered in [
14] to a finite family of
-enriched strictly pseudocontractive mappings. Furthermore, we shall introduce various strong convergence theorems of the iterative scheme defined by inequality (
11) for a mixed-type finite family of
-enriched strictly pseudocontractive mapping and finite family of
-enriched
-Lipschitizian mapping in the setup of real uniformly convex Banach spaces.
The manuscript is organized as follows:
Section 2 is devoted to some preliminary results which will be helpful in examining the main findings of this manuscript are recalled; Theorem 4 and some of its consequences are the subject of
Section 3 and
Section 4 concludes the paper.
3. Main Results
In this section, we will provide some fixed point results for -enriched strictly pseudocontractive, demicompact and -enriched -Lipschitizian mapping in uniformly convex Banach spaces.
Theorem 3. Let C be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of a UCBS and be -enriched strictly pseudocontractive and demicompact mapping. Let , then for any , and , the sequence defined by the following:converges strongly to a fixed point of a mapping T, where and I is an identity mapping. Proof. Using inequality (
8), we have the following.
Therefore, for any
, the operator
is nonexpansive. Now, consider the sequence
defined by the following:
where
. It is clear that
; hence, it is bounded. Set the following.
Then, by (
19) and nonexpansiveness of
, it follows that
is asymptotically regular.
From (
19) and (
20), we have the following.
Since the mapping
T is demicompact (by hypothesis), it follows, from (
20) that
is also demicompact. Since
and
C is closed and bounded subset of
E, it follows that
is demicompact. Hence, there exists a subsequence
of
that converges strongly to a point
ℓ, which obviously belongs to
C since
C is closed. Again, it is clear that
; since
and
are demicompact,
. Consequently, using (
18), the nonexpansivity of
and Lemma 4, it follows that
; that is,
.
Following the same argument as above, considering (
21) and demicompactness of
T, we obtain
. Thus, we have the following.
Furthermore, using the fact that
is nonexpansive, we obtain the following:
for any positive integer
n. For any
, there exists an integer
such that
, we obtain from (
22) that
for any integer
. Therefore,
converges strongly to
ℓ, a fixed point of a mapping
T. □
Example 2. Let be equipped with the Euclidean norm, and we have the following. Define the mapping by It is easy to see that E is UCBS and that C is a bounded, closed and convex subset of E. Let . Then, for all , we have the following. Moreover, we have the following. From (24) and (25) implies the following. Thus, the mapping T is -enriched strictly pseudocontractive mapping. Again, it is not hard to see that T is demicompact. Furthermore, observe that is a unique fixed point of T.
Next, we show that the sequence defined in (16) (Theorem 3) converges strongly to the fixed point of T. Using the fact that where I is an identity mapping, and by setting as our initial guess, we proceed as follows. Fix and define mapping by . Then, for and in (16), we obtain the following. Again, for in (16), we obtain the following. By continuing in this manner, it can be seen that as and this completes the proof.
Theorem 4. Let E be a real UCBS and C a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let be a finite family -enriched -Lipschitizian self mappings and a finite family of enriched strictly pseudocontractive self mappings. Let be a sequence defined by the following:whereand and are two bounded sequences. Suppose . If the following conditions hold: ;
There exists a constant such that , for some
then the sequence defined by (28) converges strongly to a fixed point . Proof. Let the following:
and the following be the case.
Since
, and
, we have the following.
Moreover, we have the following.
Furthermore, we have the following.
Now, we can write the following.
Moreover, we have the following.
and
Now, using Lemma 1, condition (ii) and the fact that
is strictly pseudocontractive self mapping, we obtain the following.
From (35) and (36), and using the fact that
, we have the following.
Let the following be the case.
and
Using the above information, (37) becomes the following.
Again, by using
, (38) becomes the following.
From (40), we have the following.
where
and
. By conditions (i) and (iii), we obtain
and
.
Again, from (41) and Lemma 2, we obtain that exists.
Now, we claim that
is a Cauchy sequence in
To see this, we apply the inequality
, which holds for all
in (41) to obtain the following:
which, for
provides the following.
Set
Then, for any given
it follows from
and
that there exists a positive integer
and a point
such that the following is the case.
Thus, from (42) and (43), we have, for all
, the following.
Thus, is a Cauchy sequence in E as claimed. The completeness of E guarantees that converges strongly to a point .
Suppose that
we need to show that
However, for any given
, there exists a positive integer
such that the following is the case.
Similarly, there exists
such that the following is the case.
Using the above estimates, we have the following.
Since
is arbitrary, we obtain the following.
Again, from the above estimates, we have the following.
Since
is arbitrary, we obtain the following.
Consequently, This completes the proof. □
Corollary 1. Let E be a real UCBS and C a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let be a finite family of enriched strictly pseudocontractive self mappings. Let be a sequence defined by the following:where and are two bounded sequences. Suppose . If the following conditions hold: ;
There exists a constant such that , for some
then, the sequence defined in (45) converges strongly to fixed point .
Proof. Let
where
I is an identity mapping, in (
28). Then, the results follows as in the proof of Theorem 4. □
Corollary 2. Let E be a real UCBS and C be a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let be finite family of enriched strictly pseudocontractive self mappings. Let be a sequence defined by the following:where, and are two bounded sequences. Suppose . If the following conditions hold: ;
There exists a constant such that , for some
then, the sequence defined by (46) converges strongly to fixed point .
Proof. Let
where
I is an identity mapping, and
in (
28). Then, the results follows as in the proof of Theorem 4. □
Corollary 3. Let E be a real Banach space and C a nonempty closed bounded convex subset of E. Let be two strictly pseudocontractive self mappings. Let be a sequence defined by the following:where . Suppose . If the following conditions hold: ;
There exists a constant such that , for some
then, the sequence defined by (47) converges strongly to a fixed point .
Proof. Let
where
I is an identity mapping, and
in (
28). Then, the results follows as in the proof of Theorem 4. □
Remark 5. If T is a k-strictly pseudocontractive self mapping, then the above results still hold very well. Our results generalize the results of Theorem 2 and Corollary 3 in [14] in particular and many other results currently existing in literature.