Crystal Structure Refinements of Four Monazite Samples from Different Localities
Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2020, 10(11), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10111028
Submission received: 21 October 2020
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Revised: 13 November 2020
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Accepted: 15 November 2020
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Published: 18 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals)
Abstract
:This study investigates the crystal chemistry of monazite (APO4, where A = Lanthanides = Ln, as well as Y, Th, U, Ca, and Pb) based on four samples from different localities using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron-probe microanalysis. The crystal structure of all four samples are well refined, as indicated by their refinement statistics. Relatively large unit-cell parameters (a = 6.7640(5), b = 6.9850(4), c = 6.4500(3) Å, β = 103.584(2)°, and V = 296.22(3) Å3) are obtained for a detrital monazite-Ce from Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Sm-rich monazite from Gunnison County, Colorado, USA, has smaller unit-cell parameters (a = 6.7010(4), b = 6.9080(4), c = 6.4300(4) Å, β = 103.817(3)°, and V = 289.04(3) Å3). The a, b, and c unit-cell parameters vary linearly with the unit-cell volume, V. The change in the a parameter is large (0.2 Å) and is related to the type of cations occupying the A site. The average <A-O> distances vary linearly with V, whereas the average <P-O> distances are nearly constant because the PO4 group is a rigid tetrahedron.
1. Introduction
Monazite is a phosphate mineral that contains significant variations in lanthanide (Ln) elements. The general chemical formula is APO4, where A = Ln, Y, Th, U, Ca, and Pb atoms. Although monazite can accommodate trivalent (Ln3+, Y3+), tetravalent (Th4+, U4+), and divalent (Ca2+, Pb2+) cations at the A site, their potential substitutional effects on the structural properties are not fully understood. Monazite contains up to 32 wt.% ThO2, but less than 0.5 wt.% UO2. Small amounts of Y, Sc, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Zr, Mn, Be, Sn, Ti, and Ta atoms may occur in monazite. The wide range in chemical variability makes monazite-type minerals useful for sequestration of nuclear waste [1]. Three major charge-balancing substitution mechanisms occur in monazite: (1) (Th, U)4+ + Ca2+ = 2REE3+, (2) (Th, U)4+ + Si4+ = REE3+ + P5+, (3) 4REE3+ = 3(Th, U)4+ + Vacancy [2,3,4] (where REE represents rare-earth elements).
The crystal structure of phosphate minerals with trivalent La, Ce, Pr, and Nd cations was determined by X-ray diffraction techniques in 1944 for the Manhattan Project [5]. Those crystals were dimorphic: a monoclinic phase is isomorphous with monazite and the other is a new hexagonal phase. The crystal structure of monazite was first investigated using a sample from Ishikawa-yama, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan [6]. The refined structure gave very high R-values and unreliably large P-O distances. The structure of monazite from a beach sand sample from Kerala shows small structural differences after heat treatments up to 1130 °C, but large P-O distances were obtained [7]. A natural monazite sample with the formula (Ce0.51La0.29Nd0.14Pr0.05Sm0.01)Ʃ1.00(PO4), was structurally characterized in Reference [8] and some synthetic samples were characterized in Reference [9]. Unit-cell parameters for monazite-Sm from the Annie Claim #3 granitic pegmatite, southeastern Manitoba, Canada, were obtained using both single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) [10]. Unit-cell parameters of two monazite samples from different localities were obtained using the PXRD technique [11]. No structural characterization of Th-bearing monazite is available. The crystal structures of synthetic monazite compounds however are available [2,12,13]. High-temperature and high-pressure work was reported for monazite [14].
Monazite is monoclinic (space group P21/n; Z = 4 based on the formula APO4). The structure is made up of irregular 9-coordinated A site polyhedral linked together by distorted tetrahedral PO4 groups [8,15]. The PO4 tetrahedra are isolated and separated by intervening AO9 polyhedra (Figure 1). The O atom is coordinated to one P and two A atoms. The AO9 polyhedra and PO4 tetrahedra form chains sharing O-O edges along the c axis [2].
This study investigates the crystal chemistry of four monazite samples from different localities using SCXRD and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA). Variations among unit-cell parameters, bond distances, and chemical compositions of monazite are explained using crystal-chemical principles.
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Sample Description
Two detrital (1 and 3) and two pegmatitic (2 and 4) monazite samples were used in this study (Table 1). The detrital monazite-rich heavy mineral fractions were separated from two raw beach placer sand samples collected from Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Zircon samples from this locality were previously characterized [16,17]. Fragments of monazite crystals were separated from the pegmatitic samples using a knife. All the samples were examined with a stereomicroscope and a polarizing microscope to assess their physical and optical characteristics. High-quality, inclusion-free, and high-purity crystals were selected for examination using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), as described below.
2.2. Electron-Probe Microanalysis (EPMA)
The chemical composition of the monazite samples was obtained using a JEOL JXA-8200WD-ED electron-probe microanalyzer (Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) using the same crystal that was used for single-crystal data collection. The JEOL operating program on a Solaris platform was used for ZAF (atomic number; absorption, and flouresence) correction and data reduction. The wavelength dispersive (WD) analysis was conducted quantitatively using an accelerated voltage of 15 kV, a beam current of 2 × 10−8 A, and a beam diameter of 5 μm. Peak overlapping problems in the elemental analysis of monazite are very common and were solved following the method previously described [18]. Various minerals and compounds were used as standards (CePO4 for Ce and P, NdPO4 for Nd, YPO4 for Y, ThO2 for Th, LaPO4 for La, SmPO4 for Sm, PrPO4 for Pr, GdPO4 for Gd, DyPO4 for Dy, EuPO4 for Eu, TbPO4 for Tb, zircon for Si, Cr-augite for Ca, barite for S, pyromorphite for Pb, UO2 for U, and hornblende for Fe). Qualitative energy-dispersive spectra (EDS) shows what elements are present in the sample and then quantitative analyses were obtained. Fourteen spots were analyzed for each sample. The oxide wt.% and the atom per formula unit (apfu), based on four O atoms, are given in Table 2.
2.3. Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD)
Each monazite crystal was mounted on the tip of a glass fiber (diameter less than 0.1 mm) using an adhesive. The mounted crystal was placed on a goniometer head and centered in the X-ray beam. SCXRD data were collected with a Nonius Kappa CCD diffractometer using a Bruker Nonius FR591(Madison, WI, USA) Rotating Anode with graphite mono-chromated MoKα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). The generator setting was 50 kV and 36 mA, and the cryostat setting was set to 295 K (room temperature). The detector-crystal distance was fixed at 35 mm. A total of 10 frames were collected for unit-cell determination with scan settings of 1° rotation per frame (total rotation = 10°) and 22 s exposure time per frame. After obtaining satisfactory unit-cell parameters and mosaicity values, complete datasets were collected using 2° per frame rotation with exposure of 42 to 122 s per frame. The diffraction spots were measured in full, scaled with Scalepak, corrected for Lorentz-polarization, and integrated using the Nonius program suite DENZO-SMN (version 2000) [19]. The data were corrected for absorption using the analytical absorption correction method. The centrosymmetric space group P21/n was obtained based on systematic absence of reflections and structure factor statistics. The experimental techniques used in this study are well established, e.g., in References [20,21,22,23,24,25,26].
2.4. Structure Refinements of SCXRD Data
Full-matrix least-squares refinements were carried out with the SHELXL-97 program using neutral atom scattering factors [27]. The WinGX program suite (version 2020.1) was used as the platform for the structure refinements [28]. Atom coordinates for monazite-Ce and SmPO4 were used as the starting structural models [8]. The crystal structure of monazite was confirmed by direct methods followed by Fourier and difference Fourier maps. Anisotropic displacement parameters for all atoms were refined as well as the site occupancy factors (sofs) for the A and P sites, in terms of the dominant atom in these sites. Details of data collection, processing, and refinements are given in Table 3. The refined atom coordinates and displacement parameters are given in Table 4. Selected bond distances and angles are given in Table 5, which also includes bond-valence sum (BVS) values [29,30].
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Composition of Monazite-Ce and Sm-Rich Monazite
The EPMA chemical compositions for the four monazite samples are (see Table 2):
- 1:
- (Ce0.40La0.20Nd0.17Ca0.08Th0.06Pr0.04Sm0.02Gd0.01Y0.01)Ʃ0.99(P0.96S0.03Si0.02)Ʃ1.01O4,
- 2:
- (Ce0.33Nd0.22La0.11Y0.08Th0.08Sm0.06Pr0.05Gd0.03Dy0.01Ca0.01)Ʃ0.98(P0.92Si0.08)Ʃ1.00O4,
- 3:
- (Ce0.37La0.17Nd0.16Th0.09Y0.07Pr0.04Ca0.04Sm0.03Gd0.02Dy0.01)Ʃ1.00(P0.95Si0.06)Ʃ1.01O4, and
- 4:
- (Sm0.19Ce0.19Th0.17Ca0.13Nd0.10Gd0.08La0.06Pr0.03Y0.02Pb0.01)Ʃ0.98(P0.96Si0.05)Ʃ1.01O4.
The Ce atom is dominant in samples 1, 2, and 3, whereas sample 4 is Sm-rich and contains the most Th and Ca atoms. In fact, sample 4 contains 0.327 apfu non-lanthanide cations, followed by sample 3 (0.208), sample 2 (0.182), and sample 1 (0.145 apfu). The A and P sites are fully occupied. Sample 4 contains equal amount of Ce and Sm atoms (0.19 apfu) and this amount of Ce atoms is about half of that in samples 1 and 3. Th atom is present in all the samples, but sample 4 contains the highest amount (0.17 apfu). The monazite structure preferentially accommodates La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, and Dy3+ cations. However, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, and Lu3+ cations are generally not found in monazite [12]. The La3+ cation has the largest ionic radius (1.216 Å) and lowest atomic number (57), whereas the Lu3+ cation has the smallest ionic radius (1.032 Å) and highest atomic number (71) [31], so cations within this range substitute for each other. A charge-balancing reaction may be written as (Ca2+ + Th4+) + (Si4+ + S6+) = 2P5+ + 2(Ln, Y)3+. Numerous substitutions imply a wide range of chemical flexibility for monazite.
3.2. Variations of Unit-Cell Parameters
The a, b, c, and β unit-cell parameters vary linearly with unit-cell volume, V, for the synthetic compounds SmPO4, PrPO4, CePO4, and LaPO4 (Figure 2) [8]. The a and b unit-cell parameters for our samples are close to the linear line drawn using the literature data in Reference [8] (Figure 2a,b). The a, b, and c unit-cell parameters for our samples vary linearly with V, but not the β angle (Figure 2d). Such linear relations were also observed in other minerals [32,33,34,35,36]. The red trend lines for our unit-cell parameters are different from those for the synthetic samples (Figure 2). The largest a and b unit-cell parameters obtained for sample 1 differ by about 0.0263 and 0.0353 Å respectively, from the pure CePO4 compound (Figure 2a,b), because the weighted average ionic radii for sample 1 (= 1.182 Å) differs slightly from CePO4 (= 1.196 Å). The weighted average radii values were calculated based on the A site cations and their ionic radii [31].
The c unit-cell parameter for samples 1, 2, and 3 are within 0.011 Å, whereas the variations of the c unit-cell parameters for SmPO4, PrPO4, CePO4, and LaPO4 are large (Figure 2c). However, the c unit-cell parameter for sample 4 is less than our other samples. The chemical composition for sample 4 is quite different from the other samples, as pointed out above. Two monazite samples have the largest c values [11] (Figure 2c). The polyhedral arrangement along [001] in monazite contains O-O edge sharing between AO9 polyhedra and PO4 tetrahedra (Figure 1a), and the PO4 tetrahedra are stacked along this direction, resulting in a restricted variation of the c parameter. Two O atoms are shared by two adjacent A atoms forming a zigzag chain along the [100] direction (Figure 1b). Two O atoms are also partly shared by adjacent P atoms along the [010] direction. The A polyhedra along the [100] direction are stacked with each other. Variations of the a unit-cell parameter depend on the cations occupying the A site. Along the [010] direction, the AO9 polyhedra and PO4 tetrahedra are linked by a corner and have enough space to distort and give rise to variations in the [010] direction (Figure 1b).
The β unit-cell parameter decreases with increasing V, and our samples plot close to the linear line (Figure 2d). If the a, b, and c unit-cell parameters increase, then A and P cations come closer to each other and repulsion occurs, which may be the reason for the decrease in the β angle.
3.3. Site Occupancy Factor (sof) and Chemical Composition
The chemical compositions for our samples were discussed above. The sof for A site for our samples were refined using the dominant Ce or Sm atom and the values are 0.975(4), 0.999(7), 0.963(5), and 0.96(1) (Table 4). These values indicate that the A site is 96% to 100% fully occupied by Ce or Sm atoms and may also contain a small amount of other heavier atoms to give an occupancy slightly < 1. The A site for samples 1, 2, and 3 contains 0.404, 0.330, and 0.367 apfu Ce, whereas sample 4 contains 0.193 apfu Sm (Table 2). The number of electrons for Ln3+ cations are very close to each other and the sofs obtained for the A site using either Ce or Sm atom are biased, as indicated by their chemical compositions. EPMA chemical data are commonly used to fix the A site occupancy. In this study, similar structural results were obtained either by fixing the A site occupancy or refining it.
3.4. Bond Distances and Chemical Compositions
The average <A-O> distances vary linearly with V, whereas the average <P-O> distance is nearly constant, as expected (Table 5, Figure 3). Data from the literature [8,9] are close to our linear lines. PO4 is a rigid tetrahedron with a constant P-O distance of 1.528 Å, which is similar to that reported for apatite. Sample 2 has an average <A-O> distance of 2.532(5) Å compared to 2.559 Å [8], indicating the presence of cations that have smaller ionic radii at the A site. The weighted average ionic radii were calculated based on the A site cations and their ionic radii [31]. This ionic radius increases linearly with the average <A-O> distance (Figure 4). The main substituted cations at the A site are Y3+, Ca2+, Th4+, and U4+, and they have ionic radii smaller than Ln3+ cations. The average <A-O> distances vary with substitutions between Ln3+ and other cations.
The A-P cation–cation distance is shorter than the A-Pʹ distance (Figure 5). The A-A distances vary from 4.0228(9) (sample 4) to 4.0628(3) Å (sample 1). The cation–cation distances vary linearly with the weighted average ionic radii of A site cations (Figure 5). The two A-P distances for synthetic light rare earth phosphates vary linearly with the ionic radii of light Ln3+ cations, but the degree of variations differ [8]. This study shows that the degree of variations of the two A-P distances are not significant, whereas the A-A distances show significant variations (Figure 5).
The coordination number for the A3+ cation to the O atoms is 9 [2,8,15]. However, this coordination number may be 8 [38]. The A3+-O bonds are not directional and the coordination may vary from 3 to 12 [39]. However, the most common coordination number for Ln3+ is 8 or 9 [39].
The bond valences (BV) for each of the 9 A-O and 4 P-O distances and their bond valance sum (BVS) in valence units (vu) were calculated [29,30] (Table 5). The BVS for the A site are 3.202, 3.330, 3.244, and 2.923 vu for samples 1 to 4, and 3.084 for monazite-Ce [8]. The ideal BVS for the A site is 3 vu. If A is coordinated to 8 instead of 9 O atoms, the BVS are 3.01, 3.145, and 3.063 vu for samples 1, 2, and 3, and these values are close to the ideal 3 vu (Table 5). Therefore, the longest A-O2ʺʹ distance may be excluded, so the A polyhedron is 8-coordinated in Ce-rich monazite, but 9 for sample 4.
4. Conclusions
Except for the β angle, the a, b, and c unit-cell parameters for monazite vary linearly with V because of the type of cations occupying the A site. The average <A-O> distances also vary linearly with V, whereas the average <P-O> distance is constant, so PO4 is a rigid tetrahedron. Bond-valence sums (BVS) around the A site indicate that it is coordinated to 8 O atoms in samples 1 to 3, but 9-coordinated in sample 4. The A site can accommodate a wide range of cations that have similar ionic radii. This chemical flexibility at the A site permits the accommodation of Pu atoms. During nuclear power generation, 238U in the fuel system absorbs a neutron and produces 239Pu. The monazite structure is stable over a long geologic time, so it can be used for sequestration of Pu atoms over a million years.
Author Contributions
M.M.Z. carried out the experiments (EPMA, SCXRD). M.M.Z. and S.M.A. analyzed the data and contributed to writing and editing the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by a NSERC Discovery Grant to S.M.A., grant number 10013896.
Acknowledgments
We thank the four anonymous reviewers for useful comments that helped improve this paper. We thank Masood Parvez for help with the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collection and Robert Marr for his help with EPMA data collection.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Polyhedral representation of the monazite structure: (a) isolated PO4 tetrahedra and CeO9 polyhedra that share edges or corners to form chains parallel to the c axis, and (b) CeO9 polyhedra share common edges along the (a) axis, whereas PO4 tetrahedra and CeO9 polyhedra share corners along the (b) axis.
Figure 1.
Polyhedral representation of the monazite structure: (a) isolated PO4 tetrahedra and CeO9 polyhedra that share edges or corners to form chains parallel to the c axis, and (b) CeO9 polyhedra share common edges along the (a) axis, whereas PO4 tetrahedra and CeO9 polyhedra share corners along the (b) axis.
Figure 2.
Variations of unit-cell parameters in monazite. The dashed linear lines are fitted to the data for the synthetic compounds LaPO4, CePO4, NdPO4, and SmPO4 [8]. The a, b, and c unit-cell parameters from this study vary linearly (red lines) with V in (a–c) respectively, whereas the β angle in (d) does not vary in a linear manner. The literature data are included [8,10,11,37].
Figure 2.
Variations of unit-cell parameters in monazite. The dashed linear lines are fitted to the data for the synthetic compounds LaPO4, CePO4, NdPO4, and SmPO4 [8]. The a, b, and c unit-cell parameters from this study vary linearly (red lines) with V in (a–c) respectively, whereas the β angle in (d) does not vary in a linear manner. The literature data are included [8,10,11,37].
Figure 3.
Average <A-O> and <P-O> distances in monazite. The dashed linear line is fitted to data from this study. The literature data are a: monazite-Ce and d: CePO4 [8], and f: [Sm0.5Tb0.5]PO4 [37]. The average <A-O> distances vary linearly with V. Average <P-O> = 1.528 Å (dotted line).
Figure 4.
Average <A-O> distances vary linearly with the weighted average ionic radii of the A site cations. The red dashed linear line is fitted to data from this study, whereas “a” is from Reference [8]. The ionic radii for A site cations control the average <A-O> distances in monazite.
Figure 4.
Average <A-O> distances vary linearly with the weighted average ionic radii of the A site cations. The red dashed linear line is fitted to data from this study, whereas “a” is from Reference [8]. The ionic radii for A site cations control the average <A-O> distances in monazite.
Figure 5.
Variations of cation–cation distances with weighted average ionic radii for the A site cations. Linear dashed lines are fits to data from this study.
Figure 5.
Variations of cation–cation distances with weighted average ionic radii for the A site cations. Linear dashed lines are fits to data from this study.
Table 1.
Localities and description for the four monazite samples examined in this study.
| Sample | Localities | Descriptions and Occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kolatoli beach, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh | Detrital monazite grains separated from a bulk beach sand sample. Grains are spherical in shape and greenish yellow. |
| 2 | Iveland, Norway | Massive monazite occurs in a quartz pegmatitic rock. |
| 3 | Shaplapur paleobeach, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh | Same as sample 1. |
| 4 | Gunnison County, Colorado, USA | Massive dark brown Sm-rich monazite occurs with cleavelandite, feldspar, and lepidolite from the brown Derby-1 pegmatite. |
Table 2.
Electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) data for the four monazite samples examined in this study.
Table 2.
Electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) data for the four monazite samples examined in this study.
| Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxide wt.% | apfu * | ||||||||
| La2O3 | 13.98 | 7.65 | 11.36 | 3.80 | La | 0.200 | 0.113 | 0.166 | 0.057 |
| Ce2O3 | 28.42 | 22.42 | 25.24 | 12.42 | Ce | 0.404 | 0.330 | 0.367 | 0.185 |
| Pr2O3 | 2.80 | 3.25 | 2.58 | 1.92 | Pr | 0.040 | 0.048 | 0.037 | 0.029 |
| Nd2O3 | 12.05 | 15.31 | 11.24 | 7.12 | Nd | 0.167 | 0.220 | 0.159 | 0.104 |
| Sm2O3 | 1.81 | 4.01 | 1.97 | 13.73 | Sm | 0.024 | 0.056 | 0.027 | 0.193 |
| Eu2O3 | 0.11 | bdl | bdl | bdl | Eu | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Gd2O3 | 1.23 | 2.33 | 1.83 | 5.77 | Gd | 0.016 | 0.031 | 0.024 | 0.078 |
| Tb2O3 | bdl | 0.11 | bdl | bdl | Tb | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Dy2O3 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.27 | Dy | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| Y2O3 | 0.51 | 3.92 | 3.31 | 0.73 | Y | 0.011 | 0.084 | 0.070 | 0.016 |
| CaO | 1.80 | 0.27 | 1.01 | 2.89 | Ca | 0.075 | 0.012 | 0.043 | 0.126 |
| FeO | bdl | bdl | bdl | bdl | Fe | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| P2O5 | 29.11 | 27.14 | 28.18 | 27.94 | P | 0.957 | 0.923 | 0.946 | 0.964 |
| SiO2 | 0.42 | 2.06 | 1.38 | 1.22 | Si | 0.016 | 0.083 | 0.055 | 0.050 |
| SO3 | 0.94 | 0.09 | bdl | 0.09 | S | 0.027 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| ThO2 | 6.55 | 8.71 | 10.10 | 18.22 | Th | 0.058 | 0.080 | 0.091 | 0.169 |
| UO2 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.42 | U | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| PbO | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 1.06 | Pb | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Total | 100.18 | 98.70 | 99.56 | 97.61 | Total | 2.001 | 1.998 | 2.001 | 1.993 |
| ∑LREE | 0.811 | 0.710 | 0.729 | 0.375 | |||||
| ∑MREE | 0.045 | 0.098 | 0.063 | 0.274 | |||||
| ∑A | 1.001 | 0.990 | 1.000 | 0.976 | |||||
| ∑P | 1.000 | 1.009 | 1.001 | 1.017 | |||||
* Atom per formula unit (apfu) are based on 4 O atoms; bdl = below detection limit; ∑LREE (light rare earth elements) = La + Ce + Pr + Nd; ∑MREE (middle rare earth elements) = Sm + Eu + Gd + Tb + Dy; ∑A = LREE + MREE + Y + Ca + Fe + U + Th + Pb; ∑P = P + Si + S apfu. These analyses are close to the ideal formula, APO4.
Table 3.
Single-crystal structure refinement (single-crystal X-ray diffraction, SCXRD) data for the four monazite § samples used in this study.
Table 3.
Single-crystal structure refinement (single-crystal X-ray diffraction, SCXRD) data for the four monazite § samples used in this study.
| Miscellaneous | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a (Å) | 6.7640(5) | 6.7360(8) | 6.7590(4) | 6.7010(4) |
| b (Å) | 6.9850(4) | 6.9490(7) | 6.9770(4) | 6.9080(4) |
| c (Å) | 6.4500(3) | 6.4390(8) | 6.4480(3) | 6.4300(4) |
| β (°) | 103.584(2) | 103.855(6) | 103.656(3) | 103.817(3) |
| V (Å3) | 296.22(3) | 292.63(6) | 295.48(3) | 289.04(3) |
| Crystal dimension (mm3) | 0.06 × 0.06 × 0.05 | 0.08 × 0.06 × 0.06 | 0.10 × 0.10 × 0.08 | 0.05 × 0.05 × 0.04 |
| Densitycalc (g/cm3) | 5.272 | 5.336 | 5.285 | 5.638 |
| Absorption coefficient (mm−1) | 15.718 | 15.911 | 15.758 | 20.676 |
| 2θ range | 7.86–55.28° | 7.86–55.22° | 7.86–55° | 7.92–55° |
| Index ranges | −8 < = h < = 8 | −8 < = h < = 8 | −8 = < h = < 8 | −8 = < h = < 8 |
| −9 < = k < = 8 | −8 < = k < = 8 | −9 = < k = < 9 | −8 = < k = < 8 | |
| −8 < = l < = 8 | −8 < = l < = 8 | −8 = < l = < 8 | −8 = < l = < 8 | |
| Total reflections | 2307 | 2278 | 2578 | 2214 |
| Unique reflections | 692 | 676 | 680 | 659 |
| Completeness to θ = 27.7 (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 98.9 |
| Rint | 0.0282 | 0.0415 | 0.0327 | 0.0506 |
| Goodness of fit on F2 | 1.206 | 1.231 | 1.314 | 0.789 |
| R1 [I > 2σ(I)] | 0.0139 | 0.0237 | 0.0180 | 0.0365 |
| wR2 | 0.0350 | 0.0644 | 0.0471 | 0.1594 |
| Extinction coefficient | 0.0162(8) | 0.005(1) | 0.013(1) | 0.000(3) |
| Largest difference peak/hole (e/Å3) | 0.509/−0.529 | 0.750/−1.213 | 0.602/−0.953 | 2.430/−1.324 |
| Mosaicity (°) | 0.751(3) | 0.981(9) | 0.803(3) | 1.74(3) |
§ Monoclinic; space group = P21/n; formula unit, Z = 4 based on APO4.
Table 4.
Site occupancy factors (sofs), atom coordinates, and anisotropic displacement parameters (Ueq, Uij; Å2) for the four monazite samples.
Table 4.
Site occupancy factors (sofs), atom coordinates, and anisotropic displacement parameters (Ueq, Uij; Å2) for the four monazite samples.
| Atom | x | y | z | Ueq | U11 | U22 | U33 | U23 | U12 | U13 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ce * | 1 § | 0.28155(3) | 0.15901(3) | 0.10011(3) | 0.0111(1) | 0.0115(2) | 0.0113(2) | 0.0099(1) | 0.00123(6) | 0.00018(7) | 0.00156(8) |
| Ce | 2 | 0.28047(5) | 0.15821(4) | 0.09972(5) | 0.0183(2) | 0.0193(2) | 0.0167(3) | 0.0169(2) | 0.0020(1) | 0.0000(1) | 0.0003(1) |
| Ce | 3 | 0.28129(3) | 0.15862(3) | 0.09982(3) | 0.0107(1) | 0.0103(2) | 0.0093(2) | 0.0116(2) | 0.00156(7) | 0.00004(7) | 0.0006(1) |
| Sm | 4 | 0.28004(8) | 0.15793(8) | 0.10002(7) | 0.0124(5) | 0.0119(6) | 0.0114(6) | 0.0133(6) | 0.0027(2) | 0.0001(3) | 0.0020(3) |
| P | 1 | 0.3039(1) | 0.1629(1) | 0.6122(1) | 0.0105(3) | 0.0108(5) | 0.0115(5) | 0.0090(4) | 0.0002(3) | 0.0008(3) | 0.0022(3) |
| 2 | 0.3028(2) | 0.1620(2) | 0.6115(2) | 0.0178(5) | 0.0209(8) | 0.0171(9) | 0.0141(8) | −0.0002(5) | 0.0004(5) | 0.0018(5) | |
| 3 | 0.3036(2) | 0.1625(1) | 0.6121(2) | 0.0107(4) | 0.0106(6) | 0.0104(6) | 0.0106(5) | 0.0001(2) | 0.0011(3) | 0.0017(4) | |
| 4 | 0.3020(4) | 0.1625(3) | 0.6122(4) | 0.010(1) | 0.009(1) | 0.013(2) | 0.008(2) | 0.0007(5) | 0.0009(6) | 0.000(1) | |
| O1 | 1 | 0.2488(4) | 0.0064(4) | 0.4425(4) | 0.0155(6) | 0.019(1) | 0.016(1) | 0.012(1) | −0.0021(9) | −0.000(1) | 0.0038(9) |
| 2 | 0.2474(6) | 0.0070(6) | 0.4389(7) | 0.022(1) | 0.026(2) | 0.019(2) | 0.021(2) | −0.004(2) | −0.002(2) | 0.005(2) | |
| 3 | 0.2487(5) | 0.0059(4) | 0.4413(5) | 0.0167(7) | 0.019(2) | 0.016(2) | 0.014(1) | −0.002(1) | 0.000(1) | 0.003(1) | |
| 4 | 0.249(1) | 0.002(1) | 0.439(2) | 0.017(2) | 0.014(3) | 0.022(4) | 0.013(3) | 0.004(3) | 0.004(3) | 0.000(3) | |
| O2 | 1 | 0.3816(4) | 0.3318(3) | 0.4993(4) | 0.0161(6) | 0.015(1) | 0.015(1) | 0.020(1) | 0.0030(9) | −0.0016(9) | 0.007(1) |
| 2 | 0.3817(7) | 0.3327(6) | 0.4990(7) | 0.024(1) | 0.025(2) | 0.021(2) | 0.027(2) | 0.004(2) | −0.002(2) | 0.007(2) | |
| 3 | 0.3816(5) | 0.3323(4) | 0.4997(5) | 0.0173(7) | 0.015(2) | 0.016(2) | 0.022(2) | 0.004(1) | −0.001(1) | 0.005(1) | |
| 4 | 0.381(1) | 0.3317(1) | 0.501(1) | 0.018(2) | 0.020(4) | 0.009(4) | 0.029(4) | −0.001(2) | −0.008(2) | 0.012(4) | |
| O3 | 1 | 0.4743(4) | 0.1061(4) | 0.8044(4) | 0.0170(6) | 0.015(1) | 0.019(1) | 0.015(1) | −0.000(1) | 0.003(1) | −0.002(1) |
| 2 | 0.4744(7) | 0.1053(7) | 0.8064(7) | 0.029(1) | 0.028(2) | 0.031(2) | 0.022(2) | −0.002(2) | 0.007(2) | −0.004(2) | |
| 3 | 0.4739(5) | 0.1050(5) | 0.8049(5) | 0.0185(7) | 0.016(2) | 0.020(2) | 0.017(1) | −0.000(1) | 0.005(1) | −0.003(1) | |
| 4 | 0.475(2) | 0.106(1) | 0.807(2) | 0.019(2) | 0.009(3) | 0.019(4) | 0.023(3) | 0.002(3) | 0.001(3) | −0.008(3) | |
| O4 | 1 | 0.1268(4) | 0.2134(4) | 0.7104(4) | 0.0153(6) | 0.015(1) | 0.019(1) | 0.013(1) | 0.001(1) | 0.002(1) | 0.0049(9) |
| 2 | 0.1262(6) | 0.2117(7) | 0.7100(7) | 0.024(1) | 0.022(2) | 0.032(2) | 0.018(2) | 0.002(2) | −0.003(2) | 0.003(2) | |
| 3 | 0.1267(4) | 0.2133(5) | 0.7112(5) | 0.0157(7) | 0.012(1) | 0.020(2) | 0.015(1) | 0.002(1) | 0.001(1) | 0.002(1) | |
| 4 | 0.124(1) | 0.217(1) | 0.710(1) | 0.017(2) | 0.028(4) | 0.013(4) | 0.013(3) | 0.002(2) | 0.004(3) | 0.013(3) | |
§ 1, 2, 3, and 4 are sample numbers; sof = 1 for P and O atoms. * In the A site, Ce sof was refined for samples 1 [0.975(4)], 2 [0.999(7)], and 3 [0.963(5)], whereas Sm was used for sample 4 [0.96(1)].
Table 5.
Bond distances (Å), angles (°), and -bond valences for the four monazite samples used in this study.
Table 5.
Bond distances (Å), angles (°), and -bond valences for the four monazite samples used in this study.
| Bond/Angle | 1 | 2 | 3 | [8] | 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BV § | BV | BV | BV | BV | ||||||
| A-O1’ | 2.445(3) | 0.452 | 2.439(4) | 0.459 | 2.440(3) | 0.458 | 2.528(2) | 0.361 | 2.395(8) | 0.436 |
| -O1’’ | 2.509(3) | 0.380 | 2.481(4) | 0.410 | 2.503(3) | 0.386 | 2.461(2) | 0.433 | 2.484(7) | 0.343 |
| -O2’ | 2.554(2) | 0.336 | 2.526(4) | 0.363 | 2.544(3) | 0.346 | 2.776(3) | 0.185 | 2.515(7) | 0.315 |
| -O2’’ | 2.630(3) | 0.274 | 2.609(5) | 0.290 | 2.626(3) | 0.277 | 2.644(2) | 0.264 | 2.600(8) | 0.251 |
| -O2’’’ | 2.779(3) | 0.183 | 2.776(5) | 0.185 | 2.784(3) | 0.181 | 2.573(2) | 0.320 | 2.775(7) | 0.156 |
| -O3’ | 2.461(3) | 0.433 | 2.443(5) | 0.454 | 2.454(3) | 0.441 | 2.585(3) | 0.309 | 2.430(7) | 0.397 |
| -O3’’ | 2.577(3) | 0.316 | 2.567(5) | 0.325 | 2.573(3) | 0.320 | 2.481(2) | 0.410 | 2.565(7) | 0.275 |
| -O4’ | 2.444(3) | 0.453 | 2.440(4) | 0.458 | 2.444(3) | 0.453 | 2.526(2) | 0.363 | 2.403(7) | 0.427 |
| -O4’’ | 2.514(2) | 0.375 | 2.503(4) | 0.386 | 2.506(3) | 0.383 | 2.455(2) | 0.440 | 2.507(6) | 0.322 |
| <A-O> [9] | 2.546(3) | 3.202 † | 2.532(4) | 3.330 † | 2.542(3) | 3.244 † | 2.559(2) | 3.084 † | 2.519(7) | 2.923 † |
| P-O1 | 1.530(3) | 1.221 | 1.528(4) | 1.228 | 1.534(3) | 1.208 | 1.534(3) | 1.208 | 1.550(8) | 1.157 |
| -O2 | 1.542(3) | 1.182 | 1.548(4) | 1.163 | 1.545(3) | 1.173 | 1.545(3) | 1.173 | 1.529(7) | 1.225 |
| -O3 | 1.533(3) | 1.212 | 1.540(4) | 1.189 | 1.535(3) | 1.205 | 1.534(3) | 1.208 | 1.539(6) | 1.192 |
| -O4 | 1.522(3) | 1.248 | 1.517(5) | 1.265 | 1.524(3) | 1.241 | 1.531(3) | 1.218 | 1.526(7) | 1.235 |
| <P-O> [4] | 1.532(3) | 4.863 † | 1.533(4) | 4.845 † | 1.535(3) | 4.828 † | 1.536(3) | 4.808 † | 1.536(7) | 4.809 † |
| O1-P-O2 | 105.1(2) | 104.6(3) | 105.1(2) | 113.7 | 104.8(4) | |||||
| O1-P-O3 | 113.8(2) | 114.6(3) | 113.8(2) | 103.9 | 113.7(7) | |||||
| O1-P-O4 | 112.4(2) | 112.7(3) | 112.7(2) | 113.7 | 113.8(4) | |||||
| O2-P-O3 | 107.8(2) | 107.6(3) | 107.9(2) | 112.4 | 107.3(5) | |||||
| O2-P-O4 | 114.1(2) | 114.4(3) | 114.0(2) | 105.2 | 113.5(4) | |||||
| O3-P-O4 | 103.8(1) | 103.2(3) | 103.5(2) | 108.1 | 103.9(4) | |||||
| <O-P-O> [6] | 109.5(2) | 109.5(3) | 109.5(2) | 109.5 | 109.5(5) |
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Zaman, M.M.; Antao, S.M. Crystal Structure Refinements of Four Monazite Samples from Different Localities. Minerals 2020, 10, 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10111028
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Zaman MM, Antao SM. Crystal Structure Refinements of Four Monazite Samples from Different Localities. Minerals. 2020; 10(11):1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10111028
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaman, M. Mashrur, and Sytle M. Antao. 2020. "Crystal Structure Refinements of Four Monazite Samples from Different Localities" Minerals 10, no. 11: 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10111028
APA StyleZaman, M. M., & Antao, S. M. (2020). Crystal Structure Refinements of Four Monazite Samples from Different Localities. Minerals, 10(11), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10111028
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