The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Literature Review and Discussion
3.1. The Description of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
3.2. From Culex Linnaeus, 1758 to Aedes Meigen, 1818, Genera with All-Encompassing Definitions
3.3. Early Subgeneric Divisions of Aedes Meigen, 1818
- Howardina Theobald, 1903 [=New World series, Group I—Howardina];
- Heteronycha Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 [=New World series, Groups IV—Ochlerotatus and V—Culicada];
- Taeniorhynchus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 [=New World series, Group III—Taeniorhynchus];
- Finlaya Theobald, 1903 [=Old World series, Group III—Finlaya and New World series, Group II—Gualteria];
- Stegomyia Theobald, 1901 [=Old World series, Group I—Stegomyia];
- Aedes Meigen, 1818 [=Old World series, Group VI—Aedes];
- Ecculex Felt, 1904 [=Old World series, Group V—Ecculex, Aedimorphus, and Diceromyia].
3.4. The Evolution of the Definition of Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani, 1848)
3.5. Current Problems with the Definition of Oc. scapularis (Rondani, 1848) and Related Taxa
3.6. Ochlerotatus confirmatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
“Brown. First antenomere yellow. Proboscis all dark. Ommatidia dark, irregularly some silvery white (Always? Also while alive?). Occiput white scaled. Thorax dorso-anteriorly white scaled, posteriorly pilose; short setae reddish, long setae brown. Pleura reddish brown, with white spots. Scutellum and mesopostnotum reddish brown. Halteres with pedicelum light brown, capitellum darker. Abdomen dark dorsally, with a pale stripe medially extending from second segment to last; at last segments more conspicuous and wider. All segments with triangular pale spots at each side. Sternites pale scaled. Legs dark anteriorly, yellowish-white posteriorly; tarsi dark. Wing membrane transparent, fourth and seventh dorsal [veins] equidistant to base of wing”.
“Brown; occiput with silky-gray scales; Mesonotum with more than half of the anterior part covered in silky-silvery-goldish, posteriorly with brown falcate scales, with dark setae; dorsal part of the abdomen dark brown, slightly purplish, base of the segments silky-white, sternites silky-gray; Antennae, palpi, knees of tibiae and apex of tarsi dark. Apex of proboscis dark, base at venter lighter. Legs pale yellow. Antennae dark-brown with apexes of antenomeres with dark setae, tori and ventral base of the first antenomere scaled. Head anteriorly [clipeus?] glabrous pitch-black, posteriorly [occiput] silky-gray slightly silvery scales, brown setae, ventrally dark. Eyes in life green, after death greyish olive. Proboscis with dark scales, apex ventrally dark. Palpi dark almost black. Thorax above antral suture [scutum] densely covered in the middle with appressed silvery-grey, slightly silky-goldish, scales, posteriorly and both sides outer edges with dark falcate scales, anteriorly apparently without setae but posteriorly densely covered with long dark setae. Scutellum with dark falcate [scales?] and brown setae. Pleurae anteriorly dark, medially and posteriorly dark and silky-grey bright silvery. Wing transparent densely covered with dark scales. Halteres pale, capitellum lightly scaled. Legs pale yellow, tarsi anteriorly slightly obfuscated; knees of posterior tibial apex and tarsi diluted dark [more pale?]. Abdominal tergites dark-brown, under the light iridescent, slightly purple at margins, crosswise with a silky-white stripe, sternites with silky-gray scales”.
“Head: falcate light cream scales medially, ochre more laterally and posteriorly, spatulate laterally; scales ochre in life [?]. Eyes: purple black and silver, encircled with spatulate ochre scales. Thorax divided into 2 zones: anteriorly, falcate scales in bright yellow, silky; posteriorly and laterally, brown scales, with 4 rows of golden brown bristles. Abdomen dark brown, with a mid-dorsal line of ochre scales, thicker at the base of the segments, clearer and wider at last one. Each segment with a white latero-basal spot. Ungues formula: 1.1.-1.1.-0.0 in the female. 2.1.-2.1.-1.1. in the male”.
3.7. Aedes hemisurus Dyar and Knab, 1906
“Female. Head dark brown, clothed with pale creamy curved scales in the middle and with ochraceous ones at the sides and behind, and with upright ochraceous forked ones; sides with flat scales; eyes deep purplish-black and silver, with flat ochraceous scales round them; clypeus deep purplish-brown; antennae dark brown, basal joint and the greater part of the second joint testaceous; palpi short, black scaled; proboscis covered with shiny black scales. Thorax clothed in front with pale, silky, yellowish, narrow curved scales, which gradually become pure silky white about halfway across the mesonotum, the remaining part of the mesonotum darker, covered with scattered brown scales, as also are the sides, the posterior half of the mesonotum has four rows of golden-brown bristles; scutellum deep brown when viewed in one direction, ochraceous brown in the other, with creamy scales and a border of golden-brown bristles; in some specimens pale in the middle, dark at the sides; metanotum [corr.: mesopostnotum] chestnut-brown with a dull purplish tinge; pleurae chestnut-brown, with patches of white scales. Abdomen with the segments covered with deep blackish-brown scales, ground colour testaceous, this colour showing through the bases of the segments to a slight extent; down the middle of the abdomen runs a line of ochraceous scales, which are thickest at the bases of the segments, and which become lighter and spread out over the whole of the last segment; in some specimens these ochraceous scales are absent; each segment has a basal lateral patch of pure white; the hairs on the posterior borders pale brown; venter covered with creamy-yellow scales; in some specimens the apical borders of the venter have a triangular black patch on each side. Legs covered with deep brown scales with a bronzy ochraceous reflection in some lights; femora whitish beneath nearly to the apex, which is dark, coxae testaceous; hind meta tarsi [first tarsomere of hind leg] not quite so long as the hind tibiae; fore and mid ungues equal, toothed. Wings with the first sub marginal cell longer and narrower than the second posterior cell, its stem equal to about two thirds the length of the cell; stem of the second posterior cell nearly equal to the length of the cell; posterior cross-vein about its own length distant from the mid cross-vein; costa, first long vein and third long veins blackish; halteres pale with slightly fuscous knob. Length. 4.5 to 6 mm. Male. Antennae pale brownish ochraceous, with dark brown bands and brown plume-hairs; proboscis nearly as long as the palpi, dark brown; palpi covered with steel-black scales, last joint dark, like the rest of the palpus, hairs dark brown. Abdominal segments ochraceous at their bases, dark dusky-black on the apical half, which is covered with deep, dull, purplish-black scales, bases of the segments pale, partly owing to the ochraceous ground colour and partly to pale ochraceous scales, there are also a few basal white scales; from the fourth to the seventh segments are more or less triangular patches of white scales placed laterally and at the base of the segments; the last segment is covered with pule fuscous scales; claspers steel black; posterior border of the segments and the sides with long golden hairs. ungues unequal on the fore and mid legs, equal on the hind legs, similar to C. serratus”.
“Color: dark brown; thorax silvery white. Size: usually 4.5 to 6.0 mm of width [wingspan, probably]. Head: dark brown, with pale yellow scales medially and ocher laterally and posteriorly with some forked, erect and ocher in color; laterally flat scales; eyes dark, dark purple and silver; clipeus brown, dark purple; antennae dark brown; palpi with black scales; proboscis covered in shining scales. Thorax: covered anteriorly with narrow, falcate scales, silky, pale yellow, which gradually become all silky white up to the middle of the metanotum [corr.: mesonotum]; the rest of the metanotum [corr.: mesonotum] darker, covered in brown scales, tanned the same on the sides; the scutellum brownish with cream scales and dark golden setae; pleura dark brown with patches of white scales. Abdomen: dark brown with purple shine; with median line of ocher scales, denser [wider] at the base of the segments; sternites covered by cream yellow scales. Wings: with first submarginal cell [cell R2] longer and narrower than the second posterior [cell M1]; with the pedicel [vein R2+3] the same [size] as both margins of the cell [veins R2 and R3]; posterior transversal vein [M3+4] its own length distant from the median transversal vein [rm], but its location variable. Legs: covered in dark brown scales and femora whitish. Ungues: Female: all equal, not toothed. Male: anterior and median unequal, the smaller not toothed; posterior equal and not toothed”.
3.8. Aedes indolescens Dyar and Knab, 1907
3.9. Aedes camposanus Dyar, 1918
3.10. Aedes rhyacophilus Costa Lima, 1933
4. Summary of Findings
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Ferreira de Freitas, L.; Bartholomay, L.C. The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects 2021, 12, 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050452
Ferreira de Freitas L, Bartholomay LC. The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects. 2021; 12(5):452. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050452
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira de Freitas, Lílian, and Lyric C. Bartholomay. 2021. "The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae)" Insects 12, no. 5: 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050452
APA StyleFerreira de Freitas, L., & Bartholomay, L. C. (2021). The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects, 12(5), 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050452