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Metals
Volume 13
Issue 10
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Metals, Volume 13, Issue 10 (October 2023) – 162 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A permanent magnet stirrer was built to study the effect of different magnetic field stirring modes on the solidification quality of Sn-20 wt-% Pb alloy ingots. The internal quality of the ingot can be improved by adjusting both the stirring speed and the modes. In this paper, a permanent magnet stirrer was developed instead of an electromagnetic stirrer, and Sn-20%Pb alloy was used instead of steel. Furthermore, the effects of different magnetic field stirring modes on the solidification structure and element uniformity of the alloy ingots were studied. View this paper
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14 pages, 12173 KiB  
Article
Surface Properties and Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Cast Iron Subjected to Laser Cavitation Treatment
by Chunhui Luo and Jiayang Gu
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101793 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1285
Abstract
Laser cavitation is a novel surface modification technology using the impact of bubble collapse and laser-induced plasma to induce plastic deformation and produce compressive residual stress on material surfaces. The effects of laser cavitation on surface properties and the cavitation erosion resistance of [...] Read more.
Laser cavitation is a novel surface modification technology using the impact of bubble collapse and laser-induced plasma to induce plastic deformation and produce compressive residual stress on material surfaces. The effects of laser cavitation on surface properties and the cavitation erosion resistance of cast iron were studied. In this work, three-dimensional morphology and residual stress distribution of the laser cavitation area under different laser parameters was obtained, the variation regularities of the topographic range and impact depth of the affected area was discussed, and the weight loss rate of cast iron under different defocusing amounts was studied. It was found that laser cavitation can effectively improve the anti-cavitation erosion property of the cast iron surface, and the optimal value was reached when the defocusing amount was H = 1 mm. Combined with the various defocusing amounts and the variation trend of the weight loss rate of cavitation erosion, the cavitation erosion time corresponding to each stage of the cast iron (incubation, rise, decay, and stability) was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Laser Processing of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 14826 KiB  
Article
Study on the Effect of Preheating Temperatures on Melt Pool Stability in Inconel 718 Components Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by Niccolò Baldi, Alessandro Giorgetti, Marco Palladino, Iacopo Giovannetti, Gabriele Arcidiacono and Paolo Citti
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1792; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101792 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1248
Abstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most widespread, versatile, and promising metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. L-PBF allows for the manufacturing of geometrically complex parts with good surface characteristics. In this process, in order to minimize the heat loss in [...] Read more.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most widespread, versatile, and promising metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques. L-PBF allows for the manufacturing of geometrically complex parts with good surface characteristics. In this process, in order to minimize the heat loss in the first layers of printing, the building platform is preheated to a temperature ranging between 80 and 250 °C. This aspect turns out to be very critical, and further investigation is needed for situations where the part to be printed is only a few layers high, as is the case in sensor printing. This work aims to investigate the melt pool stability under a variation in the preheating temperatures. We investigate the distance from the building platform, considering the number of layers printed. This is where the melt pool reaches its stability in terms of depth and width. This aspect turns out to be of remarkable importance for ensuring the structural integrity of parts with a few layers of height that are processed through L-PBF, such as sensors, which are proliferating in different industries. Thus, two case studies were carried out on IN718 superalloys at 40 and 60 microns of layer thickness and a preheating temperature of 170 °C on the machine. The results obtained show that after 1.2 mm of distance from the building platform, the melt pool reached its stability in terms of width and depth dimensions and consequently for the melting regime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research and Advanced Technology in Laser Welding and Laser Additive Manufacturing)
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13 pages, 7205 KiB  
Article
Effects of Finish Rolling Temperature on the Critical Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) of Typical 500 MPa Grade Weathering Steel
by Junping Wu, Guangming Bai, Liyang Zhao, Zhongde Zhang, Yan Peng, Juefei Chu and Qingfeng Wang
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101791 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1240
Abstract
In this study, the effect of finish rolling temperature on the critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of typical 500 MPa grade weathering steel was elucidated. The microstructures were observed via optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and [...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of finish rolling temperature on the critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of typical 500 MPa grade weathering steel was elucidated. The microstructures were observed via optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The cryogenic fracture toughness and microstructures of steels were analyzed at different finish rolling temperatures (780–840 °C). The results show that a mixed microstructure, i.e., granular bainitic ferrite (GBF), polygonal ferrite (PF), and martensite/austenite (M/A), constituent was formed in each sample. With the decrease of the finish rolling temperature, the GBF content decreased, PF content increased, and the high angle grain boundary (HAGB) number fraction of the matrix increased. Furthermore, the fraction of M/A constituents was increased with reduced average size. The value of CTOD increased significantly from 0.28 to 1.12 mm as the finish rolling temperature decreased from 840 to 780 °C. Both the decrease of M/A constituents and the increase of HAGB increased the cryogenic (−40 °C) fracture toughness of the typical 500 MPa grade weathering steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Rolling and Heat Treatment Processing)
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23 pages, 13537 KiB  
Review
Machine Learning in Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys: A Comprehensive Review
by Yanbing Guo, Mingze Sun, Wang Zhang and Lvyuan Wang
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101790 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2682
Abstract
While magnesium alloys have garnered attention for their lightweight properties across diverse applications, their susceptibility to corrosion presents a formidable challenge. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of machine learning (ML) as a formidable tool for predicting and augmenting material properties, notably corrosion [...] Read more.
While magnesium alloys have garnered attention for their lightweight properties across diverse applications, their susceptibility to corrosion presents a formidable challenge. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of machine learning (ML) as a formidable tool for predicting and augmenting material properties, notably corrosion resistance. This comprehensive review investigates the latest advancements and hurdles in utilizing ML techniques to investigate the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys. This article delves into a spectrum of ML algorithms, encompassing artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and random forests, elucidating their roles in predicting corrosion rates, morphologies, and other corrosion-related characteristics in magnesium alloys. Furthermore, it underscores the pivotal challenges and opportunities within this field, such as data quality, model interpretability, and model transferability. Finally, it examines the potential of ML methods in the conception and enhancement of magnesium alloys endowed with superior corrosion resistance. This review aspires to offer valuable insights into harnessing ML’s potential for optimizing magnesium alloy designs with heightened corrosion resistance, a facet of paramount importance across diverse industries, including the automotive, aerospace, and biomedical sectors. By addressing the challenges inherent in using ML to forecast corrosion rates, including data limitations and the intricacies of corrosion mechanisms, ML stands poised to emerge as a potent instrument for advancing the development of corrosion-resistant materials. Full article
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13 pages, 8445 KiB  
Article
Effect of Laser Surface Texturing on Schmid Factor and Plastic Deformation Mechanisms on AISI 301LN Steel
by Mohammad Rezayat, Joan Josep Roa and Antonio Mateo
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101789 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1638
Abstract
In this comprehensive study, the multifaceted impact of laser surface texturing (LST) on AISI 301LN stainless steel is explored. Changes in the microstructure, mechanical properties, and grain characteristics are examined. The dynamic relationship between Schmid factor evolution and plastic deformation in this stainless [...] Read more.
In this comprehensive study, the multifaceted impact of laser surface texturing (LST) on AISI 301LN stainless steel is explored. Changes in the microstructure, mechanical properties, and grain characteristics are examined. The dynamic relationship between Schmid factor evolution and plastic deformation in this stainless steel alloy is unveiled through the analysis of grain statistics and individual grain scrutiny. It is revealed that LST initiates the formation of strain-induced α’-martensite, grain refinement, and substantial hardness enhancements. Notably, an α’-martensite crystalline size of 2.05 Å is induced by LST. Furthermore, a 12% increase in tensile strength is observed after LST along with an 11% boost in yield strength. However, reductions of 19% in elongation to fracture and 12% in the area reduction are experienced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment and Functionalization of Metal Materials: Electrochemical, Catalytic, Bioactivity, Corrosion and Wear Behaviour)
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3 pages, 154 KiB  
Editorial
Alloy and Process Design of Metallic Materials
by Mohamed Soliman
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101788 - 23 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1870
Abstract
Metallic materials have witnessed substantial developments over the past two decades [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloy and Process Design of Metallic Materials)
16 pages, 6179 KiB  
Article
Facile Synthesis and the Thermal Properties of Al/Si Composites Prepared via Fast Hot-Pressing Sintering
by Jianping Jia, Xiaoxuan Hei, Zhou Li, Wei Zhao, Yuqi Wang, Qing Zhuo, Hangyu Dong, Yuanyuan Li, Futian Liu and Yingru Li
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101787 - 22 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
In this paper, a novel power sintering technique, named fast hot-pressing sintering (FHP), which is able to achieve an ultrahigh heating rate similar to the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, but at a much lower cost, was applied to prepare a series of [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel power sintering technique, named fast hot-pressing sintering (FHP), which is able to achieve an ultrahigh heating rate similar to the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, but at a much lower cost, was applied to prepare a series of Al/Si composites with different Si volume ratios (12 vol.% to 70 vol.%) to meet the requirements of advanced packaging materials for electronic devices. In contrast to SPS, the FHP oven possesses a safe and budget-friendly current power supply, rather than a complex and expensive pulse power supply, for its heating power. The optimized sintering parameters (temperature, pressure and holding time) of FHP for preparing Al/Si composites were investigated and determined as 470 °C, 300 MPa and 5 min, respectively. In order to characterize the potential of Al/Si composites as packaging materials, thermal conductivities and coefficients of thermal expansion were studied. The thermal conductivity of the Al-40Si composite sintered by the FHP method is higher than that of the conventional SPS method (139 to 107 W m−1 K−1). With the increase in Si, the thermal conductivities and coefficients of thermal expansion on both decreases. Furthermore, the thermal conductivities obey the Agari model, whereas the coefficient of thermal expansion and Si volume ratios obey additivity. The numeric modeling would help develop required packaging materials based on the thermal performances of the substrate materials, like Si or GaAs semiconductor devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Powder Metallurgy Technology)
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14 pages, 18962 KiB  
Article
Effect of Indium on the Properties of Mg-Zn-Based Alloys
by Kamil Kowalski, Mikolaj Kozlowski, Natalia Lukaszkiewicz, Mateusz Kobus, Jakub Bielecki and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101786 - 22 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1336
Abstract
In this study, indium was added to the binary Mg-Zn alloy to prepare an ultrafine-grained ternary Mg-Zn-In alloy with enhanced mechanical and corrosion properties. The bulk Mg-Zn-In alloy was synthesized through a combination of mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy techniques. The SPEX 8000 [...] Read more.
In this study, indium was added to the binary Mg-Zn alloy to prepare an ultrafine-grained ternary Mg-Zn-In alloy with enhanced mechanical and corrosion properties. The bulk Mg-Zn-In alloy was synthesized through a combination of mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy techniques. The SPEX 8000 mixer mill was used to carry out the process under an argon atmosphere. The mixed powders were mechanically alloyed for 24 h. The mixture was uniaxially pressed at a compacting pressure of 600 MPa. The green compacts were sintered under a protective argon atmosphere at 300 °C for 1 h. The evolution of the microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion properties of Mg-based alloys was studied. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the phase and microstructure. The changes in hardness and corrosion properties were also measured. Compared to binary Mg-Zn alloy samples modified with In, the samples exhibited a higher microhardness, which can be related to structure refinement and phase distribution. Based on the results of electrochemical testing, it was observed that the modified samples exhibited an improved level of corrosion resistance compared to the Mg-Zn binary alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys)
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14 pages, 9147 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Temperature Modeling of Magnesium Alloy Strip Rolled by Heated Roll
by Ruibin Mei, Lihao Chen, Li Bao, Changsheng Li and Xianghua Liu
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101785 - 21 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1314
Abstract
A prediction model for the outlet temperature of magnesium alloy strips in the process of heated-roll rolling was established by using linear fitting and nonlinear regression methods. By inputting the rolling parameters into the model, the outlet temperature of the strip can be [...] Read more.
A prediction model for the outlet temperature of magnesium alloy strips in the process of heated-roll rolling was established by using linear fitting and nonlinear regression methods. By inputting the rolling parameters into the model, the outlet temperature of the strip can be accurately predicted, which will then optimize and regulate the properties and microstructures of the magnesium alloys in the rolled form. To verify the reliability of the model, heat transfer experiments of the magnesium alloy rolled by heated rolls were carried out. The results show that under the same conditions, the actual outlet temperature measured experimentally matches well with the outlet temperature predicted by the model, and the relative error is kept within 10%. In the modeling process, Deform V11.0 software was used to simulate the thermal–mechanical behavior of the magnesium alloy rolled by the heated roll. In the process of analyzing the simulated heat transfer, it was found that the temperature rise of the surface and the core is divided into three identical stages: the slow rise, the fast rise, and the thermal equilibrium stages. In addition, the mechanical behavior of the rolling deformation zone was also analyzed, and the strip was subjected to direct heat transfer from the heated rolls during the hot rolling process so that the softening played a major role and the stress value gradually decreased from the middle of the deformation zone to the inlet end and the outlet end. This is so that it can be known that the process of being rolled by the heated rolls not only improves the rolling efficiency, but also ensures the deformation temperature and obtains fine grains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Forming Process of Light Alloy)
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16 pages, 9164 KiB  
Article
Regularities of Changes in the Structure of Different Phases of Deformed Zirconium Alloys as a Result of Raising the Annealing Temperature According to Texture Analysis Data
by Margarita Isaenkova, Olga Krymskaya, Kristina Klyukova, Anastasya Bogomolova, Ilya Kozlov, Pavel Dzhumaev, Vladimir Fesenko and Roman Svetogorov
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101784 - 21 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Based on the data of synchrotron and electron microscopic studies of deformed and annealed Russian zirconium alloys, the possibility of analyzing the structural-phase state and crystallographic texture of individual phases has been demonstrated. A qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of deformed and annealed [...] Read more.
Based on the data of synchrotron and electron microscopic studies of deformed and annealed Russian zirconium alloys, the possibility of analyzing the structural-phase state and crystallographic texture of individual phases has been demonstrated. A qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of deformed and annealed tubes made of Zr-Nb-(Sn-Fe-O) alloys was carried out using diffraction patterns obtained with synchrotron radiation. The main α-Zr phase and the following additional phases: β-Nb, β-Zr, and the Laves phase (intermetallic compound Zr(Nb,Fe)2), were found in the alloys. According to the results of texture analysis of all phases present in the alloy, the mechanisms of plastic deformation, recrystallization, and phase transformations of the main and additional phases were established. It is shown that during plastic deformation of the Zr-1%Nb alloy, a dynamic phase transformation β-Nb→α-Zr→β-Zr is observed. It is established that during recrystallization, larger grains of α-Zr are misoriented relative to the deformed matrix by rotating the prismatic axes around the basal axes by 30°, while fine grains are improved by polygonization and maintain the orientation of the deformed matrix. Processes for changing the orientation of grains of additional phases as a result of high-temperature annealing are also considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Non-ferrous Alloys: Processing, Microstructure and Properties)
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18 pages, 9075 KiB  
Article
A Fatigue Lifetime Prediction Model for Aluminum Bonding Wires
by Cassandra Moers, Christian Dresbach and Holm Altenbach
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101781 - 21 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1524
Abstract
Electrical signal transmission in power electronic devices takes place through high-purity aluminum bonding wires. Cyclic mechanical and thermal stresses during operation lead to fatigue loads, resulting in premature failure of the wires, which cannot be reliably predicted. The following work presents two fatigue [...] Read more.
Electrical signal transmission in power electronic devices takes place through high-purity aluminum bonding wires. Cyclic mechanical and thermal stresses during operation lead to fatigue loads, resulting in premature failure of the wires, which cannot be reliably predicted. The following work presents two fatigue lifetime models calibrated and validated based on experimental fatigue results of an aluminum bonding wire and subsequently transferred and applied to other wire types. The lifetime modeling of Wöhler curves for different load ratios shows good but limited applicability for the linear model. The model can only be applied above 10,000 cycles and within the investigated load range of R = 0.1 to R = 0.7. The nonlinear model shows very good agreement between model prediction and experimental results over the entire investigated cycle range. Furthermore, the predicted Smith diagram is not only consistent in the investigated load range but also in the extrapolated load range from R = −1.0 to R = 0.8. A transfer of both model approaches to other wire types by using their tensile strengths can be implemented as well, although the nonlinear model is more suitable since it covers the entire load and cycle range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Failure Analysis)
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15 pages, 17257 KiB  
Article
Hot Work Mold Repaired via Hot Isostatic Pressing towards High Red Hardness
by Xueyuan Ge, Qingxian Ma, Yunbo Chen, Miaohui Wang and Qipeng Hu
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101783 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1139
Abstract
Repairing hot work molds can extend their lifespans and reduce the production costs. This study presents a proposed method for enhancing the red hardness and strength of repaired molds. The method involves utilizing PM23 high-speed steel powder to repair H13 steel molds with [...] Read more.
Repairing hot work molds can extend their lifespans and reduce the production costs. This study presents a proposed method for enhancing the red hardness and strength of repaired molds. The method involves utilizing PM23 high-speed steel powder to repair H13 steel molds with two distinct surface states through the process of hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The internal microstructure changes, bonding state, fracture morphology, and crack extension behaviors of the repaired molds are characterized using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technology. Additionally, the mechanical properties, including red hardness and tensile strength, are quantitatively analyzed. The findings indicate that the repaired area in the sandblasted sample exhibits a rough and uneven structure, demonstrating exceptional toughness. The tensile strength of the repaired region is approximately 1195.42 MPa, while the hardness measures around 672.8 HV. These properties effectively enhance the performance of the molds. The experimental findings indicate that HIP can effectively restore molds, resulting in enhanced red hardness and improved toughness, particularly when combined with sandblasting as a pretreatment method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Powder Metallurgy)
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14 pages, 5755 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Morphology of Eutectoid Steels on Corrosion Resistance in NaCl Aqueous Medium with and without CO2
by Francisco Felipe de M. Fideles, Mauro Andres C. Florez, Maria Veronica G. Rodrigues, Jorge Luiz Cardoso, Clodualdo Aranas, Jr., Samuel F. Rodrigues, Marcos Natan da S. Lima, Caio Victor P. Pascoal, Thiago Alves de Moura, Gedeon S. Reis, Eden S. Silva and Hamilton F. Gomes de Abreu
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101782 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1287
Abstract
This study conducts a comparative electrochemical evaluation of three types of pearlitic steels used in flexible pipelines for oil transport in marine environments. The steels have been manufactured with chemical composition and geometry variations to optimize operation performance under adverse conditions. Electrochemical tests [...] Read more.
This study conducts a comparative electrochemical evaluation of three types of pearlitic steels used in flexible pipelines for oil transport in marine environments. The steels have been manufactured with chemical composition and geometry variations to optimize operation performance under adverse conditions. Electrochemical tests were conducted using solutions simulating marine environments with NaCl and CO2, and at high temperatures. The results indicated that spheroidized (SC) steel demonstrated the best corrosion resistance under these specific conditions. Additionally, the Raman spectroscopy characterization technique was used to analyze the layers of corrosion products formed during the tests, identifying the presence of FeCO3 (siderite) and other corrosive oxides. These discoveries are valuable for selecting and improving materials in flexible pipelines used in oil production in marine waters. The study highlights the importance of the cementite morphology present in pearlite as a relevant factor in the corrosive behavior of steels, contributing to the development of more efficient and durable solutions for the offshore oil and gas industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Corrosion and Protection of Steels and Alloys)
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16 pages, 16317 KiB  
Article
Microstructural Transformations in Solid-State Annealed Al/Ag/Al Diffusion Couples Examined via High-Voltage Electron Microscopy (HVEM)
by Minho Oh and Masanori Kajihara
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101780 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1250
Abstract
This study focuses on the practical relevance of the Al-Ag bonding interface in electronic device fabrication, particularly in wire bonding, which is crucial for enhancing component reliability and performance. Experiments involved Al/Ag/Al diffusion couples, annealed at 703 K, revealing two stable intermediate phases, [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the practical relevance of the Al-Ag bonding interface in electronic device fabrication, particularly in wire bonding, which is crucial for enhancing component reliability and performance. Experiments involved Al/Ag/Al diffusion couples, annealed at 703 K, revealing two stable intermediate phases, μ and δ. Characterizing the intermediate phases’ compositions and concentration profiles exposed a vital transition at the δ-Al interface. We used high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) to examine crystal structure evolution, identifying a (hexagonal close-packed) hcp structure in the intermediate phase between δ and Al, matching the δ phase. Notably, a substantial microstructural transformation occurred within the Ag-Al diffusion couple, as nano-sized precipitates transitioned from spherical to plate-like, along specific {111} planes, reflecting the evolution from off-stoichiometric, disordered phases to ordered ones. Mapping the concentrations of intermediate phases on the Al-Ag phase diagram revealed shifted and narrower solubility ranges compared to the calculations. This study provides insight into the crystal structure and microstructure changes during diffusion in Al/Ag/Al diffusion couples, holding implications for electronic device fabrication. Understanding intermediate phase behavior and evolution is vital in this context, potentially influencing materials development and process optimization in the electronic components industry, and thus, enhancing device performance and reliability. Full article
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12 pages, 57691 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Presence of Structural Defects on the Superconducting Properties of (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33 and Nb-47wt%Ti
by Wojciech Nowak, Michał Babij, Aneta Hanc-Kuczkowska, Piotr Sobota, Adam Pikul and Rafał Idczak
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101779 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
A comparison of the results of studies on the influence of structural defects on the critical parameters of superconductivity has been made for the high-entropy alloy (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33 and for the conventional superconducting magnet material Nb-47wt%Ti. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), [...] Read more.
A comparison of the results of studies on the influence of structural defects on the critical parameters of superconductivity has been made for the high-entropy alloy (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33 and for the conventional superconducting magnet material Nb-47wt%Ti. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), electrical resistivity, magnetization and magnetic susceptibility measurements were used. In addition, X-ray powder diffraction studies were performed on the high-entropy alloy (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33. Due to the rapid cooling of the materials after melting in the arc furnace, they contain a higher concentration of structural defects compared to the heat-treated materials. Magnetic property measurements showed that both the critical temperatures Tc and the upper critical fields μ0Hc2 of bulk superconductivity-related materials are improved in the presence of structural defects. Full article
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13 pages, 3260 KiB  
Article
The Use of Thin Films as Defect Sealants to Increase the Corrosion Resistance of Thermal Spray Coatings
by Alex Lanzutti, Francesco Sordetti, Elia Marin, Francesco Andreatta, Antonio Carabillo, Matteo Querini, Samuele Porro, Alfredo Rondinella, Michele Magnan and Lorenzo Fedrizzi
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101778 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1121
Abstract
Thermal spray-coated components are widely used as wear-resistant coatings in many applications. However, these coatings have high levels of discontinuities that affect the corrosion resistance of the coated system. To reduce this problem, these coatings are usually sealed with liquid sealants (metals, organic [...] Read more.
Thermal spray-coated components are widely used as wear-resistant coatings in many applications. However, these coatings have high levels of discontinuities that affect the corrosion resistance of the coated system. To reduce this problem, these coatings are usually sealed with liquid sealants (metals, organic or inorganic). The aim of this work is to seal the surface discontinuities of thermal-sprayed coatings using PVD and/or ALD coatings. To this end, CrN (arc deposition PVD) and TiO2 (ALD) coatings were deposited on thermal-sprayed alumina coatings. The samples produced were then analysed in both cross-sectional and planar views to detect the possible permeation of the thin film coatings into the thermal spray defects. Rf-GDOES measurements were performed to detect the very thin ALD deposit on the surface. The corrosion resistance of the sealed coatings was verified with immersion tests, wherein the OCP was monitored for 24 h, and potentiodynamic tests were performed after 15 min and 24 h immersions. The results showed that the thin films were not able to block the permeation of corrosive media, but they could reduce the permeation of corrosive media with a beneficial behaviour on corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper Collection of “Current Challenges in Corrosion Research”)
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12 pages, 3680 KiB  
Article
A Methodology to Define the Niyama Criterion Reinforced with the Solid Fraction Analysis: Application to Sand Casting of Steel Bars
by María Carmen Manjabacas and Valentín Miguel
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1777; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101777 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2630
Abstract
Niyama and solid fraction criteria are used to predict the solidification porosity and microporosity in computing simulation of casting processes. The solid fraction permits us to determine the areas that solidify last and that are a candidate for presenting porosity if a feeding [...] Read more.
Niyama and solid fraction criteria are used to predict the solidification porosity and microporosity in computing simulation of casting processes. The solid fraction permits us to determine the areas that solidify last and that are a candidate for presenting porosity if a feeding system is not correctly designed. The Niyama criterion is locally obtained based on the thermal and cooling gradients at a point of the liquid casting. The Niyama value at a casting point varies rapidly from low rates to high ones during the last part of the metal solidification, which demands that the percentage of solidification of the metal is defined to determine the Niyama number. In addition, the Niyama threshold that establishes the soundness of the workpiece can vary according to the nature of the metal or the casting system. In this paper, a methodology to determine the solidification percentage is presented. The method is based on the Niyama number evolution during the solidification process at different key points. These points are validated by the solid fraction criterion as healthy or, on the contrary, as candidates for containing porosity. In addition, some considerations of the solid fraction criterion are visited since the threshold value for which the isolation of the last solidification areas can be defined is not clear. The research is validated by the empirical casting criteria existing in the literature for obtaining sound parts and applied to low-carbon steel bars produced by sand casting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solidification and Casting of Metals and Alloys)
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18 pages, 6309 KiB  
Article
On the Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on the Characteristics of 3D-Printed Metals and Alloys
by Eleftheria Maria Pechlivani, Lazaros Melidis, Sotirios Pemas, Konstantinos Katakalos, Dimitrios Tzovaras and Avraam A. Konstantinidis
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101776 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a specific 3D printing technique under Additive Manufacturing (AM) metal technologies. SLM is considered to be a precise rapid AM process combined with a powder bed system for producing customized metal products with a tailored microstructure and shape. [...] Read more.
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a specific 3D printing technique under Additive Manufacturing (AM) metal technologies. SLM is considered to be a precise rapid AM process combined with a powder bed system for producing customized metal products with a tailored microstructure and shape. Differences in the printing parameters can lead to differences in the surface as well as macroscopic mechanical characteristics of the manufactured parts and components. This work aims at quantifying the effect of the Volumetric Energy Density (VED) used in the SLM processing of various metals and alloys. Metallic specimens printed with different VED values were subjected to surface characterization as well as tensile deformation. Their surface roughness, yield stress and toughness were subsequently used to verify a linear relationship between roughness and VED, and a linear behavior between yield stress/toughness and VED was proposed. Predictive models were formulated for estimating the roughness/yield stress/toughness of the produced specimens with respect to the VED used in their production. The models’ predictions will provide insight into the 3D printing parameters, thus minimizing the cost and effort of the 3D printing procedure, in applications where surface quality and strength are important. Full article
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11 pages, 1993 KiB  
Article
Thermal Lattice Field during Ultra-Short Laser Pulse Irradiation of Metal Targets: A Fokker–Planck Analytical Model
by Sinziana-Andreea Anghel, Mihai Oane, Cristian N. Mihăilescu, Bogdan A. Sava, Mihail Elişa, Natalia Mihăilescu, Dorina Ticoş, Alexandra M. I. Trefilov, Carmen Ristoscu, Ana V. Filip and Ion N. Mihăilescu
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101775 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1230
Abstract
The ultrafast fs laser pulse heating of thin metal films is studied for the first time using the two-temperature model on the basis of the Fokker–Planck formalism. The incident laser radiation is multi-modal, while the electron temperature is described during the first 2 [...] Read more.
The ultrafast fs laser pulse heating of thin metal films is studied for the first time using the two-temperature model on the basis of the Fokker–Planck formalism. The incident laser radiation is multi-modal, while the electron temperature is described during the first 2 fs. The predictions are intended for use by experimentalists in optoelectronics, photonics, laser processing, electronics, and bio- and nanomedicine. The crucial role of the nano-sized spatial dimensions of the metal sample is highlighted. A significant result of this study is the interdependence between the target’s size, the phonon/lattice characteristics, and the coefficient β (the quotient of non-diffusive phenomena), which varies between zero (pure diffusive case) and one (pure non-diffusive case). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computation and Simulation on Metals)
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19 pages, 6198 KiB  
Article
Tensile and Fracture Characteristics of 304L Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperatures for Liquid Hydrogen Service
by Myung-Sung Kim, Taehyun Lee, Jong-Won Park and Yongjin Kim
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101774 - 19 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
As the urgency for carbon-neutral fuels grows in response to global warming and environmental pollution, liquid hydrogen, with its high energy density, emerges as a promising candidate. Stored at temperatures below 20 K, liquid hydrogen’s containment system requires materials resilient to such cryogenic [...] Read more.
As the urgency for carbon-neutral fuels grows in response to global warming and environmental pollution, liquid hydrogen, with its high energy density, emerges as a promising candidate. Stored at temperatures below 20 K, liquid hydrogen’s containment system requires materials resilient to such cryogenic temperatures. Austenitic stainless steel, including 304L grade, has been widely used due to its favorable properties. However, designing pressure vessels for these systems necessitates a deep understanding of fracture mechanics and accurate assessments of the material’s fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures. The mechanical behavior at these temperatures differs significantly from that at room temperature, making testing at 20 K a complex procedure that requires stringent facilities. This study examines the tensile behavior and fracture toughness of 304L stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures, comparing and analyzing the characteristics observed at 20 K with those at room temperature. The phenomenon of discontinuous yield, with abrupt stress drops and stepwise deformation at low temperatures, has been identified, resulting in more complex stress–strain curves. Limitations were found in the calculation of the crack length during the assessment of fracture toughness in stainless steel under extremely low-temperature environments through the J-integral compliance method. To address these constraints, a comparative analysis was carried out to determine potential corrective measures. Full article
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17 pages, 1647 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Two Component Activities of Binary Liquid Alloys by the Pair Potential Energy Containing a Polynomial of the Partial Radial Distribution Function
by Jiulong Hang and Dongping Tao
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101773 - 19 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1318
Abstract
An investigation of partial radial distribution functions and atomic pair potentials within a system has established that the existing potential functions are rooted in the assumption of a static arrangement of atoms, overlooking their distribution and vibration. In this study, Hill’s proposed radial [...] Read more.
An investigation of partial radial distribution functions and atomic pair potentials within a system has established that the existing potential functions are rooted in the assumption of a static arrangement of atoms, overlooking their distribution and vibration. In this study, Hill’s proposed radial distribution function polynomials are applied for the pure gaseous state to a binary liquid alloy to derive the pair potential energy. The partial radial distribution functions of 36 binary liquid alloy from literatures were used to obtain the binary model parameters of four thermodynamic models for validation. Results show that the regular solution model (RSM) and molecular interaction volume model (MIVM) outperform other models when the asymmetric method calculates the partial radial distribution function. RSM demonstrates an average SD of 0.078 and an ARD of 32.2%. Similarly, MIVM exhibits an average SD of 0.095 and an average ARD of 32.2%. Wilson model yields an average SD of 0.124 and an average ARD of 226%. Nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model exhibits an average SD of 0.225 and an average ARD of 911%. On applying the partial radial distribution function symmetry method, MIVM and RSM outperform the other models, with an average SD of 0.143 and an average ARD of 165.9% for MIVM. RSM yields an average SD of 0.117 and an average ARD of 208.3%. Wilson model exhibits average values of 0.133 and 305.6% for SD and ARD, respectively. NRTL model shows an average SD of 0.200 and an average ARD of 771.8%. Based on this result, the influence of the symmetry degree on the thermodynamic model is explored by examining the symmetry degree as defined by the experimental activity curves of the two components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computation and Simulation on Metals)
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14 pages, 69208 KiB  
Article
Effects of Quenching Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Strip-Cast Medium-Mn Steel Processed by Quenching and Partitioning
by Cansheng Yu, Hesong Wang, Yuanxiang Zhang, Yunjie Li, Jian Kang and Zhiyuan Chang
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101772 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1225
Abstract
Twin-roll strip casting (TRSC), which is a low-energy and short process to produce strip steel, is a potential approach to produce advanced high-strength steels. Herein, a medium-Mn steel containing 4 wt% Mn was processed using a novel route involving TRSC, hot rolling and [...] Read more.
Twin-roll strip casting (TRSC), which is a low-energy and short process to produce strip steel, is a potential approach to produce advanced high-strength steels. Herein, a medium-Mn steel containing 4 wt% Mn was processed using a novel route involving TRSC, hot rolling and quenching and partitioning (QP) to explore the possibility of medium-Mn steel produced by TRSC plus QP process. The effects of quenching temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that primary martensite and retained austenite (RA) were obtained at the quenching temperature of 140–180 °C, while primary martensite, RA and secondary martensite were obtained when the quenching temperature was 220–300 °C. With an increase in quenching temperature from 140 to 260 and to 300 °C, the RA fraction first increased from 15.4% to 31.8% and then decreased to 16.6%. The sample at a quenching temperature of 220 °C yielded mechanical properties with a yield strength of 992 MPa, tensile strength of 1159 MPa and total elongation of 20.4%. The superior mechanical properties were achieved by an optimum combination of high RA fraction (26.5%), appropriate mechanical stability of RA and a small number of the islands of secondary martensite and RA. Hence, the present study provides a viable processing route for medium-Mn steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Applications of TRIP/TWIP Steels)
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16 pages, 10668 KiB  
Article
Evolution of the Interelectrode Gap during Co-Rotating Electrochemical Machining
by Shuofang Zhou, Dengyong Wang, Tianyu Fu and Di Zhu
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101771 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164
Abstract
A new co-rotating electrochemical machining method is presented to machine the complex structure inside annular parts such as flame tubes and aero-engine casings. Due to the unique shape and motion of electrodes, it is difficult to accurately compute the electric field intensity in [...] Read more.
A new co-rotating electrochemical machining method is presented to machine the complex structure inside annular parts such as flame tubes and aero-engine casings. Due to the unique shape and motion of electrodes, it is difficult to accurately compute the electric field intensity in the machining area. In this paper, the complex electric field model is simplified by conformal transformation, and the analytical solution of electric field intensity is exactly calculated. A material removal model is built on the basis of the electric field model, and the dynamic simulation of the material removal process is realized. The effects of the cathode radius, applied voltage, feed rate and initial interelectrode gap on the interelectrode gap (IEG) and material removal rate (MRR) are analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the MRR is always slightly less than the feed rate in a quasi-equilibrium state, resulting in a slow reduction in IEG. In addition, the final machining state is not affected by the initial IEG, and the MRR in a quasi-equilibrium state is determined by the feed rate. Several comparative experiments were carried out using the optimized processing parameters, in which the MRR and IEG were measured. The convex structures were successfully machined inside the annular workpiece with optimum machining parameters. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results, indicating that the established model can effectively predict the evolution process of MRR and IEG. Full article
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16 pages, 3216 KiB  
Article
Scaling and Complexity of Stress Fluctuations Associated with Smooth and Jerky Flow in FeCoNiTiAl High-Entropy Alloy
by Mikhail Lebyodkin, Jamieson Brechtl, Tatiana Lebedkina, Kangkang Wen, Peter K. Liaw and Tongde Shen
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101770 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1732
Abstract
Recent observations of jerky flow in high-entropy alloys (HEA) revealed a high role of self-organization of dislocations in their plasticity. The present work reports the first results of the investigation of stress fluctuations during plastic deformation of an FeCoNiTiAl alloy, examined in a [...] Read more.
Recent observations of jerky flow in high-entropy alloys (HEA) revealed a high role of self-organization of dislocations in their plasticity. The present work reports the first results of the investigation of stress fluctuations during plastic deformation of an FeCoNiTiAl alloy, examined in a wide temperature range covering both smooth and jerky flow. These fluctuations, which accompany the overall deformation behavior representing an essentially slower stress evolution controlled by the work hardening, were processed using complementary approaches comprising Fourier spectral analysis, refined composite multiscale entropy, and multifractal formalisms. The joint analysis at distinct scales testified that even a macroscopically smooth plastic flow is accompanied by nonrandom fluctuations, disclosing the self-organized dynamics of dislocations. Qualitative changes in such a fine-scale “noise” were found with varying temperature. The observed diversity is significant for understanding the relationships between different scales of plasticity of HEAs and crystal materials in general. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Organization in Plasticity of Metals and Alloys)
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11 pages, 1685 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Heat Treatments and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Nickel-Titanium Rotary Files
by Jihye Hong, Sang Won Kwak, Jung-Hong Ha, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Ya Shen and Hyeon-Cheol Kim
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101769 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1597
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the fatigue resistance of files made from different heat treatment methods and surface treatment. Four prototype files were created through heat treatment and titanium coating surface treatment (AT, DT, ER, EN; named arbitrarily by the manufacturer) at different [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare the fatigue resistance of files made from different heat treatment methods and surface treatment. Four prototype files were created through heat treatment and titanium coating surface treatment (AT, DT, ER, EN; named arbitrarily by the manufacturer) at different times and temperatures. Artificial canals with curvatures of 45- and 90-degree were used for the fatigue testing. The files were operated at the speed of 500 rpm at 37 °C, and the time until fracture incurred by a 4-mm dynamic pecking motion at a speed of 8 mm/s was measured, and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was calculated by applying rotation speed and time. The length of the fractured fragment was measured. The fractured specimens were observed under the SEM to compare the characteristics of fatigue fracture patterns. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was performed to estimate the phase transformation temperature. One-way ANOVA with Duncan’s post-hoc comparison, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney U were applied to compare the fatigue resistance among the prototypes at a significance level of 95%. Regardless of the canal angle, the EN showed the highest fatigue resistance (p < 0.05). AT had the lowest NCF at the 90-degree canal (p < 0.05). ER had a higher NCF than the DT at 45 degrees (p < 0.05), but there was no difference at 90 degrees. DSC analysis revealed that the ER and EN groups exhibited two austenite peaks above 40 °C. In conclusion, the file that underwent a specific temperature heat treatment with titanium coating surface treatment showed the highest fatigue resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal Cutting Technology and Tools)
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21 pages, 5134 KiB  
Review
Valuable Recovery Technology and Resource Utilization of Chromium-Containing Metallurgical Dust and Slag: A Review
by Ju Xu, Mengke Liu, Guojun Ma, Dingli Zheng, Xiang Zhang and Yanglai Hou
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101768 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2448
Abstract
As a type of metallurgical solid waste with a significant output, chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag are gaining increasing attention. They mainly include stainless steel dust, stainless steel slag, ferrochrome dust, and ferrochrome slag, which contain significant amounts of valuable elements, such as [...] Read more.
As a type of metallurgical solid waste with a significant output, chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag are gaining increasing attention. They mainly include stainless steel dust, stainless steel slag, ferrochrome dust, and ferrochrome slag, which contain significant amounts of valuable elements, such as chromium, iron, and zinc, as well as large amounts of toxic substances, such as hexavalent chromium. Achieving the harmless and resourceful comprehensive utilization of chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag is of great significance to ensuring environmental safety and the sustainable development of resources. This paper outlines the physicochemical properties of stainless steel dust, stainless steel slag, ferrochrome dust, and ferrochrome slag. The current treatment technologies of chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag by hydrometallurgy, the pyrometallurgical process, and the stabilization/solidification process are introduced. Moreover, the comprehensive utilization of resources of chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag in the preparation processes of construction materials, glass ceramics, and refractories is elaborated. The aim of this paper is to provide guidance for exploring effective technology to solve the problem of chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Utilization of Metallurgical Resources and Environmental Protection)
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16 pages, 2615 KiB  
Article
Stiffness and Strength of Square Hollow Section Tubes under Localised Transverse Actions
by Massimo Latour, Sabatino Di Benedetto, Antonella Bianca Francavilla, Giuseppe Elettore and Gianvittorio Rizzano
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101767 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1750
Abstract
This manuscript explores the stiffness and strength of Square Hollow Section (SHS) tubes subjected to localised transverse actions applied to the open side of a rectangular hole created using 3D laser cutting technology (3D-LCT). Understanding the behaviour of this specific detail is crucial [...] Read more.
This manuscript explores the stiffness and strength of Square Hollow Section (SHS) tubes subjected to localised transverse actions applied to the open side of a rectangular hole created using 3D laser cutting technology (3D-LCT). Understanding the behaviour of this specific detail is crucial as it is a key component in the connections between SHS columns and passing-through IPE beams. The methodology employed in this manuscript involved developing analytical equations to predict both stiffness and strength of this structural element. The provided equations are presented in a straightforward manner and were deduced by applying elasticity principles to structural components. To validate these equations, a parametric analysis was conducted, simulating the response of 27 distinct geometric configurations of the analysed structural detail thanks to the Finite Element (FE) software. Their accuracy was confirmed by comparing the results of these simulations with the outcomes derived from the formulated equations. The primary findings indicated that the proposed equations could predict the stiffness and strength of the studied detail with an average ratio close to 1 when comparing predicted and numerical results, and a coefficient of variation of approximately 10%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technology of Welding/Joining of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 16485 KiB  
Article
Metal-Cored Arc Welding of I-Profile Structure: Numerical Calculation and Experimental Measurement of Residual Stresses
by Mato Perić, Ivica Garašić, Mislav Štefok, Krešimir Osman, Ante Čikić and Zdenko Tonković
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101766 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1331
Abstract
In this study, numerical and experimental research of residual stresses was carried out on an I-profile structure model and welded by using the Metal-cored Arc Welding (MCAW) technique. The numerical research was carried out by sequential simulation, using the birth and death element [...] Read more.
In this study, numerical and experimental research of residual stresses was carried out on an I-profile structure model and welded by using the Metal-cored Arc Welding (MCAW) technique. The numerical research was carried out by sequential simulation, using the birth and death element in the thermal analysis, while the same was omitted in the mechanical analysis in order to speed up the calculation process. The measurement of residual stresses was conducted on the outer surfaces of the model at a depth of 0.015 mm below the surface. It was determined that the longitudinal stresses in the weld and its immediate surroundings are tensile, while towards the ends of the model, they change to compressive. Transversal residual stresses exist mainly around the weld itself, and the immediate surroundings and decrease towards the ends of the model. A high agreement between the numerical and experimental results was found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation of Metals Welding Process—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 4746 KiB  
Article
Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum
by Olga A. Yakovtseva, Nadezhda B. Emelina, Andrey G. Mochugovskiy, Andrey I. Bazlov, Alexey S. Prosviryakov and Anastasia V. Mikhaylovskaya
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101765 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1380
Abstract
The grain boundary, solid solution, and precipitation strengthening mechanisms are important for controlling the mechanical properties of Al-based alloys. Due to severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying refines grain structure to a nanoscale level which leads to a strong increase in solute content and [...] Read more.
The grain boundary, solid solution, and precipitation strengthening mechanisms are important for controlling the mechanical properties of Al-based alloys. Due to severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying refines grain structure to a nanoscale level which leads to a strong increase in solute content and the related strengthening effect of solute atoms and secondary-phase precipitates. This study analyzed the elemental Mn and Al6Mn phase dissolution in Al during high-energy ball milling. For this purpose, XRD data, microstructure, and hardness evolutions were compared for two Al—5.2 at% Mn alloys prepared by mechanical alloying using elemental Al and Mn powders and a pre-melted master alloy. In the two-phase master alloy, containing the Al solid solution and the Al6Mn phase, the strain accumulation, grain refinement, solid solution supersaturation, and milling-induced hardening effects were facilitated. Both elemental Mn and intermetallic compound were dissolved during mechanical alloying, and the maximum solute content was near 3.1 at% Mn. A fine crystalline size of ~25 nm and the maximum Mn solute content were observed after milling of elemental powders and the master alloy for 60 h and 20 h, respectively. The microhardness of ~3 GPa corresponded to a ~3.1% solute Mn content, and the microhardness increased to ~5 GPa after long–term milling due to precipitation strengthening effect of the secondary Al6Mn phase in the master alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Casting, Thermomechanical and Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys: Second Edition)
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16 pages, 4379 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process for Forming Porous Ta Scaffold
by Lin Gao, Yikai Wang, Xiao Qin, Naixin Lv, Zhiqiang Tong, Changning Sun and Dichen Li
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101764 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1482
Abstract
To improve the performance of porous tantalum (Ta) manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and meet its application requirements in medicine, the authors of this paper studied the influence of L-PBF process parameters on the strut surface morphology and mechanical performance. It [...] Read more.
To improve the performance of porous tantalum (Ta) manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and meet its application requirements in medicine, the authors of this paper studied the influence of L-PBF process parameters on the strut surface morphology and mechanical performance. It was found that the powder layer thickness had a significant influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties based on statistical analysis. We proposed optimal process parameters of laser power of 150 W, scanning speed of 270 mm/s, thickness of 0.05 mm, and scanning spacing of 0.07 mm. After parameter optimization, we successfully obtained Ta samples with an elastic modulus of 1.352 ± 0.007 GPa and yield strength of 53.217 ± 0.114 MPa. The results show that the elastic modulus and yield strength of porous Ta samples with a porosity of 80% under the optimal process parameters are significantly superior to previous studies. The porous Ta scaffolds with higher mechanical properties fabricated with the optimized process parameters of L-PBF have significant value for applications in medicine. Full article
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