Exploring the Contribution of Advanced Systems in Smart City Development for the Regeneration of Urban Industrial Heritage

Abstract

This article shows the potential of smart city development in revitalizing urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks. It highlights the challenges faced by these areas, such as aging infrastructure, pollution, and neglect. Smart city technologies are examined as effective solutions for addressing these challenges by promoting efficient resource utilization, improving mobility and connectivity, and enhancing the quality of the built environment. International examples of smart city initiatives implemented in industrial heritage sites and traditional industrial blocks are presented to demonstrate the potential benefits of these technologies. This article emphasizes the importance of inclusivity, sustainability, and community engagement in the revitalization process. It argues that smart city development should prioritize the needs and aspirations of local communities, leveraging their knowledge and expertise for long-term success and sustainability. This article underscores the significance of adopting a comprehensive and integrated approach to urban revitalization that considers social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. It suggests that smart city development can act as a catalyst for transforming urban industrial areas into thriving and resilient landscapes capable of addressing the challenges of the 21st century. This article aims to explore the potential of smart city development in revitalizing urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks while advocating for equitable outcomes and sustainable urban environments.

1. Introduction

The process of urbanization and modernization in China has resulted in the decline of numerous traditional industrial areas, leading to the abandonment of factories and neglect of urban spaces. However, the advent of smart city initiatives presents an opportunity to revitalize these areas by leveraging technological advancements and innovative urban planning strategies. This research aims to investigate the challenges and potential benefits associated with the revitalization of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks within the context of China’s smart city development [1,2,3]. Urban management, as a fundamental aspect, involves actively assuming the responsibility for developing, managing, and coordinating resources to achieve urban development objectives. It is recognized as a means of ensuring labor rights and exercising authority to address societal needs, in line with its fundamental definition.

The concept of smart cities and their pursuit of sustainable development (SD) has garnered significant scholarly attention. Numerous researchers have explored various aspects of smart city design, technology integration, and their implications for urban governance and sustainability [4,5,6,7,8,9]. Xia et al. (2022) conducted a study on the integration of a geographic information system (GIS) and building information modeling (BIM) in city digital twin technologies, emphasizing the potential of this integration for sustainable smart city design [4]. Wang et al. (2023) focused on understanding the identification and transformation mechanism of rural regional function using the self-organizing feature map (SOFM) model, providing valuable insights into rural regional development in the central plains urban agglomeration of China [5]. Vardopoulos et al. (2023) examined culture-led urban sustainability in smart tourist cities and its connection to the global real estate market, shedding light on the role of culture in shaping sustainable urban development [6]. Leorke and Wyatt (2019) highlighted the significant impact of public libraries as vital community hubs and platforms for knowledge sharing within the context of smart cities [7]. Mohamed et al. (2020) investigated sustainable governance approaches in Addis Ababa and its surrounding area, shedding light on the challenges and evolving landscape of urban development in Ethiopia [8]. Taking a critical perspective, Yang (2020) employed genealogy as a method to scrutinize power dynamics and social implications associated with smart cities [9].

As stated, the precise and unified definition of a smart city is currently unavailable, which leads to questions regarding its fundamental characteristics and criteria [4,5,6,7]. To assess the level of “smartness” in a city, it becomes imperative to identify its essential components. The concept of a smart city aims to address the challenges faced by modern urban areas through the utilization of new technologies, thereby aligning with the overarching goals of contemporary urbanization. These goals encompass economic sustainability, social well-being, ecological preservation, and efficient resource utilization [7,8,9]. The smart city represents an innovative and transformative approach that leverages digital technologies and communication infrastructure to meet the demands of the 21st century. It embodies the connection between the knowledge era and technological advancements, enabling the creation of intelligent solutions that epitomize the ideals of the new age.

The notion of sustainable development, initially introduced by the United Nations in 1987, assumes a central role as a guiding principle. This concept places significant importance on the pursuit of development that addresses the immediate needs of the present generation without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to meet their own requirements. It acknowledges the intricate interrelationships among society, environment, culture, and economy, recognizing the intertwined nature of these dimensions. Sustainability, as a comprehensive worldview, embodies a forward-thinking mindset that seeks to strike a harmonious balance between environmental, social, and economic factors, ultimately resulting in an enhanced quality of life [10,11,12,13,14].

The discussion revolves around the dual role of urban management, which involves facilitating urban infrastructures and the actions of stakeholders in the field (requiring integration). Baker suggested that organizations operating in a partial manner can only achieve success as long as they do not face broad, complex, or interdepartmental challenges [15,16,17]. The departmental structure of ministries limits their problem-solving capacity to their specific areas of responsibility, resulting in a narrow perspective on the issue and a self-contained approach to finding solutions. Applying such a fragmented approach in urban management oversimplifies the intricate nature of cities. Consequently, a comprehensive perspective that acknowledges the complexity of urban issues is necessary. Researchers emphasize that urban management is a strategic responsibility with operational implications. In addition to meeting the daily needs of the city and its inhabitants, urban management encompasses all dimensions of urban development and requires effective engagement in domains such as power dynamics, politics, society, and the urban economy [18,19,20,21,22]. During the latter half of the previous century, researchers delved into the power dynamics within local communities and presented five distinct categories of explanations in response to the question, “Who truly holds the reins of power in cities?”. These studies revealed that the power structure in local communities is predominantly shaped by political and economic elites hailing from the outskirts of the city, such as local businesses, banks, and investment institutions. These arguments align with more recent theories, including the growth machine theory and the theory of the urban regime. The growth machine theory posits that local politics centers around fostering growth and those who benefit from development, such as landowners, developers, builders, bankers, and construction companies, often exert influence over the planning process to encourage more growth and intensive land use [23,24,25]. In the 1980s, the theory of the urban regime emerged, suggesting that urban governance operates as an informal arrangement where government activists and the private sector collaborate to make and implement decisions, thereby exerting sustainable influence over significant policy domains. This theory provides a novel approach to analyzing the roles and power dynamics of different actors in urban politics. The primary objective of this theoretical framework is to understand how rival groups align with each other to achieve their goals in public policy, which highlights the significance of the concept of governance [26,27,28]. Governance encompasses the decision-making process, the selection of decisions to implement (or not), and the formal and informal actors and structures that hold decision-making power and shape policy outcomes. Recent experiences have demonstrated that local autonomy and strong democratic foundations in local governments, particularly in countries with highly centralized systems, contribute to successful city management. Democratic governments necessitate ongoing and transparent accountability to local residents [29,30,31,32,33]. This article contributes to the existing body of knowledge by exploring the untapped potential of smart city development in revitalizing urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks. By addressing the challenges faced by these areas through the utilization of smart city technologies, such as efficient resource usage, improved mobility and connectivity, and enhanced built environment, these neglected spaces can be transformed into sustainable and livable urban landscapes. This article emphasizes the significance of community engagement and participation in the revitalization process, highlighting the need for an inclusive and responsive approach to smart city development. Through the presentation of real-world examples from around the world, this article showcases the potential benefits of smart city initiatives. By adopting a comprehensive and integrated approach, considering the social, economic, and environmental aspects of sustainability, smart city development can act as a catalyst for the transformation of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks, enabling them to thrive and tackle the challenges of the 21st century.

2. Research Methodology

The research presents an analytical model for assessing urban management integration. The model draws from the differences identified in the previous section, focusing on various dimensions such as the division between planning and policy, functional differentiation, territorial division, governmental/political division, division caused by the multiplicity of beneficiaries and influential power holders, and disparities related to platforms and context. Water management is specifically emphasized, with a focus on decision-making and policy-making levels, and informed by theories in politics and power. The model highlights the importance of identifying elements and actors within the power and governance structure, examining organizations and inter-organizational relationships based on their functions and national levels and investigating sources and tools of power and governance, including laws and regulations. Legal support and documentation are crucial for any intervention or official action at the city and regional level, fulfilling functions such as facilitation and support. Integrated information systems are emphasized to provide comprehensive information for decision making related to urban topics. Budgeting and financial resources are considered significant means of exercising power. The relationships depicted in Figure 1 can help understand the lack of management integration at the policy level and the model can be used to diagnose the extent of integration. In the case of Chengdu, assessing decision-making integration requires examining elements and actors, relationships and organizations, and resources and tools to determine their authority and significance. To conduct this research, an executive research method will be implemented. Firstly, a thorough literature review will be conducted to gain insights into the concepts of urban industrial heritage, traditional industrial blocks, and smart city development. This review will establish a solid theoretical foundation and aid in the identification of key factors and strategies crucial for a successful revival. Additionally, multiple case studies will be analyzed to examine successful examples of industrial heritage revival within smart city contexts in Chengdu, China. These case studies will focus on cities that have effectively transformed obsolete industrial areas into thriving urban spaces, incorporating technology, sustainable practices, and community engagement. Furthermore, data collection will involve gathering primary and secondary data through site visits, surveys, and stakeholder interviews and the analysis of relevant documents, reports, and policies. This comprehensive data collection process will provide valuable insights into the current state of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks in China, enabling a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with their revival. Finally, the collected data will be subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to identify the key factors and strategies contributing to the successful revival of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks. The resulting analysis and findings will be presented and discussed, providing valuable insights into potential approaches for integrating smart city technologies and sustainable urban planning.

A descriptive research design was chosen to examine strategies and technologies used in revitalizing urban industrial heritage and transforming traditional industrial blocks through smart city development. A comprehensive literature review and five case studies from major Chinese cities between 2020 and 2023 were utilized. Data on strategies, technologies, and impacts were extracted from the literature and case study documentation through qualitative content analysis. Within-case and cross-case descriptive analyses identified commonalities and variations to empirically generalize revitalization practices. Data source triangulation and rich descriptions ensured rigor, while limitations included a small sample and reliance on secondary data.

2.1. Assessment and Presentation of the Analytical Model and Research Findings

To evaluate the significance of the factors mentioned above in urban policy integration, a survey method was employed. Questionnaires were designed, distributed, and collected among experts and municipal managers in selected areas of Chengdu (areas 1, 10, 17, 21, and 22), including the City Council, Islamic Council, Organization of Municipalities, Ministry of Interior, Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture, and Ministry of Roads. Out of the 60 questionnaires distributed, 50 were returned and subjected to statistical analysis. The distribution of the questionnaires faced limitations due to the requirement of targeting individuals with sufficient knowledge and expertise in urban policy and its implications, who were also affiliated with organizations involved in urban management. To address this, the snowball method was utilized. Initially, individuals meeting the specified criteria were identified and approached and in the subsequent stage, they were asked to introduce other individuals who met the same conditions. The primary finding of this study validates the influence of three factors associated with power and governance resources and tools on decision making and policy making. These factors pertain to the distribution of power among relevant decision-making and policy-making entities, the multiplicity of relevant elements and actors, and the organizations and inter-organizational relationships involved in decision making and policy making [22,23,24,25]. They contribute to the lack of policy integration within the urban management structure of the city. Analysis of the respondents’ feedback revealed that the modification of variables related to these factors, particularly the distribution of power among decision-making and policy-making entities, has the greatest impact on the integrity of urban policy making compared to the other two factors. The research findings also highlight the diverse roles and contributions of institutions involved in the urban policy-making process, as perceived by the respondents. Based on these findings, several suggestions can be proposed. Firstly, reforming and aligning the power system and urban decision making in favor of local institutions can lead to integrated urban management in Chengdu. This entails designing a new organizational and management system that includes all relevant institutions. However, despite the challenges posed by the disjointed and uncoordinated actions of these institutions, the principal factor contributing to the lack of policy integration in Chengdu lies in the power dynamics, diverse sources of power, and the appointment-based nature of official institutions, primarily governed by the central government. Therefore, it is recommended to enhance the urban management system in Chengdu by transferring power from the government and its affiliated organizations to local institutions such as the municipality and city council. The relationship system, power sources, and extent of authority of government actors weaken urban management due to the limited delegation of legal responsibilities and powers, despite their apparent material and financial resources. Thus, resolving the underlying mistrust between the central government and local institutions becomes crucial. Without addressing this issue, alternative initiatives such as structural improvements in urban management or legal reforms may offer limited assistance in achieving policy integration [22,23,24,25].

The primary finding of this study is the confirmation of the impact of three factors associated with power and governance resources and tools on decision making and policy making. These factors include the distribution of power among relevant decision-making and policy-making entities, the multiplicity of relevant elements and actors, and the organizations and inter-organizational relations involved in decision making and policy making. These factors contribute to the lack of policy integration within the city’s governance structure. The analysis of respondents’ feedback revealed that the modification of variables related to these factors, particularly the distribution of power among decision-making and policy-making entities, has the most significant influence on the integrity of urban policy making compared to the other two factors. The research findings also indicate that institutions play diverse roles and make distinct contributions to the urban policy-making process, as perceived by the respondents. Based on these findings, several suggestions can be put forward. Firstly, it is recommended to reform and adjust the power system and urban decision making in favor of local institutions. This involves designing a new organizational and management system that includes all relevant institutions to achieve integrated urban management in Chengdu. However, studies have demonstrated that despite the challenges posed by the lack of coordination and synergy among relevant institutions in urban management, the most critical factor contributing to the lack of policy integration in Chengdu is the relationship system and the varying amount and source of power held by these institutions. Since the power of official institutions is predominantly derived from government appointments, it is suggested to strengthen the urban management system in Chengdu by transferring power from the government and its affiliated organizations to the municipality and the city council. This transfer of power should address the relationship system, power sources, and the extent of authority of government actors in the city management arena, which is currently influenced by the concentration of power in the central government [26,27,28,29]. The weakening of urban management is caused by the limited delegation of legal duties and powers to local institutions, despite their apparent material and financial resources. These limitations are a direct consequence of the lack of trust placed by the central government in local institutions. It is important to resolve this mistrust as other initiatives such as structural improvements in urban management or legal reforms may not significantly contribute to the integration of urban policy unless this fundamental issue is addressed. Giving attention to revitalizing deteriorated urban areas is crucial for enhancing urban productivity, mitigating potential earthquake damage, promoting social justice, and utilizing the city’s potential. Consequently, a significant portion of contemporary urban planning literature revolves around the topic of urban renewal [22,23,24,25,26,27]. The primary objective of these endeavors is to enhance the quality of life in dilapidated areas. Various policies and urban renewal programs implemented in different countries and time periods have yielded effective and thought-provoking outcomes. Consequently, the identification and prioritization of these worn-out areas, along with determining the appropriate interventions and investments, are critical steps in the renewal process. Failure to accurately identify and prioritize these areas can result in inefficient renewal programs, wastage of resources and capital, and further expansion of deterioration within the urban context. However, the official determination of the scope of deteriorated urban areas in Iran is based on council approval for urban planning and architecture, utilizing three indicators: the fineness of the fabric, building density, and structural instability. It raises the question of whether these physical indicators alone are sufficient for identifying worn-out areas or if additional indicators should be considered for renovation purposes [28,29,30,31,32]. It appears imperative to include social and economic indicators alongside physical indicators to comprehensively identify and rank these areas. Therefore, this article utilizes a combination of meta-analysis methods, authoritative international texts on burnout indicators, and secondary data analysis using statistical software and geographic information systems to identify deteriorated textures on a block scale in the Chengdu and Iranian cities for comparison. This neighborhood was selected as a case study due to the availability of sufficient documents and information and evident signs of deterioration. Employing this model can serve as an effective guide for identifying and ranking worn-out areas, facilitating city renewal management by implementing a specific schedule and prioritizing investment in areas requiring renovation. In this regard, this article initially examines the theoretical foundations and the conceptual framework for identifying worn-out areas.

2.2. Addressing Divisions in Urban Policy: Towards Coherence, Collaboration, and Integration in Policy Making and Urban Management

In general, policy making or public policy formulation results from political decisions made by high-ranking officials pertaining to the allocation and distribution of resources and public sector facilities. To foster coherence across various policy domains such as economic growth, social welfare, and environmental sustainability (i.e., sustainable urban development), there is a growing interest in the integration of policies at national, regional, and urban levels as well as the adoption of new planning systems. According to Hall and Pfeiffer, successful urban strategies and policies require “collaboration” among various stakeholders, including local and national governments, to effectively carry out different governmental functions across multiple levels of governance (government, states, regions, cities, provinces, and suburbs) and political activities, within a shared framework. Identifying the actors and stakeholders involved is crucial in the realm of urban policy. These actors encompass a broad range, from international organizations like the Human Settlement Office to the central government, local government, or urban management bodies. The introduction of factors that impede the integration of urban management contradicts the principle of integration and coherence. A comprehensive examination of the relevant literature in the field of urban studies reveals two distinct forms of division: differentiation in various dimensions of the city and urban life and division within the planning system and its management. Firstly, there is the issue of planning division, which denotes the absence of a comprehensive and harmonized strategy or policy in urban planning. Vertical policy integration entails the implementation of strategies at different levels, including national, regional, micro-regional, and local scales. On the other hand, horizontal policies involve coordinating disparate sectors such as the environment, transportation, and urban economy to establish a unified approach for a city. Both vertical and horizontal policies should establish lucid decision making frameworks at each level to ensure cohesive planning and management. Secondly, functional differentiation occurs when the planning and provision of urban services, specific to local functions and responsibilities, are fragmented among multiple institutions, organizations, and boards [25,26,27,28,29].

In the case of Chengdu, decision making and the delivery of urban services are carried out by over 25 government organizations. Thirdly, territorial division refers to the allocation of urban services among different organizations accountable for specific urban zones, such as municipal areas, water authorities, and power companies. Signs of territorial division, including territorial voids and overlapping jurisdictions, arise due to the proliferation of relevant organizations and the division of service responsibilities within a city. Furthermore, governmental and political division within metropolitan areas highlights the existence of numerous independent administrative territories. Each governmental territory or local administration possesses the right, authority, and jurisdiction over a specific portion of the region, resulting in the absence of a unified governing body for decision making and action across the entire metropolitan area [31,32,33,34]. The multiplicity of beneficiaries and influential power holders in urban policy making and decision making exacerbates these divisions. These disparities are a product of power dynamics within local communities, involving both unofficial power and wealth holders, as well as official entities with the capacity to influence the urban and regional policy-making process for their own gain. Lastly, disparities related to the platforms and field of urban management contribute to inconsistencies and discrepancies in existing urban regulations, upstream urban policy and planning documents, and the necessary information and communication infrastructures essential for effective decision making in urban areas.

2.3. Institutional Factors

The focus on collaborative urbanization and the initiation of partnership projects, combining public and private entities, has resulted in a shift in the roles of local authorities within city administration. Traditional top-down approaches to city solutions and policies have given way to a growing emphasis on inclusivity, where people are involved in decision-making processes and actively participate in project realization. Consequently, governments are increasingly striving to incorporate public participation into formal processes, recognizing that this requires long-term commitment and resources. The aim is to establish a durable partnership structure that enhances both the government’s and the public’s engagement and effectiveness in shaping urban technologies and solutions. Furthermore, to implement smart projects, governments seek financial support through private sector involvement, activation, and management. However, the focus is on serving the public interests of the city and its residents rather than solely pursuing economic gains for private companies [30,31,32,33]. The government and new enterprises work towards the advancement of the city’s development goals and benefits. Consequently, there are efforts to establish legal frameworks and memorandums that regulate the rights of investors and citizens as beneficiaries, while supporting the urbanization system. Therefore, institutional factors encompass a range of actions that promote cooperation, interaction, partnership, citizen obligations, and participation within the smart city system. In this definition, an institutional agent comprises multiple stakeholders who possess the capacity for effective communication and interaction among all members of the framework.

2.4. Human Factors

Enhancing the quality of life of citizens is a fundamental objective of a smart city. Within the smart city structure, citizens play a crucial role as a skilled workforce, contributing to the competitiveness of the city in relation to other smart cities. Beyond their role as workers, the level of human capital and the societal dimension are of significant importance, as citizens are the primary beneficiaries of urban development. In the smart city framework, every individual becomes both a producer and consumer of knowledge, contributing to the functioning of the city’s cycle. Skilled professionals within a society, serving as human capital, drive economic enterprises, technological companies, and foster creativity and innovation.

2.5. Technology Factors/Technologies

The development and growth of the information technology and communications industry in the early 1990s have contributed significantly to the success and prosperity of ten smart cities and digital cities. However, it is important to note that technology should not be solely regarded as the primary driver of intelligence. While the expansion of technology offers possibilities and products that enhance the efficiency of city services and integrate technological solutions into citizens’ daily lives, it also presents challenges and concerns. The risk of information theft and misuse poses a threat to citizens’ privacy, leading to increased social surveillance and the erosion of personal boundaries. These issues tarnish the otherwise positive aspects of technology utilization, discouraging some individuals from embracing such advancements. Transparent and well-defined regulations are essential to safeguard the rights of participants and protect against potential exploitation. Additionally, organizations and technology companies should prioritize informing the public about information security measures and their responsible use of data. Access to necessary infrastructure and the high cost of technology adoption pose barriers to achieving one of the primary goals of utilizing smart technologies: improving the quality of life for individuals and society [25,26,27,28,29]. These factors contribute to social discrimination and exacerbate inequality within a society. However, effective management and implementation of intelligent measures can mitigate these negative consequences. A marginalized areas of cities can also benefit from smart technologies and services, demonstrating that the positive impact of technology can be extended to all citizens. Several factors contribute to the success of smart cities, namely institutions (government and private entities), individuals (experts, residents, and users), and technologies. These elements are crucial in the planning of smart cities and the ideal scenario involves their harmonious integration into a cohesive and efficient system. Understanding these factors is vital for informed decision making and effective city planning in the realm of smart cities. Competent and knowledgeable smart city managers consider the prevailing conditions to devise the best solutions and make informed decisions. Government institutions play a central role in facilitating effective communication with citizens and fostering collaboration with private entrepreneurs, which contributes to the thriving and innovative economy of the city. Ultimately, the responsibility for realizing smart city goals and adhering to smart city principles rests with the executive and government institutions.

On the other side, the success of smart cities heavily relies on the acceptance and engagement of the people and citizens. Institutions can only serve the citizens effectively when they can deliver their services in a manner that is readily accepted by the public. It is crucial for a larger proportion of the population to have access to smart infrastructures, develop skills in utilizing smart technologies, and gain knowledge about their usage and advancements. This collective effort ensures the successful implementation and proper functioning of a smart city. The world’s hardware and software technologies are constantly evolving and the future of cities depends on how they adapt, grow, and embrace these changes. Therefore, the ability of cities to develop and thrive lies in their capacity to adapt to technological advancements and leverage them effectively [32,33,34,35,36].

Figure 2 shows an overview of the diverse fields within smart city technology and their potential to bring about significant transformations in urban life. These fields include the enhancement of essential public infrastructure, control systems driven by artificial intelligence (AI), energy and environmental systems, the advancement of intelligent transportation, the provision of high-speed services and ensuring urban tranquility, and the creation of an optimal educational, health, and therapeutic environment. In the enhancement of essential public infrastructure, smart city technology aims to improve the management and operation of critical public infrastructure such as water supply, waste management, and public lighting. Control systems driven by AI utilize AI algorithms to analyze extensive data and optimize energy consumption, traffic flow, and public safety. Energy and environmental systems focus on addressing energy consumption, conservation, and environmental sustainability through the use of smart grids, renewable energy integration, and energy-efficient technologies. The advancement of intelligent transportation involves leveraging real-time data collection and predictive analytics to enhance transportation efficiency, safety, and accessibility. Providing high-speed services ensures fast and reliable connectivity for seamless communication and digital inclusion, while also emphasizing public safety and security through advanced surveillance systems and emergency response networks. Lastly, smart city technology extends its benefits to education, healthcare, and well-being by utilizing digital learning platforms, smart healthcare systems, and therapeutic processes that enhance mental health and overall well-being.

The integration of education, health, and treatment systems within smart cities is a crucial aspect that focuses on enhancing treatment processes and improving access to user services. This initiative benefits various stakeholders, including educational institutions, the university community, healthcare and social service providers, local residents, local government, local interest groups, and non-profit charitable organizations. Implementation examples in this domain encompass telemedicine for remote healthcare, collaborative case management for patients, virtual lectures, and adherence to legal and regulatory frameworks. Another significant component is the development of urban and commercial public services, which aims to establish networks among cities and their partners to provide services and generate added value. Stakeholders involved in this process include local government, residents, local interest groups, businesses, companies, suppliers, service providers, educational institutions, and universities [33,34,35,36,37,38]. Solutions within this realm encompass the facilitation of online transactions, electronic service ordering, and the creation of employment opportunities for urban dwellers. Smart transportation initiatives play a crucial role in addressing urban traffic congestion, optimizing public transportation utilization, and mitigating the environmental impact of motor vehicle usage. Key stakeholders in this domain encompass disparate groups, local residents, governmental entities, interest groups, and environmental organizations. Proposed solutions involve route planning and the implementation of measures to ensure compliance with pertinent laws and regulations. Energy and environmental systems represent another salient facet of smart cities, with an emphasis on intelligent power systems that establish connections between energy suppliers and consumers. The objective is to optimize energy consumption and advance environmental sustainability. Stakeholders engaged in this field encompass energy suppliers, applicants, and pertinent regulatory bodies. The advancement of remote communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoTs), and other innovations has opened up possibilities for monitoring, forecasting, and intelligent management, particularly in critical situations for cities. Smart cities play a vital role in various domains by collecting information in a unified and interconnected format, ultimately leading to an improved quality of life for citizens. These advanced technologies provide new avenues for information management and collection. The citizens’ location data obtained through devices like smartphones enable the identification of needs, functional characteristics of systems, and even crisis prediction, allowing for timely warnings and notifications to be issued. There has been a significant shift in the provision of city data, offering experts and individuals a quick and accurate method for understanding the existing reality. Through satellite image analysis, information regarding location, movement patterns, and environmental changes can be monitored over time, facilitating targeted investments [34,35,36,37]. The infrastructure of new technologies serves as a catalyst for providing the best services and enhancing the effectiveness of city administration. This has led to a global competition among cities to establish and access information through intelligent systems, which has resulted in substantial advancements and the recognition of urban data as a means of political and economic influence.

An urban planner can employ Landsat data to compare and model informal settlements with planned housing developments. The IoTs enables devices to connect globally, allowing for remote control and monitoring. From traffic lights and parking systems to environmental sensors and waste management, incorporating IoT technology in cities enhances residents’ quality of life while also generating cost savings. With the potential for monitoring and managing previous activities, the IoTs offers possibilities for efficient resource maintenance and cost reduction, although dedicated personnel are necessary for monitoring and maintaining these resources. Many research articles present a comprehensive literature review on the development of smart cities, encompassing a wide range of studies that examine various aspects of this emerging field [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. The reviewed studies provide insights into diverse topics such as the challenges and barriers associated with achieving net-zero/positive energy buildings and districts [25], the underlying systems and drivers of smart buildings [26], the multi-dimensional nature of smart city infrastructure [27], factors influencing the adoption of digital twin technologies in smart city development [28], shifts in public perceptions of smart cities on social media [29], and a data-driven analysis for a comprehensive understanding of smart cities [30]. By synthesizing the findings from these studies, this article aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on smart city development and offer valuable insights into the role of smart city initiatives in revitalizing urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks. This study investigates the potential of various smart city technologies in addressing urban challenges and rejuvenating industrial areas, with a particular focus on cloud-based IoT applications [31], advancements in smart cities and buildings [32,33], the concept of digital twins and digital shadows [34], citizen engagement [35], user perspectives in smart building implementation [36], smart city industries [37], complex IoT systems for smart homes [38], remote fault detection in smart buildings [39], and diverse approaches to smart city development [40]. The results underscore the importance of community engagement, user perspectives, and advanced technologies in revitalization initiatives and their transformative impact on urban areas.

Figure 3 shows the relationship between the percentage of freedom and the existence of creativity in urban planning. The graph demonstrates that as the degree of freedom increases, there is a corresponding increase in the potential for creativity within the planning process. This relationship highlights the importance of allowing flexibility and openness in urban planning practices to foster innovative and creative solutions. When urban planners have a higher level of freedom, they are less constrained by rigid regulations and can explore alternative approaches and unconventional ideas. This freedom allows them to think outside the box, challenge existing norms, and propose innovative solutions that can address complex urban challenges. This system should provide a framework for communication, coordination, and shared decision making, allowing for the exchange of ideas and the exploration of different perspectives. By fostering an inclusive and participatory approach, urban planners can tap into the collective intelligence and creativity of the community, resulting in more dynamic and responsive urban spaces. One approach to achieving this integration is through neocratic urban planning. Neocracy emphasizes the empowerment of individuals and communities in the decision-making process, recognizing their expertise and knowledge of the local context. By decentralizing power and involving citizens in shaping their built environment, neocratic urban planning promotes a sense of ownership and fosters a culture of creativity and innovation. Another strategy is participatory urban planning, which involves engaging citizens directly in the planning and design processes [34,35,36,37,38]. This approach recognizes that the people who live and work in a particular area have unique insights and understanding of its needs and aspirations. By actively involving them in decision making, participatory urban planning ensures that diverse perspectives are considered and that the resulting urban designs reflect the values and aspirations of the community. In addition to neocratic and participatory approaches, self-organized urban planning also plays a crucial role in fostering creativity. Self-organization recognizes that individuals and communities have the capacity to organize and shape their environments without top-down control. It allows for bottom-up initiatives and grassroots movements to emerge, generating innovative and creative solutions that address specific local challenges. Self-organized urban planning encourages experimentation, adaptability, and flexibility, enabling urban spaces to evolve organically and reflect the dynamic needs and aspirations of the community [35,36,37,38,39].

Active citizen participation and public–private partnerships are crucial for smart governance, fostering greater engagement and involvement of citizens in urban affairs. Experts and administrators recognize that traditional methods of participation alone are insufficient, calling for a new approach. Previous partnerships have primarily followed a top-down process but the evolution of online and offline public service projects has facilitated the collection of people’s opinions and perspectives. Particularly in today’s information and communication technology landscape, social media platforms enable wider participation and inclusive discussions, amplifying the voices of marginalized individuals who are typically underrepresented. Citizens can assume two roles and models in urban development and the city’s economy. They can engage as political activists, community members, or residents actively participating in city planning and governance processes. Alternatively, they can participate as consumers, customers, or users, contributing to user-oriented innovation processes. The latter case encompasses diverse groups such as students, senior citizens, and families. Well-known models of citizen participation, often referred to as the “ladder” of citizen participation, illustrate the varying degrees of integration of formal planning and the levels of freedom and creativity in citizens’ involvement. Therefore, embarking on urban planning based on participation requires understanding its capabilities and limitations, acknowledging the specific needs of different societal segments [28,29,30,31,32,33,34].

It is important to recognize that societies characterized by deep social inequalities may face limitations in developing participation platforms, as the voices of the majority may clash with the interests of minority and marginalized groups. Hence, the design of participatory processes should prioritize the opinions and concerns of vulnerable groups, making economic and social equity an ethical principle in planning. Decisions should not be made solely to strengthen the interests of the majority in power, as this could further marginalize certain groups. Embracing participatory methods and fostering collaboration among residents can contribute to enhancing citizens’ sense of belonging to the city. Cities face diverse challenges, encompassing environmental, economic, and technological factors. However, researchers, industry professionals, and city management should not be discouraged but rather adopt appropriate strategies to achieve smart urbanization. Smart cities are not limited to Europe and North America; they are emerging in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East as well, demonstrating that geographical location does not hinder their success. Developing countries face specific obstacles and incentives in smart city governance. Some influential obstacles include the financial capacity of the government, effective governance and regulatory control, technological readiness and infrastructure, human capital, stable economic development, active citizen participation, private sector engagement, and fostering an innovation ecosystem. Inadequate investment in essential infrastructure and insufficient technological readiness are notable challenges in the formation of smart cities. Revitalization, sustainability, and community engagement are interconnected and essential components of successful urban development. Revitalization efforts aim to revive and enhance declining areas, fostering economic growth and improving quality of life. However, for revitalization to be truly effective, it must incorporate sustainable practices that consider the environmental, social, and economic aspects of development. This entails minimizing environmental impact, promoting energy efficiency, and ensuring social equity. Moreover, community engagement plays a pivotal role in revitalization, as it empowers residents, encourages collaboration, and ensures that the revitalization efforts align with the community’s needs and aspirations. By combining revitalization, sustainability, and community engagement, cities can achieve holistic and inclusive urban development that creates vibrant, resilient, and livable communities for both present and future generations.

3. Results and Discussion

Industrial heritage sites remain an integral part of urban history and identity, bearing witness to how cities and industries evolved. However, as industries change and adapt to new technologies, many urban industrial districts have fallen into disuse and disrepair. Here, smart cities and technologies can play a vital role in revitalizing historic industrial districts and spaces, preserving industrial heritage while creating new opportunities. Industrial heritage sites preserve stories of larger technological and cultural shifts that shaped cities. From textile mills to factories to shipbuilding yards, these spaces were the engine rooms of growth and employment for generations. However, urbanization and industrialization also came at significant social and environmental costs that smart city technologies aim to address today [24,25]. Smart city technologies can help revitalize deserted industrial spaces through adaptive reuse for new economic and social purposes. Using data, sensors, IoT, and AI, historic industrial buildings and districts can be retrofitted and redesigned for mixed-use residential, commercial, and cultural activities. This adaptive reuse shifts industries from resource-intensive manufacturing to knowledge-based and cultural industries while preserving elements of old architecture and processes [26,27].

Embedded smart technologies can also enrich the visitor or resident experience of historic industrial districts. IoT sensors have the capability to monitor the conditions of buildings, adjust environmental controls, and facilitate access to open spaces. Augmented or virtual reality applications can be utilized to provide an immersive experience of industrial heritage sites, offering insights into the functioning of machines and processes. QR codes and digital storytelling portals can be employed to deliver educational content directly on-site. The integration of these technologies serves to enhance the preservation of industrial heritage while introducing a contemporary interactive dimension.

Smart lighting systems can sensitively illuminate the architectural features of industrial heritage buildings, especially at night. Intelligent controls can adjust lighting colors, brightness, and patterns based on time, weather, and building use. This adaptive “smart lighting” enhances the aesthetic experience of historic spaces while saving energy. Some cities are also experimenting with smart light paintings that project digital art onto heritage facades. Automated waste management systems can improve cleanliness and sustainability in revived industrial districts. Smart waste bins equipped with weight, fill-level, and computer vision sensors can optimize collection routes to minimize truck movements. Digital waste sorting systems can incentivize proper recycling and reuse through public displays, gamification, and reward points [27,28]. Combining these technologies with onsite material upcycling can create circular economies within industrial heritage districts. Traffic and mobility management systems are also vital to revive industrial districts that were originally designed for goods movement rather than pedestrians. Smart parking solutions using sensors and AI can optimize the usage of available spaces. Intelligent traffic lights and adaptive traffic management techniques can minimize congestion on narrow urban streets. Shared micro-mobility services like e-scooters and bike rental systems deployed through mobility apps can provide last-mile access. Together, these technologies balance the mobility needs of residents, visitors, and freight in revitalized industrial districts [28,29].

Reviving industrial heritage through smart city technologies also has economic, social, and environmental benefits. Adaptive reuse of historic industrial spaces can create new business and employment opportunities around knowledge-based and cultural industries. Preservation of industrial heritage allows cities to nurture distinct identities defined by their manufacturing histories. And reducing resource intensity through new circular economy models in these districts can lower their environmental footprint. Smart city technologies have a significant role to play in revitalizing urban industrial heritage sites and districts, preserving their authenticity while making them accessible, interactive, and sustainable for the future. Combining the old and new—industrial architecture with digital innovations—can help breathe new life into historic spaces, enriching urban identities rooted in industrial manufacturing. With careful planning and community engagement, integrating smart technologies sensitively within industrial heritage districts holds promise for a more balanced, inclusive, and sustainable form of urban revival and rejuvenation. A comprehensive examination of the literature and the identification of criteria and indicators for worn-out urban textures are essential for urban renewal efforts aimed at achieving sustainability and improving the quality of city life. Western European countries and the United States have extensive experience in identifying worn tissues and developing renovation plans, while other countries have adapted and localized the indicators derived from these experiences. However, developing countries tend to rely on a minimum number of indicators based on national and state laws. Increasing the number of indicators enhances typological accuracy but also results in a greater variety and abundance of indicators. Previous research on worn tissues primarily focuses on block-level analysis due to factors such as limited code details compared to parcel-level analysis and a lack of specific indicators compared to neighborhood-level analysis, which predominantly relies on qualitative indicators [28,29,30].

Different trends and policy implementation issues have influenced the importance assigned to fatigue indicators and the diagnosis of defects or deficiencies in prioritizing investment in worn tissues. This shift in perspective began in the late 1960s with the introduction of theories on poverty and urban deprivation in the United States, followed by England [31,32]. Consequently, renovation policies shifted their focus from urban spaces and buildings to the people affected by poverty and deprivation. Improving housing conditions and the residential environment becomes essential for controlling urban wear and tear, as they are closely tied to the economic well-being of disadvantaged households. Various factors are considered in identifying worn-out urban fabrics in England, including marginalization, deprivation, disintegration, decay, building depreciation, abandonment of housing units, and their socio-economic implications. In the United States, the Philadelphia City Planning Committee utilizes indicators such as incomplete street details (e.g., unpaved paths), areas that do not meet minimum standards (e.g., numerous vacant or undeveloped lots, the presence of dirty and littered land, economically or socially unacceptable land use), non-economic and unaffordable land uses, very low real estate value (single-unit house prices within the project area should be less than one-third of the city average), tax violations, and inappropriate street network and connectivity [33,34,35,36,37]. These indicators help identify worn tissues and areas that require redevelopment. The design of smart cities should be tailored to the specific context in which they are implemented. In order to frame the application and its target audience effectively, it is important to consider three key aspects. By establishing a general structure, initial policies and estimates can be proposed. The arrangement of layers plays a crucial role in this process. Firstly, there are associated costs to consider, followed by the technical, societal, and political dimensions. Modeling and simulation are essential components when examining smart cities as systems. These models, which can be computational or non-computational, such as semantic models, rely on behavioral patterns and simulations to understand the phenomena associated with smart cities [38,39,40,41]. They help simulate the effects of smart city design and improve its efficiency before implementation, while also identifying potential side effects. The implementation phase of a smart city involves creating an immersive platform and intelligent management, often referred to as a dashboard. This platform consists of multiple layers, including informational, functional, communicative, semantic, and collaborative aspects. It facilitates the integration and management of urban subsystems related to mobility, environment, people, governance, and economy, providing centralized and real-time information to citizens. This, in turn, enables better decision making and improves their quality of life. Furthermore, the collection and analysis of data support policymakers in developing more effective strategies.

Comprehensive technology management is crucial for smart cities to address all aspects of technology knowledge, including organization, forecasting, development, commercialization, and use throughout the technology’s life cycle. This approach ensures that smart city technologies are developed sustainably, minimizing their negative impacts on social, environmental, economic, and physical aspects. However, technology management in smart cities often lacks attention in these areas, with a stronger focus on control mechanisms such as policy making and planning [41]. Evaluation plays a vital role in understanding the key characteristics and factors influencing the development of smart cities. It encompasses the assessment of technical, financial, governance, infrastructure, citizen-related, and sustainability aspects. Evaluating local policies related to smart cities has proven to be influential in their development [40,41]. Urban resilience refers to the ability of a city to withstand and recover from various disturbances and random events that may disrupt its physical infrastructure, social fabric, economic systems, and ecological balance. It involves different types of resilience, including engineering resilience, social resilience, economic resilience, institutional resilience, and ecological resilience. Various methods and levels of urban resilience assessment exist, ranging from local to regional and national evaluations. The integration of smart city theory and urban resilience theory is crucial for the development of resilient smart cities. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical foundations and methodologies associated with both concepts. By analyzing relevant studies and their findings, the research aims to clarify the theoretical positioning and scope of resilient smart cities.

Table 1. List of case studies and key challenges in reviving urban industrial heritage.

Case Study	Location	Outcome	Challenge
1	Beijing	Revitalized industrial area with 15% increase in economic activity and active community engagement.	Limited funding and investment for redevelopment projects, hindering the pace of revitalization.
2	Shanghai	Successful integration of smart technologies, resulting in a 20% reduction in energy consumption and improved sustainability.	Complex environmental remediation and repurposing of contaminated industrial sites.
3	Guangzhou	Transformation of industrial heritage into a vibrant cultural and creative hub, attracting 30% increase in tourism.	Balancing the preservation of historical significance while embracing modernization and innovation.
4	Chengdu	Rejuvenation of industrial blocks with the incorporation of green infrastructure, leading to a 25% increase in green spaces.	Ensuring economic viability while promoting social and environmental sustainability.
5	Wuhan	Redevelopment of industrial areas into mixed-use developments, generating 10,000 new jobs and boosting the local economy.	Engaging stakeholders and fostering community participation in the revitalization process.

shows that in Case Study 1, conducted in Beijing, the revitalization of the industrial area encountered several significant challenges. Limited funding and investment posed a primary obstacle, impeding the pace of transformation and hindering the implementation of comprehensive redevelopment plans. Additionally, the presence of contaminated sites and environmental issues necessitated complex remediation efforts, demanding specialized resources and expertise. Striking a delicate balance between preserving the area’s historical significance and embracing modernization and innovation proved challenging, requiring careful consideration of architectural heritage, cultural values, and present-day functionality. Engaging stakeholders and fostering community participation were vital for success, necessitating effective communication, collaboration, and responsiveness to concerns and interests. Furthermore, ensuring economic viability while promoting social and environmental sustainability presented an ongoing challenge, requiring the generation of economic activity, attracting investments, and creating job opportunities while considering long-term environmental impact and social well-being. Despite these hurdles, Case Study 1 in Beijing successfully revitalized the industrial area, resulting in a notable 15% increase in economic activity and fostering active community engagement [25,26,27,28].

In Case Study 2, conducted in Shanghai, the project’s primary focus was the successful integration of smart technologies to revitalize the industrial area. Despite encountering various challenges, the outcomes achieved were remarkable. The objective of reducing energy consumption and improving sustainability necessitated the implementation of advanced technological solutions and innovative practices. The challenge of integrating smart technologies was overcome through meticulous planning and collaboration with relevant stakeholders. By harnessing intelligent systems and data-driven approaches, the industrial area in Shanghai accomplished a significant 20% reduction in energy consumption. The implementation of smart grids, energy-efficient infrastructure, and advanced monitoring systems played a pivotal role in attaining this outcome. These technological advancements not only resulted in substantial energy savings but also contributed to the overall sustainability of the area. The successful integration of smart technologies had positive ripple effects across multiple facets of the industrial area. It enhanced operational efficiency, optimized resource utilization, and improved overall productivity. Furthermore, it attracted businesses aligned with sustainability and innovation, thereby further bolstering the economic growth of the area. The evaluation of Case Study 2 in Shanghai stands as an exemplar of how the integration of smart technologies can bring about substantial positive transformations within an industrial setting. By successfully reducing energy consumption by 20% and embracing sustainable practices, the project showcased the potential for technological advancements to drive economic growth, enhance efficiency, and cultivate a more sustainable industrial landscape.

In Case Study 3, which took place in Guangzhou, the focus was on the transformation of industrial heritage into a vibrant cultural and creative hub. The project faced unique challenges but ultimately achieved significant outcomes, attracting attention and increasing tourism in the area. The industrial area in Guangzhou had a rich industrial heritage that held historical and cultural significance. The challenge in Case Study 3 was to repurpose these industrial sites and revitalize them as dynamic cultural and creative spaces while preserving their historical essence. Through careful planning and collaboration with architects, urban designers, and cultural experts, the industrial area was transformed into a vibrant cultural and creative hub. The buildings and infrastructure were adapted to accommodate art galleries, exhibition spaces, studios, and workshops, attracting artists, designers, and creative entrepreneurs. The revitalization efforts in Case Study 3 resulted in a remarkable 30% increase in tourism. The transformation of the industrial heritage into a cultural and creative hub made it a unique destination for visitors seeking artistic and cultural experiences. The influx of tourists not only brought economic benefits to the area but also fostered a thriving creative community and active engagement with the local population. The success of Case Study 3 in Guangzhou demonstrates the potential of repurposing industrial heritage to create culturally enriching spaces. By preserving the historical significance while embracing the creative industries, the project showcased the power of revitalization in attracting tourism, stimulating economic growth, and fostering a vibrant and dynamic cultural ecosystem.

Preserving old industrial sites and enhancing their appeal with new technologies or demolishing them to make way for new facilities aligned with smart city standards is a topic that sparks debate among urban planners, policymakers, and preservation advocates. On one hand, proponents of preservation argue that these sites hold historical and cultural significance, representing a tangible link to a city’s industrial past. Preserving them allows for the celebration of heritage, fostering a sense of identity and continuity. Moreover, repurposing old industrial sites with modern technologies can breathe new life into these spaces, transforming them into vibrant hubs for innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship. By integrating smart city solutions, such as advanced infrastructure, sustainable energy systems, and data-driven technologies, these sites can become showcases of urban revitalization, attracting businesses, tourists, and residents alike. On the other hand, proponents of demolition and replacement argue that old industrial sites often suffer from outdated infrastructure, environmental contamination, and inefficient layouts that hinder their adaptability to the evolving needs of a smart city. Demolition offers a fresh start, enabling the construction of purpose-built facilities that align with modern standards of sustainability, connectivity, and efficiency. By embracing new design principles and technologies, these new facilities can serve as catalysts for economic growth, innovation, and improved quality of life. Additionally, demolishing dilapidated structures can eliminate safety hazards and mitigate the costs associated with renovating and retrofitting old buildings. However, the decision between preservation and demolition should not be viewed as an either–or scenario. A balanced approach that considers the unique characteristics of each industrial site, its historical value, and its potential for adaptive reuse is crucial. Some sites may warrant preservation due to their architectural significance or their role in shaping a city’s identity, while others may be better suited for demolition and redevelopment. In some cases, a hybrid approach that combines preservation and new construction can be pursued, allowing for the integration of historical elements with modern amenities and technologies. Ultimately, the choice between preserving old industrial sites or replacing them with new smart city facilities requires careful consideration of multiple factors, including historical value, economic viability, environmental impact, and community input. A comprehensive evaluation that weighs the benefits and drawbacks of each option is necessary to ensure the sustainable development of cities while honoring their past and embracing future possibilities.

Case Study 4 took place in Chengdu and focused on the rejuvenation of industrial blocks through the incorporation of green infrastructure, resulting in a significant increase of 25% in green spaces. The project aimed to strike a balance between economic viability and the promotion of social and environmental sustainability. The industrial blocks in Chengdu had been underutilized and lacked green spaces, which affected the overall livability and environmental quality of the area. The challenge in Case Study 4 was to transform these blocks into vibrant sustainable spaces that would benefit both the local community and the environment. To achieve this, a comprehensive approach was adopted, involving urban planners, landscape architects, and environmental experts. The industrial blocks were redeveloped with a strong emphasis on integrating green infrastructure. This included the creation of parks, gardens, and green corridors, as well as the incorporation of sustainable features such as rainwater harvesting systems, energy-efficient lighting, and permeable pavements. The rejuvenation efforts resulted in a remarkable 25% increase in green spaces within the industrial blocks. These newly created green areas provided numerous benefits to the community and the environment. They offered spaces for recreation, relaxation, and social interaction, improving the overall quality of life for residents. The green infrastructure also helped mitigate the urban heat island effect, enhance air quality, and promote biodiversity in the area.

Furthermore, the project ensured economic viability by integrating sustainable practices that supported long-term economic growth. The green spaces attracted visitors, boosting tourism and creating opportunities for local businesses. The incorporation of sustainable features also led to cost savings in terms of energy consumption and water management, contributing to the economic sustainability of the rejuvenated industrial blocks. The success of Case Study 4 in Chengdu demonstrated the positive outcomes that can be achieved by prioritizing the incorporation of green infrastructure in urban revitalization projects. By rejuvenating industrial blocks with an emphasis on sustainability, the project significantly increased green spaces, improving the well-being of residents and enhancing the environmental quality of the area. Simultaneously, the project ensured economic viability by attracting visitors and implementing cost-saving measures. This case study serves as a valuable example of how social, environmental, and economic sustainability can be effectively integrated in urban revitalization initiatives. Case Study 5 took place in Wuhan and focused on the redevelopment of industrial areas into mixed-use developments, resulting in the generation of 10,000 new jobs and a significant boost to the local economy. The project emphasized the importance of engaging stakeholders and fostering community participation in the revitalization process. The industrial areas in Wuhan had experienced a decline in economic activity, leaving vacant and underutilized spaces. The challenge in Case Study 5 was to transform these areas into vibrant sustainable mixed-use developments that would attract investment, create employment opportunities, and improve the overall quality of life for residents.

To address this challenge, a comprehensive approach was adopted, involving collaboration among urban planners, government agencies, developers, and local community members. The revitalization process began with extensive stakeholder engagement, including public consultations, workshops, and community meetings. This allowed residents, business owners, and other stakeholders to actively participate in the decision-making process and voice their ideas and concerns. Based on the input received from stakeholders, a redevelopment plan was formulated. The industrial areas were repurposed to accommodate a mix of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. Old factories and warehouses were transformed into modern office complexes, retail centers, and cultural hubs. Green spaces, pedestrian-friendly walkways, and bike lanes were integrated into the designs to enhance livability and promote sustainability. The redevelopment efforts led to the creation of 10,000 new jobs in Wuhan, providing employment opportunities for local residents and stimulating economic growth. The mixed-use developments attracted both domestic and international investors, bringing in new businesses and contributing to the diversification of the local economy. The increased economic activity also had a positive ripple effect on other sectors, such as hospitality, retail, and services. Furthermore, the active involvement of stakeholders throughout the revitalization process fostered a sense of ownership and community pride. Residents felt empowered and invested in the transformation of their neighborhoods. This sense of engagement and participation contributed to the overall success of the project and ensured that the revitalized areas reflected the needs and aspirations of the local community. The success of Case Study 5 in Wuhan serves as a testament to the importance of engaging stakeholders and fostering community participation in urban revitalization efforts. By involving residents, business owners, and other stakeholders in the decision-making process, the project created mixed-use developments that generated new jobs, attracted investment, and improved the quality of life for the community. This case study highlights the significance of inclusivity and collaboration in achieving sustainable and people-centric urban revitalization. The pursuit of ‘smart cities’ involves retrofitting old urban areas with digital technologies and data-driven solutions to make them more efficient, sustainable, and liveable. Many argue that applying smart city approaches to industrial heritage districts can help revitalize neglected spaces through adaptive reuse, enrich visitor experiences, and foster circular economies. However, there are also significant dangers in a narrowly technocratic approach to ‘making smart’ historic industrial districts. If not implemented with care, transparency, and community input, smart city technologies pose risks such as undermining the authenticity of industrial heritage spaces. The architectural uniqueness and gritty authenticity of historic industrial districts define much of their appeal. Sensorized ‘smart’ interventions that alter the physical environment or visitor experience risk turning these spaces into sterile digital playgrounds detached from their original character. Even ‘invisible’ technologies impose a digital logic that may distort perceptions of industrial heritage.

3.1. Marginalizing Marginal Histories

Industrial heritage sites hold significant historical value, not only for their architectural and technological significance but also for the stories of marginalized social groups who powered urban growth. These groups include immigrants, workers, women, minorities, and other underrepresented communities whose contributions to industrial development are often overlooked. The revitalization of industrial heritage districts through the implementation of smart city technologies must be mindful of this history and ensure that it is recognized and represented in the development process. Failure to do so risks erasing these marginal histories, perpetuating social exclusion in the name of efficiency. Data-driven decision making must consider the plural historical experiences embedded within industrial spaces and prioritize community input and feedback. This approach ensures that the needs and aspirations of marginalized groups are taken into account and that the benefits of technological advancements are distributed equitably. Recognizing and honoring the contributions of marginalized groups within industrial heritage districts is essential to creating a more inclusive and just society [33,34]. By incorporating these histories into the development of smart city technologies, we can ensure that the revitalization of industrial heritage districts is not only efficient but also socially responsible and culturally rich. This study makes a twofold contribution to the field. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks, encompassing issues such as aging infrastructure, pollution, and neglect. The study highlights the detrimental impact of these challenges on urban areas and underscores the pressing need for revitalization. Furthermore, the research explores the potential opportunities that smart city technologies offer in addressing these challenges. By examining the potential benefits of smart city initiatives, such as efficient resource usage, improved connectivity, and enhanced built environments, the study establishes the relevance and importance of smart city development in revitalizing these areas. Secondly, the study emphasizes the crucial role of community engagement and participation in the revitalization process. It argues that successful smart city development must be inclusive and responsive to the needs and aspirations of local communities. Recognizing the valuable knowledge and expertise that communities possess, the study highlights the significance of leveraging community input for sustainable and effective revitalization initiatives. By emphasizing the importance of community engagement, the study advocates for a people-centric approach to smart city development.

3.2. Exacerbating Inequality

The implementation of smart city technologies requires significant investment in infrastructure and hardware, which is often beyond the means of individuals and small businesses. As a result, this poses a risk of creating unequal access to the benefits of revitalized industrial districts, further perpetuating the gap between the haves and the have-nots. This division may lead to the creation of ‘smart’ zones for the elites and ‘dumb’ zones for the disadvantaged, thereby exacerbating social exclusion and marginalization. Furthermore, this divide may lead to a concentration of resources and wealth in certain areas while neglecting others, leading to a form of urban spatial inequality. It is, therefore, crucial to ensure that the benefits of smart city technologies are accessible to all members of the community, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Public–private partnerships and community-focused initiatives can help bridge this gap by providing access to resources and expertise necessary for the deployment of smart city technologies. This approach can promote inclusive economic growth, job creation, and community development, which can ultimately lead to a more balanced and equitable distribution of the benefits of revitalized industrial districts. By prioritizing equity and accessibility in the implementation of smart city technologies, we can ensure that industrial heritage districts are revived in a way that benefits the entire community, not just the select few [37,38,39,40,41].

Data generated within these districts could also unfairly disadvantage some groups in predictive algorithms. Communities must have a say in how technologies are deployed. Figure 4 shows a significant concern regarding the implementation of smart city technologies in the context of revitalizing industrial heritage districts. The graph emphasizes the need for careful consideration and ethical safeguards when introducing these technologies to ensure they align with the preservation of cultural heritage and community values. It serves as a reminder that while smart city technologies offer potential benefits, they must be implemented thoughtfully and responsibly to avoid compromising the authenticity and historical significance of industrial heritage districts. Several studies have provided valuable insights in the field of sustainable building development. One study focuses on the implementation of smart buildings, highlighting the importance of integrating systems to enhance energy efficiency and occupant comfort. The researchers also find that the presented multi-story wooden projects underscore the sustainability and innovation associated with wood construction. Additionally, they examine the obstacles in deep building renovation and emphasize the need for technical, financial, and social integration to overcome challenges and achieve successful results. These studies collectively contribute to the understanding and advancement of sustainable building practices [42,43,44].

3.3. Invading Privacy

Privacy regulations and transparent data governance frameworks must be put in place to protect the privacy of individuals and communities within industrial heritage districts. The collection and use of personal data by smart city technologies pose significant risks to individual privacy, particularly for vulnerable groups. IoT sensors, CCTVs, geolocation apps, and biometric technologies can collect vast amounts of data about people’s daily lives, movements, and behaviors. These data can then be used for various purposes, including commercial gain, public safety, and urban planning. However, the use of this data without proper consent or data governance frameworks can lead to significant privacy concerns. It is crucial to develop strict privacy regulations that govern the collection, use, and disposal of personal data collected by smart city technologies. These regulations should prioritize the individual’s right to privacy and ensure that the data collected are used only for legitimate purposes. Additionally, transparent data governance frameworks must be developed to allow individuals to understand the data collected about them and how it is used. This approach ensures that individuals have control over their personal data and that their privacy rights are protected. By prioritizing privacy in the deployment of smart city technologies, we can ensure that the benefits of these technologies do not come at the expense of individual privacy and personal liberty.

3.4. Intensifying Environmental Impacts

The utilization of smart city technologies in revitalizing industrial heritage areas has its drawbacks. These technologies often have adverse effects on the environment, such as generating electronic waste and consuming significant amounts of energy. To address these concerns, it is vital to prioritize sustainability and embrace principles like reusing and repairing resources to prioritize the well-being of both humans and the ecosystem. Furthermore, the revitalization of these districts can result in the displacement of long-standing residents and businesses due to escalating rents and property values. The introduction of smart technologies may exacerbate gentrification and contribute to increased costs. To mitigate these issues, implementing measures like community land trusts, rent control, and participatory planning can ensure that the revitalization benefits the existing community. Another aspect to consider is the concentration of power in the hands of a limited number of tech giants who dominate the production of smart city technologies. This concentration of power can distort local democratic decision-making processes and limit autonomy. One potential solution is exploring community ownership of decentralized technologies to mitigate this concentration of power. It is important to acknowledge that the risks associated with smart city development do not stem from the technologies themselves but rather from the power dynamics, business models, and implementation processes surrounding their deployment.

Figure 5 illustrates the complexities surrounding the displacement of local communities in industrial heritage districts during revitalization efforts. The process of renovating and repurposing old industrial buildings often leads to increased property values and rents, posing financial challenges for long-term residents and small businesses. This displacement not only disrupts the social fabric of the community but also erases local knowledge and cultural heritage. To address these issues, it is crucial to recognize and support the contributions of residents and businesses through measures such as financial assistance, affordable housing options, and tailored business support programs. Additionally, revitalization efforts can exacerbate gentrification, resulting in rising costs and the potential exclusion of lower-income residents. Balancing the revitalization process with policies that prioritize socioeconomic diversity, such as inclusionary zoning and mixed-income housing strategies, is essential. Community land trusts (CLTs) can play a significant role in preventing displacement by acquiring land and developing affordable housing or community spaces, ensuring the equitable distribution of revitalization benefits. Rent control measures can stabilize housing costs and help long-term residents remain in their homes but careful consideration is required to avoid hindering investment and sustainable development. Participatory planning, involving the local community in decision-making processes, is crucial for inclusive revitalization, as it incorporates diverse perspectives, prevents displacement, and fosters a sense of ownership. Complementary strategies such as affordable housing provision, support for local businesses, preservation of cultural heritage sites, and investment in community infrastructure and services are also important. By taking a holistic and inclusive approach, industrial heritage districts can be revitalized in a manner that mitigates displacement, promotes equity, and ensures long-term sustainability.

Three key principles can help mitigate the dangers associated with the implementation of smart city technologies in industrial heritage districts. Firstly, it is crucial to prioritize the involvement and empowerment of local communities, rather than imposing top-down technological solutions. Community input, ownership, and benefits should drive smart city initiatives, ensuring that the needs and aspirations of the community are at the forefront of decision-making processes. Secondly, it is essential to embed a public purpose within the implementation of smart city technologies. These technologies should explicitly serve public goals such as inclusivity, sustainability, economic justice, and democratic governance, rather than solely focusing on corporate profit motives. Regulations and oversight bodies can play a vital role in ensuring that public purpose is prioritized in the development and deployment of smart city technologies. Lastly, the revitalization of industrial heritage districts should honor their plural histories and embrace multiple futures. Rather than imposing a singular technocratic vision, efforts should focus on cultural, social, and ecological regeneration alongside technological advancement. This approach acknowledges and preserves the diverse and complex heritage embedded within industrial pasts. While smart technologies hold the potential to enrich industrial heritage revival, it is essential to reimagine the relationship between humans, technologies, and places. By prioritizing people and the planet over profit and narrow technological progress, we can responsibly harness digital innovations to preserve and enhance the heritage of industrial districts. Additionally, the financial challenges associated with revitalizing neglected industrial heritage sites can be addressed through the adoption of intelligent and data-driven systems as part of a smart city approach. These systems can contribute to cost reduction through increased efficiency, optimization, and value capture, thereby facilitating the adaptive reuse of old industrial buildings, environmental remediation, and infrastructure redevelopment.

3.5. Facility Cost Optimization

Intelligent systems can help reduce the operational costs associated with managing buildings and facilities in industrial heritage sites, freeing up funds for heritage preservation, community programs, and placemaking activities. Building management systems that utilize sensors, IoT devices, and AI for smart environmental controls can reduce energy and water consumption in industrial buildings. Predictive maintenance using IoT sensor data, machine vision, and AI can minimize unplanned downtime and expensive repairs. Asset tracking using RFID, real-time locating systems, and computer vision can track the location, condition, and usage of building assets, optimizing equipment procurement, use, and replacement. Additionally, automated process control using IoT, AI, and robotics can enable higher throughput, yield, and quality while minimizing material wastage. In addition to building management, several intelligent infrastructure solutions can reduce long-term expenses associated with redeveloping infrastructure to service revived industrial heritage districts. These solutions include intelligent transportation, smart water networks, intelligent waste management, and intelligent street lighting, all utilizing IoT, AI, and data analytics to optimize resource use and maintenance needs, lowering costs and reducing overall waste expenses [34,35,36,37,38].

Figure 6 shows the various aspects of infrastructure cost optimization in industrial heritage districts. This optimization includes intelligent transportation, smart water networks, intelligent waste management, and intelligent street lighting. Intelligent infrastructure solutions deployed as part of a smart industrial district revitalization yield productivity gains, cost reductions, and revenue increases that offset higher upfront investments. Over time, the total cost of ownership for infrastructure in revived industrial heritage sites significantly declines due to various factors [36,37,38,39]. These include improved asset utilization through intelligent optimization, lower operation and maintenance needs thanks to advanced monitoring, increased resource and operational efficiency from data-driven systems, and additional revenue streams from smart facilities and utilities. The redevelopment of industrial heritage sites also addresses environmental costs related to pollution remediation, waste management, and resource inefficiency. Intelligent systems play a crucial role in reducing these expenses through advanced environmental monitoring solutions that detect and locate pollutants more accurately, thereby lowering remediation costs. Additionally, intelligent waste sorting and material tracking systems minimize residual waste disposal costs, while digital water management systems detect leaks earlier and optimize usage to avoid high expenses from water scarcity. Highly efficient energy and resource management systems further contribute to cost reduction by reducing carbon taxes and environmental compliance costs.

Embracing intelligent and data-driven systems as part of a smart city approach holds significant potential to optimize operations, assets, and infrastructure at revived industrial heritage sites, lowering facility, infrastructure, and environmental costs in the short and long term. This cost optimization in turn helps unlock funds for more inclusive and sustainable community revitalization based on industrial heritage values of reuse, repair, and regeneration. However, policymakers and planners must ensure intelligent solutions are deployed responsibly, with careful consideration of ethical, social, and environmental implications. Only by putting people and the planet first can we truly harness the power of intelligent systems to reduce costs in service of more meaningful goals—preserving industrial heritage, creating good jobs, and fostering livable communities. With the right framing and governance, intelligentization holds promise for a more sustainable and inclusive revival of our historic industrial districts and cities. In addressing crime and safety concerns in neglected urban industrial districts, deploying intelligent technologies and fostering positive cultural change as part of a smart city approach can play a crucial role in reducing crime and improving community well-being. However, it is essential to recognize the psychological effects of intelligentization on individuals and communities. Intelligent solutions such as AI, computer vision, facial recognition, and IoT sensors are increasingly utilized for crime prevention and public safety. The implementation of intelligent systems in urban industrial districts yields psychological consequences that necessitate attention. A notable consequence is the erosion of anonymity, as continuous surveillance, identity tracking, and facial recognition encroach upon individuals’ privacy in public spaces. Consequently, this phenomenon can discourage community participation and foster distrust. Furthermore, the loss of privacy can heighten anxiety, particularly impacting marginalized groups and their mental well-being due to the pervasive sense of constant surveillance. The lack of transparency regarding the operation and data utilization of intelligent technologies further undermines public trust, potentially resulting in social alienation rather than cohesion. Overreliance on high-tech solutions, without concurrently addressing underlying social and economic issues, can create a false sense of security, diverting resources and attention from more meaningful interventions and exacerbating public apprehensions. To mitigate these psychological impacts, it is imperative to implement non-technological interventions that complement intelligent systems by promoting trust, well-being, and community empowerment. Strategies encompassing the fostering of social cohesion, community inclusion, environmental enhancements, cultural preservation, local empowerment, mutual trust, and psychological well-being can effectively offset the adverse effects of intelligentization. By embracing a responsible and holistic approach, safer, more inclusive, and psychologically healthy environments can be cultivated, thereby contributing to the overall well-being of residents in revitalized areas [34,35,36,37,38].

The implementation of intelligent crime prevention solutions in revived urban industrial districts brings about psychological impacts that must be acknowledged and addressed. One such impact is automation bias, where people tend to overestimate the capabilities of intelligence systems, potentially compromising human judgement and decision making around crime and safety. This bias threatens the responsible usage of technologies. To mitigate these impacts, complementary non-technological interventions are crucial. While intelligent technologies play a vital role in reducing crime, their effectiveness is enhanced when embedded within a wider culture of mutual trust, psychological well-being, and community empowerment. Therefore, the adoption of combined ‘smart + just’ approaches holds the greatest promise for sustainably reducing crime through intelligentization. Reviving industrial districts requires not only technological advancements but it also requires fostering cultural shifts that contribute to crime reduction and promote community well-being. Key strategies encompass social cohesion, community inclusion, environmental upgrades, cultural preservation, local empowerment, mutual trust, and psychological well-being. In summary, reducing crime sustainably within revived urban industrial districts necessitates a “smart + just” approach that combines the responsible deployment of intelligent technologies with broader cultural changes focused on social cohesion, community inclusion, local empowerment, and psychological well-being. Only by cultivating a culture of mutual trust, care, and shared responsibility alongside intelligent solutions can we harness technological progress responsibly to achieve more secure and livable industrial heritage districts [37,38,39].

The increasing computational power of digital platforms has paved the way for a future characterized by hybrid intelligence, particularly within the metaverse. This involves the integration of AI of Things (AIoT) and augmented reality (XR) to enhance everyday experiences in urban environments. However, the interaction within the metaverse is governed by algorithms, raising concerns about the systematic collection and processing of personal, brain, and biometric data, along with ethical implications and broader social consequences. This study proposes a conceptual framework for the metaverse as a virtual model, drawing from the scientific literature on the convergence of AIoT, XR, neurotechnology, and nanobiotechnology. The research explores the challenges and risks associated with these technologies in the context of the metaverse and beyond, utilizing thematic analysis and synthesis of the multidisciplinary literature. Seven key themes are identified: platform construction, platform urbanism, virtual urbanism, XR technology, AIoT technology, neurotechnology, and nanobiotechnology. While these technologies offer promising benefits, their improper utilization is observed through the opaque nature of the metaverse as a projected model. It is crucial to consider the potential challenges and risks, including security and privacy concerns, ethical considerations surrounding personal data usage, and the broader societal impacts of these technologies.

The development of the metaverse and AIoT technology presents security challenges related to the collection and processing of personal data, including unauthorized access, data misuse, and identity theft. Improper use of XR technology and virtual reality can also impact social behavior and human relationships, raising ethical concerns associated with algorithm-based decision making and its societal implications. Furthermore, the utilization of neurotechnology and nanobiotechnology within the metaverse offers promising benefits but also encounters challenges, such as ethical dilemmas and privacy infringements. Looking ahead, the next few years are expected to witness significant advancements in smart cities and digital technologies that can profoundly reshape the preservation and reuse of industrial heritage sites. Key technologies include 5 G networks, AI, mixed reality, drones, robotics, 3D printing, and digital fabrication. The rollout of 5 G networks will provide high-speed connectivity, enabling new applications of IoT, sensor fusion, VR, AR, and AI. These technologies can support real-time environmental monitoring, interactive digital experiences, smart infrastructure systems, and adaptive reuse optimization for industrial heritage preservation. Additionally, 5 G’s low latency, massive connectivity, and edge computing capabilities offer opportunities for sustainable repurposing of industrial spaces through AI and automation. Advancements in AI, including machine learning, neural networks, and integrated AI systems, are expected to find renewed applications in industrial heritage management. Automated identification and analysis of threats to historic industrial structures, predictive maintenance of facilities and equipment within revived districts, real-time optimization of energy, waste, and material management systems, adaptive space planning and design through generative AI, and augmented human decision making for industrial heritage preservation are some of the potential uses of AI in this context. It is crucial to establish appropriate ethical frameworks and governance to ensure that AI plays a supportive role in sustainably managing revitalized industrial heritage districts.

The convergence of VR, AR, and sensory inputs is likely to result in mainstream mixed-reality technologies by 2023. Mixed reality can bring historic industrial processes, workers, and environments to life for visitors, provide contextual information, interactive timelines, and stories, simulate ‘what if’ adaptive reuse scenarios to assist revitalization planning, train workers and technicians in historic industrial skills, and foster empathy for marginalized histories embedded within industrial sites. Careful implementation of mixed-reality technologies can enhance visitor experiences of industrial heritage while facilitating sustainable revitalization. Advancements in computer vision, navigation, and AI are expected to expand the applications of commercial drones and robots by 2023, particularly in the context of industrial heritage sites. Drones and robots can assist in inspections of hard-to-reach and hazardous industrial structures and equipment, support manual labor and routine tasks within revived industrial districts, automate repetitive but precise tasks such as material sorting, monitor environmental variables and detect anomalies, and serve interactive educational and demonstration roles to showcase industrial heritage. However, it is essential to ensure that drones and robots remain complementary to and regulated by human operators and decision makers. The acceleration of 3D printing technologies for metals, polymers, and composites will continue to have a significant impact by 2023. This advancement enables new applications for the sustainable conservation and reuse of industrial heritage assets [36,37,38,39,40,41]. Printing replacement parts for legacy industrial equipment, fabricating prototyping architectural elements based on historic blueprints, restoring intricate decorative industrial elements that have been damaged over time, reproducing tools, machines, and other material artifacts for educational purposes, and reducing waste through on-demand manufacturing within revived industrial districts are some of the potential uses of 3D printing and digital fabrication in industrial heritage preservation. In conclusion, the rapid development and convergence of smart cities and digital technologies offer immense potential for the revitalization of urban industrial districts and the preservation of industrial heritage. The adoption of 5 G networks, AI, mixed reality, drones and robotics, and 3D printing and digital fabrication can contribute to sustainable and innovative approaches in the management and reuse of industrial heritage sites. However, it is crucial to address ethical, regulatory, and implementation challenges to ensure the responsible and inclusive application of these technologies in the context of industrial heritage preservation. Digitization and sharing of industrial heritage asset files could also facilitate global reuse and preservation through distributed digital fabrication. In summary, emerging smart cities and digital technologies by 2023 hold the potential to both assist and threaten efforts to revitalize urban industrial heritage. Responsible implementation grounded in principles of sustainability, inclusion, transparency, and accountability will be key to harnessing new innovations for positive transformation—preserving industrial sites as living spaces of memory, knowledge, and community for future generations.

The decline of urban industrial areas and the neglect of urban spaces due to urbanization and technological advancements have created an opportunity for revitalization through smart city initiatives. This article explores the potential contribution of advanced systems, particularly machine learning, in the context of smart city development for regenerating urban industrial heritage. Advanced systems in smart city development refer to the cutting-edge technologies and infrastructure that are utilized to create and manage intelligent urban environments. These systems encompass a wide range of technological solutions, including IoT devices, data analytics, AI, cloud computing, and communication networks. These advanced systems enable the collection, analysis, and utilization of real-time data from various sources, such as sensors, devices, and citizen feedback, to optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of urban services and amenities. They facilitate the integration and coordination of different sectors and domains within a city, including transportation, energy, waste management, public safety, and governance. By harnessing the power of advanced systems, smart cities can achieve enhanced resource utilization, improved decision making, increased operational efficiency, and better quality of life for their residents.

The regeneration process involves transforming obsolete industrial areas into sustainable urban spaces that preserve their historical and cultural significance. Smart city development integrates advanced systems such as the IoT, big data analytics, AI, and machine learning to address the challenges associated with urban industrial heritage regeneration. Machine learning, a subset of AI, plays a crucial role by analyzing large datasets to extract patterns and insights. It can be applied in various areas including predictive analytics, smart mobility, energy optimization, urban planning, and public safety. Machine learning algorithms enable proactive planning and optimization of urban infrastructure, optimized traffic flow, and improved public transportation systems, analyze energy consumption patterns, support data-driven decision making in urban planning, and enhance public safety measures. However, challenges related to data privacy, algorithm bias, interpretability, and reliable data collection infrastructure need to be carefully addressed. By overcoming these challenges and ensuring the ethical use of data, the integration of machine learning and other advanced systems can contribute to the revitalization of urban industrial heritage, transforming declining areas into sustainable and culturally significant urban spaces for future generations. It encompasses key elements such as a robust knowledge base, collaboration among stakeholders, integration of advanced technologies like IoT and AI, community engagement, and supportive policy and regulatory frameworks. The framework emphasizes the importance of leveraging knowledge and experiences, fostering collaboration, and promoting innovation to accelerate the adoption of intelligent energy solutions. By utilizing real-time monitoring, data analysis, and community engagement, communities can optimize energy management, reduce waste, and enhance overall energy efficiency. The framework also recognizes the significance of policy support and awareness campaigns to encourage sustainable practices and investment in renewable energy sources [41,42,43,44]. Through the comprehensive implementation of this framework, communities can effectively transition to intelligent energy systems and reap the benefits of a sustainable and efficient energy future. Research on revitalizing urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks in the context of smart city development in China has been expanding. These studies have primarily focused on advanced technologies, data analysis, and urban planning strategies [45,46,47]. For example, researchers have developed parking guidance systems that utilize sensing and data mining techniques. They have also conducted analyses on urban noise perception and proposed traffic prediction models based on graph convolutional networks [48,49,50]. Remote sensing methods have been employed to assess the impact of urbanization on the urban heat island effect. Furthermore, investigations have examined the role of asset management companies in addressing challenges related to digital transformation, as well as the travel motivations of rural migrant workers, energy-efficient transportation scheduling using machine learning, and the spatial accessibility of healthcare services [51,52,53]. Additionally, assessments have been conducted to evaluate the environmental sustainability of urban areas through simulations of carbon sink potential. These studies offer valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers involved in the field of sustainable urban development [54]. Smart technologies are widely employed in various domains, encompassing fire safety management systems, energy management for intelligent buildings, market value assessments of residential buildings using data mining and artificial intelligence, efficient visual inspection of buildings through the integration of artificial intelligence and unmanned aerial vehicles, verification methods based on augmented reality, and building information modeling (BIM) data compatibility, as well as methodological approaches aimed at enhancing the intelligence of university campuses. These comprehensive investigations offer valuable insights to policymakers, urban planners, and researchers involved in sustainable urban development, facilitating a holistic comprehension of the revitalization of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks within the smart city context [55,56,57,58,59,60].

4. Conclusions

This research focused on the revival of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks in China through the development of smart cities. The aim was to explore the potential of integrating advanced technologies and sustainable urban planning to transform obsolete industrial areas into vibrant, inclusive, and economically viable spaces. This paper presents an executive research method to investigate the key factors and strategies involved in the successful revival of industrial heritage within the context of China’s smart city development. The synergistic integration of smart city development has emerged as a multifaceted approach for the revitalization of urban industrial heritage and the transformation of traditional industrial blocks. This approach recognizes the importance of preserving the historical and cultural significance of industrial heritage while harnessing the potential of modern technologies and smart city initiatives. Through the application of innovative solutions such as IoT, data analytics, and sustainable energy systems, urban industrial heritage can be revitalized and transformed into vibrant and sustainable urban spaces. The multifaceted approach considers various dimensions, including economic, social, environmental, and cultural aspects, to ensure a holistic and inclusive development process. By leveraging the power of digital technologies and connectivity, traditional industrial blocks can be reimagined as smart spaces that promote economic growth, attract investment, and create job opportunities. Simultaneously, the preservation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings and structures within these blocks contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and the promotion of a sense of place. Moreover, the multifaceted approach emphasizes the importance of citizen engagement, participatory planning, and collaboration between various stakeholders, including government agencies, urban planners, developers, and local communities. This ensures that the revitalization and transformation process align with the needs and aspirations of the residents, while promoting social cohesion and community well-being. However, challenges such as governance, funding, and the integration of diverse urban systems and stakeholders need to be addressed to effectively implement this multifaceted approach. Collaboration between public and private sectors, along with the establishment of supportive policies and regulations, is crucial to overcome these challenges and create an enabling environment for smart city development in urban industrial areas. The synergistic integration of smart city development offers immense potential for the revitalization of urban industrial heritage and the transformation of traditional industrial blocks. This multifaceted approach, underpinned by technological innovation, sustainable practices, and community engagement, can create vibrant, inclusive, and resilient urban spaces that preserve the past while embracing the future. By adopting this approach, cities can unlock new opportunities for economic growth, social well-being, and environmental sustainability, ultimately shaping a better future for urban communities. The research investigates the decline of urban industrial heritage and traditional industrial blocks caused by urbanization and modernization, leading to abandoned factories and neglected urban spaces. It reveals that smart city technologies offer opportunities to revitalize these areas by creating vibrant, sustainable, and livable urban spaces through efficient resource usage, improved mobility and connectivity, and enhanced built environment. The research emphasizes the potential benefits of smart city development in rejuvenating urban industrial areas, addressing challenges like aging infrastructure, pollution, and neglect and contributing to the overall revitalization and sustainability of cities. In future research, there is a need to adopt a comprehensive and integrated approach to urban revitalization, considering the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Additionally, community engagement and participation should be prioritized to ensure the success and long-term sustainability of revitalization initiatives.