Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Management
2.2. Diets and Feeding
2.3. Production Performance
2.4. Measurement of Egg Quality
2.5. Nutrient Utilization and Determination
2.6. Morphology of Small Intestine
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Production Performance
3.2. Egg Quality Traits
3.3. Apparent Digestibility
3.4. Small Intestinal Morphology Structure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients, g/kg | Calculated Nutrient Level, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Feed Form | Mash | Pellet | ||
Corn | 604.2 | ME, MJ/kg | 11.30 | 11.30 |
Soybean meal meal | 255.8 | Crude protein | 16.66 | 16.69 |
Soybean oil | 10.0 | Calcium | 3.53 | 3.55 |
Limestone | 80.0 | Total phosphorus | 0.62 | 0.63 |
Salt | 2.0 | Non-phytate phosphorus | 0.33 | 0.33 |
Premix 1 | 48.0 | Lysine | 0.82 | 0.82 |
Total | 1000.0 | Methionine + Cystine | 0.69 | 0.69 |
Index | Bulk Density, g/cm3 | Apparent Density, g/cm3 | Repose Angle, deg | Size Distribution, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 0.71 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 36.01 ± 1.42 | 34.18 ± 1.06 |
Index | Value |
---|---|
Moisture content, % | 5 ± 0.3 |
Post-pelleting temperature, °C | 65 ± 1.4 |
Bulk Density, kg/m3 | 568 ± 4.3 |
Specific density, kg/m3 | 1455 ± 110.8 |
Hardness, N | 87 ± 6.1 |
Water resistant time, s | 6 ± 0.9 |
Diameter, mm | 4 ± 0.2 |
Length, mm | 8 ± 0.7 |
Fine Powder like content, % | 3 ± 0.3 |
Item | Hy-Line Grey | Hy-Line Brown | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mash, n = 54 | Pellet, n = 54 | Mash, n = 54 | Pellet, n = 54 | Feed Form (F) | Breed (B) | F × B | |
Laying rate, % | 88.19 ± 1.22 c | 91.66 ± 2.32 b | 91.26 ± 2.83 b | 94.10 ± 1.85 a | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
FCR 1 | 2.14 ± 0.11 a | 2.03 ± 0.09 b | 1.91 ± 0.10 c | 2.03 ± 0.12 b | <0.01 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
ADFI 2, g | 111.76 ± 5.67 b | 115.96 ± 6.64 a | 114.63 ± 6.21 a | 117.19 ± 5.82 a | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.55 |
Abnormal egg, % | 1.60 ± 0.49 | 0.49 ± 0.37 | 1.37 ± 0.79 | 0.68 ± 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.12 | 0.24 |
Mortality, % | 1.85 ± 0.25 | 1.85 ± 0.25 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.85 ± 0.25 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 0.37 |
Item | Hy-Line Grey | Hy-Line Brown | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mash, n = 240 | Pellet, n = 240 | Mash, n = 240 | Pellet, n = 240 | Feed Form (F) | Breed (B) | F × B | |
Egg weight, g | 59.54 ± 1.30 b | 62.13 ± 1.68 a | 62.58 ± 1.60 a | 63.16 ± 1.24 a | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
Egg shape index | 1.28 ± 0.26 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | 1.29 ± 0.14 | 1.30 ± 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.46 |
Shell thickness, mm | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.57 | 0.37 |
Shell strength, kg/cm2 | 4.15 ± 0.71 | 4.25 ± 0.86 | 3.70 ± 0.70 | 3.78 ± 0.97 | 0.36 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Egg shell, % | 12.70 ± 1.74 | 12.53 ± 3.12 | 12.62 ± 1.53 | 12.79 ± 1.45 | 0.99 | 0.62 | 0.35 |
Egg yolk, % | 27.90 ± 5.93 | 28.23 ± 4.87 | 24.93 ± 3.60 | 25.42 ± 5.52 | 0.19 | <0.01 | 0.23 |
Yolk color | 4.22 ± 0.45 | 4.10 ± 0.62 | 6.0 ± 1.13 | 6.1 ± 1.22 | 0.92 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Haugh unit | 86.83 ± 5.66 | 88.12 ± 6.71 | 85.74 ± 5.23 | 89.59 ± 4.30 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.38 |
Item | Hy-Line Grey | Hy-Line Brown, n = 108 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mash, n = 6 | Pellet, n = 6 | Mash, n = 6 | Pellet, n = 6 | Feed Form (F) | Breed (B) | F × B | |
Dry matter, % | 82.15 ± 2.87 b | 84.39 ± 2.94 a | 81.58 ± 1.88 b | 83.36 ± 2.38 a | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
Crude protein, % | 57.05 ± 1.83 b | 60.08 ± 2.17 a | 56.73 ± 1.77 b | 59.33 ± 2.01 a | 0.01 | 0.75 | 0.03 |
Total phosphorus, % | 46.92 ± 2.03 | 47.46 ± 1.07 | 46.79 ± 1.47 | 45.77 ± 1.11 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.26 |
Calcium, % | 56.71 ± 1.37 | 57.19 ± 1.44 | 56.34 ± 0.88 | 55.16 ± 1.04 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.56 |
Intestinal Parts | Item 1 | Hy-Line Grey | Hy-Line Brown | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mash, n = 6 | Pellet, n = 6 | Mash, n = 6 | Pellet, n = 6 | Feed Form (F) | Breed (B) | F × B | ||
Duodenum | VH, μm | 1432.52 ± 212.37 b | 1871.31 ± 230.15 a | 1393.91 ± 233.14 b | 1786.24 ± 215.60 a | <0.01 | 0.39 | <0.01 |
CD, μm | 131.39 ± 12.16 b | 145.83 ± 14.20 a | 140.92 ± 16.80 ab | 141.33 ± 13.42 a | <0.01 | 0.26 | 0.25 | |
VCR | 11.43 ± 1.16 b | 13.14 ± 1.05 a | 10.14 ± 1.46 b | 13.91 ± 1.77 a | <0.01 | 0.18 | 0.23 | |
Jejunum | VH, μm | 1928.82 ± 228.32 | 2018.04 ± 265.43 | 1831.33 ± 331.03 | 1839.9 ± 236.66 | 0.74 | 0.27 | 0.67 |
CD, μm | 169.87 ± 14.91 | 170.52 ± 15.88 | 139.79 ± 18.57 | 157.04 ± 22.6 | 0.48 | 0.09 | 0.51 | |
VCR | 11.81 ± 1.09 | 12.44 ± 1.27 | 13.92 ± 2.80 | 12.43 ± 2.11 | 0.68 | 0.36 | 0.37 | |
Ileum | VH, μm | 1356.04 ± 208.64 b | 1823.52 ± 227.85 a | 1622.22 ± 198.24 a | 1690.12 ± 222.20 a | <0.01 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
CD, μm | 124.03 ± 9.87 | 130.36 ± 10.96 | 113.44 ± 14.50 | 141.08 ± 12.41 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.24 | |
VCR | 11.39 ± 1.21 b | 15.27 ± 1.37 a | 14.53 ± 2.82 a | 12.11 ± 2.21 ab | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.28 |
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Wan, Y.; Ma, R.; Khalid, A.; Chai, L.; Qi, R.; Liu, W.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Zhan, K. Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds. Animals 2021, 11, 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030701
Wan Y, Ma R, Khalid A, Chai L, Qi R, Liu W, Li J, Li Y, Zhan K. Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds. Animals. 2021; 11(3):701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030701
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Yi, Ruiyu Ma, Anam Khalid, Lilong Chai, Renrong Qi, Wei Liu, Junying Li, Yan Li, and Kai Zhan. 2021. "Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds" Animals 11, no. 3: 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030701
APA StyleWan, Y., Ma, R., Khalid, A., Chai, L., Qi, R., Liu, W., Li, J., Li, Y., & Zhan, K. (2021). Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds. Animals, 11(3), 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030701