Behavioral Sciences

19 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Outcomes of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in Part-Time and Temporary Working University Students

by Emma Johansson and Rona Hart

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080697 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3205

The personal outcomes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) have recently gained popularity in research, but it is rarely studied in part-time or temporary employees and, in particular, in employed university students. The aim of the current study was to address this gap in [...] Read more.

The personal outcomes of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) have recently gained popularity in research, but it is rarely studied in part-time or temporary employees and, in particular, in employed university students. The aim of the current study was to address this gap in the literature by investigating the outcomes of OCB, including job stress, work–university conflict, work–leisure conflict, intent to quit, well-being, and job satisfaction, in university students who undertake contingent and part-time work. Using a correlational research design, data collection was conducted through an online survey administered to 122 employed university students. The correlation analysis revealed that OCB correlated positively with work–university conflict and work–leisure conflict, which is aligned with earlier work. However, in contrast to earlier findings, OCB did not correlate with well-being, stress, job satisfaction or intent to quit. Regression analyses revealed that OCB positively predicted job satisfaction, when entered together with work–university conflict, job stress, and intent to quit. OCB also predicted job stress when entered with job satisfaction. However, OCB did not predict well-being. In turn, work–university conflict negatively predicted well-being. The current findings differ from the wider literature on full-time employees, which suggests a need for further research to examine why these differences exist and what are their practical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prosocial Behaviours at Work: Key Concepts, Measures, Interventions, Antecedents, and Outcomes)

14 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Pictograms on Medication Packages Cause People to Consult Package Inserts Less Often? If so, With What Consequences?

by Ester Reijnen, Lea Laasner Vogt, Swen J. Kühne and Jan P. Fiechter

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080696 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

Overall, pharmaceutical pictograms seem to improve medication adherence. However, little is known about how warning pictograms (e.g., “do not drive after taking”) on medication packages influence patients’ information-seeking strategies such as consulting the package insert (PI) to determine other features such as the [...] Read more.

Overall, pharmaceutical pictograms seem to improve medication adherence. However, little is known about how warning pictograms (e.g., “do not drive after taking”) on medication packages influence patients’ information-seeking strategies such as consulting the package insert (PI) to determine other features such as the correct dosage. In this online study, participants (358 students) were presented with three fictitious scenarios (e.g., headache after alcohol consumption; factor scenario) in which medication use would be contraindicated. Each scenario was accompanied by a visual presentation of a medication package that could contain three possible pictogram selections or arrangements (factor warning); some arrangements contained pictograms relevant to the situation represented by the scenario, while others did not. Participants had to decide which dosage of the represented medication they were allowed to take in the given scenario. In making this decision, they could consult the PI or not. Overall, in two out of the three scenarios (driving and pregnancy), medication packages with relevant pictograms resulted in fewer PI consultations but led to more correct dosage decisions (“no pill”) than packages with irrelevant pictograms. Pictograms generally played no role in either the review of the PI consultation or dosage decisions in the alcohol scenario. Providing warning-relevant pictograms on medication packages can help people know when they should not take medication even without reading the PI. Full article

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12 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health of People with Intellectual Disabilities Living in Residential Care before, during, and after Lockdown

by María Dolores Gil-Llario, Irene Díaz-Rodríguez, Olga Fernández-García, Verónica Estruch-García, Mar Bisquert-Bover and Rafael Ballester-Arnal

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080695 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1306

Abstract

Background: The impact of the COVID-19 on the well-being of people with intellectual disabilities (PID) has been little studied. Methods: We analyzed its impact with a cohort study quantitatively analyzing anxiety, depression, organic symptoms, quality of life, and support needs in 24 PID, [...] Read more.

Background: The impact of the COVID-19 on the well-being of people with intellectual disabilities (PID) has been little studied. Methods: We analyzed its impact with a cohort study quantitatively analyzing anxiety, depression, organic symptoms, quality of life, and support needs in 24 PID, aged 19–74 years (

\bar{x}

40, σ = 13.09), living in a residential center, before, during, and after the pandemic. Results: Their mental health improved unexpectedly at the onset of the lockdown although there was an increase in organic symptoms. But, with the progress of the lockdown, their mental health deteriorated drastically. On the contrary, as expected, their quality of life and support needs worsened from the beginning of the lockdown until the country returned to normality, a time when there was a general recovery, without reaching pre-pandemic levels. These results show that the mental health of PID was affected differently to that of people without intellectual disabilities. Full article

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15 pages, 967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Electronic Media Use and Internalizing Problems: The Mediating Effect of Parent–Child Conflict and Moderating Effect of Children’s Age

by Shuliang Geng, Ke Xu and Xiaocen Liu

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080694 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2399

Abstract

In today’s digital world, children are exposed extensively to electronic media, making it an integral part of their daily lives. However, excessive use of electronic media during childhood has been associated with various internalizing problems. Moreover, parent–child conflict and children’s age may be [...] Read more.

In today’s digital world, children are exposed extensively to electronic media, making it an integral part of their daily lives. However, excessive use of electronic media during childhood has been associated with various internalizing problems. Moreover, parent–child conflict and children’s age may be closely associated with children’s problem behaviors. The current study employed a cross-sectional design and conducted a questionnaire survey of 711 parents to examine the association between children’s electronic media use and their internalizing problems. Furthermore, this study probed the mediating role of parent–child conflict within this association and the moderating effect of children’s age. The results of structural equation modeling showed a positive correlation between children’s use of electronic media and their internalizing difficulties. Parent–child conflict served as a mediating factor in this association. Results also showed that the association between parent–child conflict and internalizing problems becomes more pronounced as children grow older. These findings imply that parents should encourage their children to develop healthy habits in using electronic media while fostering positive relationships. Parents should also be mindful of the psychological changes as children age and provide guidance to help them become proficient digital citizens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Developmental Trajectory of Children's Social Behaviors and Their Cognitive Neural Mechanisms)

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18 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention for Online Health Popular Science Information Based on the Health Belief Model

by Jingfang Liu and Shiqi Wang

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080693 - 20 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

There is a growing demand for health popular science information from the public. Online paid health popular science information provides a new channel for the public to obtain health popular science information and can meet users’ demands for high-quality health popular science information. [...] Read more.

There is a growing demand for health popular science information from the public. Online paid health popular science information provides a new channel for the public to obtain health popular science information and can meet users’ demands for high-quality health popular science information. In order to improve the popularity of online paid health popular science information, it is urgent to investigate the factors influencing users’ intention to pay for online health popular science information. Paid online health popular science information can provide users with higher-quality health knowledge, while monetary compensation can incentivize publishers to create and promote the sustainability of social media platforms. Therefore, paid online health popular science information is important for readers, creators, and platforms. Therefore, this study investigates the factors influencing users’ intentions to purchase online health popular science information based on the health belief model (HBM). Our research data were obtained by a questionnaire and empirically analyzed by SmartPLS structural equation modeling. The results of this study indicate that the greater the perceived susceptibility, severity, and irreplaceability of health problems, the greater the intention of users to purchase health information when they read the summary portion of paid online health popular science information. And the higher the perceived risk and the more unreasonable the price of the online health popular science information, the lower the intention to purchase. Moreover, both the perceived susceptibility and perceived severity significantly attenuated the negative impacts of perceived health popular science information risk and perceived price unreasonableness on users’ intentions to purchase online health popular science information. This study not only enriches and extends the application of the health belief model, but also has important positive implications for the development of online paid health popular science information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral and Psychological Intervention for Long Term Health Conditions)

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13 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Appearance Anxiety on Social Anxiety among College Students: Sequential Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem

by Jieying Liao, Tiansheng Xia, Xuan Xu and Li Pan

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080692 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 12061

Abstract

Social anxiety is a serious psychological problem prevalent among Chinese college students, and appearance anxiety plays an important role in its development. Although some studies have explored the relationship between the two, the mediating mechanism is unclear. This study constructed a sequential mediation [...] Read more.

Social anxiety is a serious psychological problem prevalent among Chinese college students, and appearance anxiety plays an important role in its development. Although some studies have explored the relationship between the two, the mediating mechanism is unclear. This study constructed a sequential mediation model based on the cognitive–behavioral theory of body image disorder and social phobia to explore the mediating role of self-efficacy and self-esteem. A total of 234 college students were recruited using the convenience sampling method, including 68 males (29.10%) and 166 females (70.90%), with an average age of 21.25 years (SD = 1.75). Data were collected using the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Interaction Anxiety Scale. The study’s results demonstrated a significant and positive predictive relationship between appearance anxiety and social anxiety (effect = 0.21, SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.29], p < 0.001). Appearance anxiety not only directly affects social anxiety but also has three indirect paths affecting social anxiety: the independent mediating effect of self-efficacy (effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = [0.00, 0.06], p < 0.001), the independent mediating effect of self-esteem (effect = 0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.07], p < 0.001), and the serial mediation effect of self-efficacy and self-esteem (effect = 0.01, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = [0.00, 0.03], p < 0.001). Direct and indirect effects accounted for 73.81% and 26.19% of the total effect, respectively. These findings provide new perspectives on the intervention with and treatment of social anxiety in college students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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21 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Child ViReal Support Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study for Effective Support of Parents Raising Children with Attention Deficits

by Iouliani Pachiti, Fotios S. Milienos and Panagiota Dimitropoulou

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080691 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in various functioning impairments in children’s lives and families. Parents of children with ADHD report high levels of parenting stress, low levels of parental self-efficacy, and use of more authoritarian and/or permissive parenting practices than parents of [...] Read more.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in various functioning impairments in children’s lives and families. Parents of children with ADHD report high levels of parenting stress, low levels of parental self-efficacy, and use of more authoritarian and/or permissive parenting practices than parents of typically developing children. Intervention programs need to address both children’s and parents’ needs and multimodal intervention programs could cover this demand. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of “Child ViReal Support Program”—a multi-level evidence-based comprehensive program—on parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, parenting practices, and the core symptoms of children’s ADHD. Families with a child diagnosed with ADHD (n = 16) were randomly allocated to two groups (PC and CP; P = parent training, C = child training), and a cross-over design was utilized. Participating parents completed, in four different times during the study, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version, and the parent form of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Parents from both groups, after their participation in the parent training, demonstrated reduced parenting stress, enhanced parental self-efficacy, and increased the employ of democratic parenting practices. More than that, they reported decreased levels of inattention and impulsivity/hyperactivity for their children. Evidence-based multi-level intervention programs could produce positive effects on parents and children by incorporating effective methods and tools in accordance with the needs and the demands of the family context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Counseling Psychology in Different Settings: Practice and Implications)

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17 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Roles of Cultural Capital in Teacher–Student Interactions in China: A Qualitative Study of Students in Higher Vocational Colleges

by Junjun Huang, Meiyi Li, Shumin Wei and Zhen He

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080690 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2607

Abstract

The theory of cultural capital has long been applied to explain academic achievement. This qualitative study investigated first-year students in higher vocational colleges and, taking this low cultural capital group as an example, explored how cultural capital has affected their past teacher–student interactions. [...] Read more.

The theory of cultural capital has long been applied to explain academic achievement. This qualitative study investigated first-year students in higher vocational colleges and, taking this low cultural capital group as an example, explored how cultural capital has affected their past teacher–student interactions. Participants described their experience of interacting with their teachers. We found that these students primarily experienced authoritative and laissez-faire teacher–student interactions. Students’ embodied and institutionalized cultural capital profoundly affected different aspects of the teacher–student interaction. In modern China, vocational and academic education are of the same status, so teachers should modify their evaluations based solely on academic achievement. When interacting with students, teachers should be more understanding and interact in a more student-centred way. Teacher training programmes should also be reformed, and training for teachers in general and vocational schools should be distinguished. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) along with Vocational Psychology)

18 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Purchase Intention of Hanfu: Considering Product Identification, Cultural Motivation, and Perceived Authenticity

by Xianyue Li, Yongge Niu and Jiuping Xu

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080689 - 19 Aug 2023

Viewed by 3016

Abstract

With the trend of national cultural confidence and the growing appreciation for aesthetic diversity, traditional apparel from different countries or regions has become a driving force in the clothing industry. Hanfu, an emerging trend that industrializes traditional culture, has garnered increasing attention from [...] Read more.

With the trend of national cultural confidence and the growing appreciation for aesthetic diversity, traditional apparel from different countries or regions has become a driving force in the clothing industry. Hanfu, an emerging trend that industrializes traditional culture, has garnered increasing attention from consumers. Thus, with the objective of exploring the psychological antecedents of Hanfu consumers’ purchase intentions from the perspectives of product identification, cultural motivation, and consumers’ perceived authenticity, the present study was empirically conducted with a sample of 823 respondents. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to examine the proposed research model. The results demonstrate that consumers’ identification with Hanfu and cultural motivation positively influence object-based and existential authenticity, as well as purchase intention. Furthermore, the mediating effect of perceived object-based authenticity is confirmed, indicating its significance in shaping consumers’ purchase intentions, while the mediating effect of existential authenticity is found to be insignificant. Research findings could contribute to the understanding of the psychological mechanisms driving consumers’ purchase intentions towards traditional clothing and highlight the importance of consumers’ perceived object-based authenticity in the market of traditional cultural clothing. Full article

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16 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Effects of Social Networks and Wisdom on the Relationship between Lifestyle Habits and Healthy Aging in Older Adults with Chronic Diseases

by Hee-Kyung Kim, Hye-Suk Oh and Cheol-Hee Park

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080688 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1545

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effects of social networks and wisdom on the relationship between lifestyle habits and healthy aging in older adults with chronic diseases. Methods: Participants were 120 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effects of social networks and wisdom on the relationship between lifestyle habits and healthy aging in older adults with chronic diseases. Methods: Participants were 120 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older with at least one chronic disease. Data were collected from elderly people by visiting nursing care worker training centers, senior centers, social gatherings, and home welfare centers in D, G, and S cities, with a questionnaire of lifestyle habits, social networks, wisdom and healthy aging, and general characteristics. Results: There were differences in the degree of healthy aging according to age (F = 3.76, p = 0.026), spousal relationship (t = 3.11, p = 0.002), education (F = 9.08, p < 0.001), number of diseases (F = 8.65, p < 0.001), and economic level (t = −2.45, p = 0.016). The most common diseases among the subjects were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, joint diseases and diabetes mellitus. Social networks (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) and wisdom (β = 0.55, p < 0.001) had partial mediating effects (z = 4.15, p < 0.001; z = 5.11, p < 0.001) on the relationship between subjects’ lifestyle habits and healthy aging. Conclusions: To increase the degree of healthy aging of subjects, it is necessary to establish a mediating intervention program that manages to have good lifestyle habits in daily life, increase social networks, and become wise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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14 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Coping with Academic Stress Is a Matter of Personality Types: Revisiting the Person-Centred Approach

by Cristina Varo, María del Mar Aires-González, María García-Jiménez, María Eva Trigo and Francisco Javier Cano-García

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080687 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5235

Abstract

Recent literature provides alarming data on the increase in university academic stress. The role of personality in understanding and addressing this problem is well established. However, this evidence could be improved by adopting a person-centred approach (e.g., types), as opposed to the usual [...] Read more.

Recent literature provides alarming data on the increase in university academic stress. The role of personality in understanding and addressing this problem is well established. However, this evidence could be improved by adopting a person-centred approach (e.g., types), as opposed to the usual variable-centred approach (e.g., traits), and considering the role of gender. Our aim was to explore how personality types and gender relate to coping strategies and perceived coping efficacy for academic stress. A total of 810 university psychology students completed the NEO-FFI Inventory and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Post hoc tests for MANOVA and ANOVA were performed. Types and gender were used as predictors and coping strategies, and perceived coping efficacy as criteria. There was no type-gender interaction. Types combining low neuroticism-high conscientiousness (e.g., entrepreneur) chose the most adaptive coping strategies and showed the highest levels of perceived coping efficacy, while high neuroticism-low conscientiousness types (e.g., insecure) opted for maladaptive coping strategies and presented the lowest perceived coping efficacy. Gender was not associated with perceived coping efficacy but with use (e.g., women prefer emotional expression). The personality typology provided useful information on individual differences in coping with academic stress, which can help guide specific strategies to manage it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellbeing and Mental Health among Students)

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18 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of an Abbreviated Scale of the CENVI Questionnaire to Evaluate the Perception of School Violence and Coexistence Management of Chilean Students: Differences between Pandemic and Post-Pandemic

by Flavio Muñoz-Troncoso, Isabel Cuadrado-Gordillo, Enrique Riquelme-Mella, Gerardo Muñoz-Troncoso, Edgardo Miranda-Zapata, Karina Bizama-Colihuinca and Ekaterina Legaz-Vladímirskaya

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080686 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school [...] Read more.

The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors in Educational Settings)

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14 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Emotional Contagion among Teachers Affects the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Team Cohesion

by Giulia Paganin, Lorenzo Avanzi, Dina Guglielmi, Carlos-María Alcover and Greta Mazzetti

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080685 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2128

Abstract

Teachers and educators are experiencing turmoil under the drastic changes in educational practices caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to research, transformational leaders effectively facilitate organizational change by fostering teachers’ sense of belonging and boosting social identity in their team members, which can [...] Read more.

Teachers and educators are experiencing turmoil under the drastic changes in educational practices caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to research, transformational leaders effectively facilitate organizational change by fostering teachers’ sense of belonging and boosting social identity in their team members, which can result in better team well-being via higher team cohesion. Recently, research has increasingly explored the role of emotional contagion and its relationship with leadership. Accordingly, the current study aims to delve deeper into the role of emotional contagion in linking transformational leadership to cohesion among teachers in the school setting. To this purpose, 581 teachers from northern Italy filled out a self-report questionnaire (72.1% female, M_age = 47.06, and SD_age = 11.42). A moderated mediation model was tested to assess the mediating role of organizational identification in the relationship between transformational leadership and team cohesion and how emotional contagion may moderate this association. The obtained results provided support to the hypothesized model. Overall, the present study corroborates the critical role of school principals’ behavior in fostering greater organizational identification among teachers, which is associated with better team cohesion. This study constitutes an early attempt to gain more insight into the role of emotional variables in explaining the influence of leadership behavior. Full article

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35 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Examining the Pro-Self and Prosocial Components of a Calling Outlook: A Critical Review

by Rona Hart and Dan Hart

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080684 - 16 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2507

Abstract

Work on callings has burgeoned in the past 20 years, yet recent reviews exposed a lack of conceptual clarity and disagreements around its definition, components and measures. One lingering point of contention revolves around the element of prosociality: is a calling orientation primarily [...] Read more.

Work on callings has burgeoned in the past 20 years, yet recent reviews exposed a lack of conceptual clarity and disagreements around its definition, components and measures. One lingering point of contention revolves around the element of prosociality: is a calling orientation primarily motivated by self-interest, prosocially orientated, or a mix of both? This conceptual paper reviews and examines the pro-self and prosocial component of a calling outlook, by examining and comparing the ways in which they feature in different calling subtypes: classic, neoclassic and modern callings. Our analysis suggests that these subtypes vary in where they are located on a pro-self–prosocial continuum: classic callings are located on the prosocial side of the axis, modern callings are located on pro-self side of the axis, and neoclassic callings can be situated in the middle of the continuum, integrating self-orientated and other-orientated motivations. Our analysis further suggests that these calling subtypes draw on divergent value systems: classic callings are propelled by self-transcendent values, modern callings are driven by self-actualization motivations, and neoclassic callings integrate both value systems. We therefore argue that the subjective experiences of pursuing a calling within each subtype pathway differ, although they may culminate in similar outcomes. The paper offers a novel framework for analyzing people’s calling that draws on their values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prosocial Behaviours at Work: Key Concepts, Measures, Interventions, Antecedents, and Outcomes)

11 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chinese Personality Traits and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis

by Liangsheng Wang, Yong Zhang and Zhiyuan Fu

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080683 - 16 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1630

Abstract

This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the evidence on the relationship between Chinese personality traits and mental health. Through literature search and screening, a total of 70 original articles and 72 independent samples with a total of 65,133 participants were included. The results showed [...] Read more.

This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the evidence on the relationship between Chinese personality traits and mental health. Through literature search and screening, a total of 70 original articles and 72 independent samples with a total of 65,133 participants were included. The results showed that: (1) Chinese mental health was significantly correlated with three dimensions of personality: psychoticism, neuroticism, and extraversion (correlation coefficients were 0.234, 0.438, and −0.101, respectively); (2) each factor of mental health was significantly positively correlated with psychoticism and neuroticism; only the factor of interpersonal sensitivity was significantly negatively correlated with extraversion; (3) subject type has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between mental health and neuroticism and extraversion, but has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between mental health and psychoticism; (4) publication type does not play a moderating role in the relationship between mental health and the three personality dimensions. This meta-analysis confirmed that personality traits have a significant predictive effect on mental health in Chinese people. However, the relationship between personality and mental health varied considerably across dimensions and groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

14 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interactive Effects and Mediating Roles of Multiple Factors That Influence Learning Adaptative Growth of International Students: Evidence from China

by Jian Li, Eryong Xue, Yukai Wei and Yiling Guo

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080682 - 14 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1585

Abstract

The learning adaptability of international students is pivotal to the success of sustainable international higher education development. The purpose of this study was to explore what factors affect the learning adaptability of international students in China through structural equation modelling and mediation analysis. [...] Read more.

The learning adaptability of international students is pivotal to the success of sustainable international higher education development. The purpose of this study was to explore what factors affect the learning adaptability of international students in China through structural equation modelling and mediation analysis. The data collected through a questionnaire from the overseas students were analysed, and the reliability and validity were also tested. The findings show that the influencing factors that affect learning adaptability of international students in China comprise seven variables: learning attitude, motivation to study abroad, learning ability, language proficiency, learning environment, teaching management and social relations. In addition, when language proficiency is used as the mediating variable, the motivation to study abroad has a significant positive impact on learning attitudes, with an influence coefficient of 0.185 and an effect proportion of 35%, which is a partial mediator. When social relationships are used as the mediating variable, study abroad motivation has a significant positive impact on learning attitude, with an influence coefficient of 0.058, which is completely mediating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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16 pages, 2017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bimanual Movement Characteristics and Real-World Performance Following Hand–Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

by Shailesh S. Gardas, Christine Lysaght, Amy Gross McMillan, Shailesh Kantak, John D. Willson, Charity G. Patterson and Swati M. Surkar

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080681 - 13 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantify characteristics of bimanual movement intensity during 30 h of hand–arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) and bimanual performance (activities and participation) in real-world settings using accelerometers in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). Twenty-five children with [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to quantify characteristics of bimanual movement intensity during 30 h of hand–arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) and bimanual performance (activities and participation) in real-world settings using accelerometers in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). Twenty-five children with UCP participated in a 30 h HABIT program. Data were collected from bilateral wrist-worn accelerometers during 30 h of HABIT to quantify the movement intensity and three days pre- and post-HABIT to assess real-world performance gains. Movement intensity and performance gains were measured using six standard accelerometer-derived variables. Bimanual capacity (body function and activities) was assessed using standardized hand function tests. We found that accelerometer variables increased significantly during HABIT, indicating increased bimanual symmetry and intensity. Post-HABIT, children demonstrated significant improvements in all accelerometer metrics, reflecting real-world performance gains. Children also achieved significant and clinically relevant changes in hand capacity following HABIT. Therefore, our findings suggest that accelerometers can objectively quantify bimanual movement intensity during HABIT. Moreover, HABIT enhances hand function as well as activities and participation in real-world situations in children with UCP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shifting the Therapeutic Paradigm for Children with Neuromotor Disabilities to Maximizing Development)

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18 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Interaction, Survival Stress and Smoking Behavior of Migrant Workers in China—An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data from 2013–2018

by Fanzhen Kong, Huiguang Chen and Yu Cheng

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080680 - 12 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2449

Abstract

Smoking is a major public health problem in most countries and usually occurs in marginalized groups. Analyzing the smoking behavior of migrant workers, a marginalized group in China, is of practical significance. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study [...] Read more.

Smoking is a major public health problem in most countries and usually occurs in marginalized groups. Analyzing the smoking behavior of migrant workers, a marginalized group in China, is of practical significance. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database from 2013 to 2018, this study examined influence factors of smoking behavior (whether to smoke and smoking frequency) among migrant workers in China through the Heckman two-stage model. The results showed that the smoking rates of migrant workers were positively associated with social activity and a sense of loneliness, while smoking frequency was negatively associated with work stress and life satisfaction. Meanwhile, smoking behavior was associated with the demographic variables such as gender, age, and education level. Gender differences in smoking behavior were particularly notable among Chinese migrant workers. Furthermore, there was regional heterogeneity in smoking behavior among migrant workers. Smoking behavior in the eastern region was mainly influenced by psychological factors of wellbeing, such as social activity and life satisfaction, while it was affected by material conditions such as income in the central-western region. Effective strategies to control tobacco use among migrant workers are proposed in order to promote social integration between urban and rural residents, increase vocational education and training, and strengthen anti-smoking propaganda among migrant workers. Full article

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15 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Parental Mediation and Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Relationships and Hiding Online Behavior

by Jingjing Liu, Li Wu, Xiaojun Sun, Xuqing Bai and Changying Duan

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080679 - 12 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

In today’s information society, with the growing integration of the Internet into individuals’ lives, problematic Internet use (PIU) among adolescents has become more prevalent. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the correlation between active parental mediation and PIU in adolescents, as well [...] Read more.

In today’s information society, with the growing integration of the Internet into individuals’ lives, problematic Internet use (PIU) among adolescents has become more prevalent. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the correlation between active parental mediation and PIU in adolescents, as well as the potential mediating roles of parent–child relationship and adolescents’ hiding online behavior. A total of 539 middle school students (mean age = 13.384) were recruited for this study and participated by completing a series of paper-and-pencil questionnaires. The findings indicated a significant negative relationship between active parental mediation and PIU. Furthermore, both the mediating role of the parent–child relationship and the role of hiding online behavior were found to be significant. Specifically, the mediating role is comprised of two paths: the independent mediating role of the parent–child relationship, and the sequential mediating role involving both the parent–child relationship and hiding online behavior. The study contributes an innovative theoretical perspective to deepen the understanding of the formation mechanism of PIU. Moreover, it offers practical empirical insights for the prevention and intervention of PIU among adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent Risk Behaviors: Harm from Social Networking and Alcohol Use)

16 pages, 813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Sustains Mask-Wearing Behavior among Elders in a Rural Community in the Post-COVID-19 Era: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study

by Sethapong Lertsakulbunlue, Pinyada Kittisarapong, Sirikorn Pikulkaew, Pree Pusayapaibul, Apisit Tangtongsoonthorn, Chanunpisut Wichaiboon, Fasai Amornchatchawankul, Suranuch Marsook, Supakrit Mahaisawariya, Nattasit Subwongcharoen, Phitchayut Petcharat, Bannawit Luksanasup, Thakornphong Lortharaprasert, Bavorn Tieantanyatip, Anupong Kantiwong and Kanlaya Jongcherdchootrakul

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080678 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2022

Abstract

The current study investigates the factors influencing face-mask-wearing practices among elderly individuals in rural Thailand. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving qualitative interviews with 15 elderly participants and a subsequent survey of 201 elders. Seven subthemes were identified, including the perceived benefits of [...] Read more.

The current study investigates the factors influencing face-mask-wearing practices among elderly individuals in rural Thailand. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving qualitative interviews with 15 elderly participants and a subsequent survey of 201 elders. Seven subthemes were identified, including the perceived benefits of mask-wearing, the perceived threat of COVID-19, mask-wearing enhancing attractiveness and self-confidence, social norms, misconceptions about COVID-19 prevention tools, perceived barriers to mask-wearing, and resources to afford face masks. The developed themes, codes, and quotes were utilized for creating a questionnaire. The survey revealed the adherence of 81.1% of the participants to mask-wearing. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis demonstrated that motivation, comprising (1) the perceived threat of COVID-19, (2) alternative threats aside from COVID-19, and (3) the perceived benefits of a face mask strongly affected mask-wearing practices (β = 0.68, p < 0.001) and the willingness to wear a face mask (β = 0.61, p < 0.001). Social norms had a negative direct effect on the perceived barrier (β = −0.48, p < 0.001) and a positive direct effect on mask-wearing practices (β = 0.25, p = 0.001). This study highlights that motivation and social norms play pivotal roles in sustaining mask-wearing behavior among rural elderly populations. Encouraging local cooperative actions through community rules could initiate behavioral changes within the community. These findings contribute to the understanding of factors influencing mask-wearing and provide insights into designing effective interventions to promote mask-wearing among elderly individuals in rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Action Research, Methods and Measures in Community Psychology)

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17 pages, 2649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Influence of Context on Emotional Mimicry and Intention: An Affirmation of the Correction Hypothesis

by Xiaohui Xu and Ping Hu

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080677 - 11 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Background: Emotional mimicry, a phenomenon frequently observed in our everyday interactions, is the act of replicating another individual’s facial expression. The Emotion Mimicry in Context View and the Correction Hypothesis underscore the critical role of context and intention within emotional mimicry. Methods: In [...] Read more.

Background: Emotional mimicry, a phenomenon frequently observed in our everyday interactions, is the act of replicating another individual’s facial expression. The Emotion Mimicry in Context View and the Correction Hypothesis underscore the critical role of context and intention within emotional mimicry. Methods: In two distinct studies, participants were presented with facial expressions of models (happiness and anger) within various contexts (affiliative, distancing, and neutral). Concurrently, we recorded electromyography (EMG) to index emotional mimicry, while participants explicitly rated the models’ intentions. Results: We observed context swiftly influences emotional mimicry within 500 ms, notably when the intentions of contexts are opposing to the intentions of facial expressions, leading to weakened muscle responses and diminished perceived intention. Furthermore, a notable correlation was discovered in the mimicry of angry faces; the more distancing the context, the stronger the corrugator supercilii (CS) muscle activity after context processing. Conclusions: First, emotional mimicry should not be simply viewed as an output corresponding to the expresser’s facial expressions but the dynamic process involving the active participation of the observer. Second, intention serves as a pivotal anchor, effectively integrating facial and contextual information. As such, we provided empirical support for the Correction Hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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12 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessReview

Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

by Weina Ma, Zeyu Xiao, Yannan Wu, Xiaoxian Zhang, Dongwen Zheng, Xue Lei and Chengyang Han

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080676 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3645

Abstract

Children with prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, struggle to recognize the faces of acquaintances, which can have a negative impact on their social interactions and overall functioning. This paper reviews existing research on interventions for children with prosopagnosia, including compensatory and remedial [...] Read more.

Children with prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, struggle to recognize the faces of acquaintances, which can have a negative impact on their social interactions and overall functioning. This paper reviews existing research on interventions for children with prosopagnosia, including compensatory and remedial strategies, and provides a summary and comparison of their effectiveness. However, despite the availability of these interventions, their effectiveness remains limited and constrained by various factors. The lack of a widely accepted treatment for children with prosopagnosia emphasizes the need for further research to improve intervention strategies. Last, three future research directions were proposed to improve interventions for prosopagnosia, including ecological approaches, the social challenges faced by children, and new potential intervention methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Developmental Trajectory of Children's Social Behaviors and Their Cognitive Neural Mechanisms)

17 pages, 3036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Age Weakens the Other-Race Effect among Han Subjects in Recognizing Own- and Other-Ethnicity Faces

by Jialin Ma, Rui Zhang and Yongxin Li

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080675 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1233

Abstract

The development and change in the other-race effect (ORE) in different age groups have always been a focus of researchers. Previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of maturity of life (from infancy to early adulthood) on the ORE, while few researchers [...] Read more.

The development and change in the other-race effect (ORE) in different age groups have always been a focus of researchers. Previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of maturity of life (from infancy to early adulthood) on the ORE, while few researchers have explored the ORE in older people. Therefore, this study used behavioral and eye movement techniques to explore the influence of age on the ORE and the visual scanning pattern of Han subjects recognizing own- and other-ethnicity faces. All participants were asked to complete a study-recognition task for faces, and the behavioral results showed that the ORE of elderly Han subjects was significantly lower than that of young Han subjects. The results of eye movement showed that there were significant differences in the visual scanning pattern of young subjects in recognizing the faces of individuals of their own ethnicity and other ethnicities, which were mainly reflected in the differences in looking at the nose and mouth, while the differences were reduced in the elderly subjects. The elderly subjects used similar scanning patterns to recognize the own- and other-ethnicity faces. This indicates that as age increases, the ORE of older people in recognizing faces of those from different ethnic groups becomes weaker, and elderly subjects have more similar visual scanning patterns in recognizing faces of their own and other ethnicities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

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19 pages, 1140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Conjoint Behavioral Consultation to Support 2e-Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gifted Students in Preschool with Academic and Behavior Concerns

by Gül Kahveci and Ahmet Güneyli

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080674 - 11 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2048

Abstract

Conjoint behavioral consultation (CBC), as adjusted for 2e children with academic and behavioral difficulties, was the focus of this single-subject design study. Three young children from a preschool participated, together with their parents and teachers. Academic enablers for students—intervention, maintenance, and generalization phases; [...] Read more.

Conjoint behavioral consultation (CBC), as adjusted for 2e children with academic and behavioral difficulties, was the focus of this single-subject design study. Three young children from a preschool participated, together with their parents and teachers. Academic enablers for students—intervention, maintenance, and generalization phases; academic and behavioral competencies—intervention, maintenance, and generalization phases; and teachers’, parents’, and students’ perceptions of the intervention’s social validity data were collected among the outcome measures. Findings from multiple participant-related probes pointed to constructive improvements in the phases of intervention, maintenance for listening behavior, and improved on-task skill in intervention, maintenance, and generalization. Additionally, during the consultation, parents and teachers noted improvements in the outcomes of the target behavior such as rhythm keeping, picture–word matching, writing the pictured concept in Turkish, writing the pictured concept in English, short personal story writing, short personal story telling, and verbal math problem solving, and each stakeholder gave the intervention a grade for its social validity. Limitations, potential routes for future study, and implications for preschool CBC intervention are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Training and Education in Children with Autism)

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16 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact Mechanism of Consumer’s Initial Visit to an Automobile 4S Store on Test Drive Intention: Product Aesthetics, Space Image, Service Quality, and Brand Image

by Qianling Jiang, Liyuan Deng and Chun Yang

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080673 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4042

Abstract

[Purpose/Significance] Under the influence of various factors such as the pandemic, oil prices, and economic conditions, the global automotive industry has entered a period of downturn. Therefore, how to activate market potential and increase consumers’ willingness to purchase cars has become an important [...] Read more.

[Purpose/Significance] Under the influence of various factors such as the pandemic, oil prices, and economic conditions, the global automotive industry has entered a period of downturn. Therefore, how to activate market potential and increase consumers’ willingness to purchase cars has become an important research topic. Unlike many other products, test drives play a significant role in the car-buying process. [Method/Procedure] This study employs a questionnaire survey to explore how consumer perceptions of product aesthetics, space quality, and service quality during their initial visit to an automobile 4S store influence their test drive intention through two dimensions of brand image: symbolic and experiential. A structural equation model is used to establish a test drive intention impact model incorporating these dimensions. [Results/Conclusions] The study found that brand image, both symbolic and experiential, plays a significant mediating role in enhancing potential consumers’ test drive intentions. Space image had the most significant impact on brand image. Although product aesthetics did not directly affect brand image experientially, they remained an important factor in enhancing brand image symbolically. [Contribution/Value] The results of this study can provide insights for automotive brand managers, automobile 4S store designers, and others aiming to promote the sustainable development of automotive consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Psychology of Decision-Making: How Choice Context, Content and Task Influence People’s Behaviour)

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21 pages, 1128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Brand Knowledge Affects Purchase Intentions in Fresh Food E-Commerce Platforms: The Serial Mediation Effect of Perceived Value and Brand Trust

by Shuai Ling, Can Zheng and Dongmin Cho

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080672 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5137

Abstract

The intense competition among fresh food e-commerce platforms in China has reduced the market share of the leading firms. This study aims to establish a model framework based on brand knowledge, perceived value, brand trust, and purchase intention to improve the market competitiveness [...] Read more.

The intense competition among fresh food e-commerce platforms in China has reduced the market share of the leading firms. This study aims to establish a model framework based on brand knowledge, perceived value, brand trust, and purchase intention to improve the market competitiveness of fresh food e-commerce platforms. Based on the analysis of 475 questionnaires using SmartPLS software, the results indicate that the established model framework provides an excellent explanation and forecasting (R² = 45.5%) for consumers’ intentions to purchase fresh food. The path analysis results of this study show that there are significant positive effects among the model variables. Among antecedent variables, brand image has the greatest influence on perceived value, perceived value has the greatest influence on brand trust, and brand trust has the most significant impact on purchase intention. Furthermore, perceived value and brand trust have noteworthy mediating and serial mediating effects on brand knowledge and purchase intention. These findings have important implications for theoretical and managerial practices in the context of fresh food e-commerce platforms, providing insights on how to enhance customer purchase intentions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

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2 pages, 177 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

What Is Going on with Childhood?

by Luca Cerniglia

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080671 - 10 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Several studies have shown that the age of onset of psychopathology is decreasing, and that at least some clinical manifestations (e [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prepubertal Anorexia: Prevalence, Potential Causes, and the Importance of Early Detection)

24 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption Behaviour towards Branded Functional Beverages among Gen Z in Post-COVID-19 Times: Exploring Antecedents and Mediators

by Teofana Dimitrova and Iliana Ilieva

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080670 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3066

Abstract

This study investigates the predictors and mediators of branded functional beverage consumption behaviour (CB) within the Gen Z demographic group in Bulgaria. An integrated model based on two widely known psychosocial theories was developed to examine the relationships between the consumers’ personal values [...] Read more.

This study investigates the predictors and mediators of branded functional beverage consumption behaviour (CB) within the Gen Z demographic group in Bulgaria. An integrated model based on two widely known psychosocial theories was developed to examine the relationships between the consumers’ personal values within the value–belief–norm theory and the components of the protection motivation theory (PMT). The conceptual framework included two more influencing factors whose impact had not been researched in depth in previous studies concerning CB—namely, the role of media (RM) and branded functional beverage health benefits (HB). An empirical survey based on 435 Gen Z members aged between 16 and 26 years was conducted. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that the consumers’ personal values were significant predictors of the PMT threat and coping appraisal components, which, in turn, had a significant positive impact on CB. CB was not directly affected by the branded functional beverage health benefits but was indirectly influenced by the HB via purchase intention toward functional beverages and RM. The study highlighted the important role of RM, which directly and indirectly affected CB. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed, and recommendations were given for raising Gen Z’s awareness of the benefits of functional beverages and increasing their consumer acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

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12 pages, 733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workplace Ostracism Effects on Employees’ Negative Health Outcomes: Focusing on the Mediating Role of Envy

by Hyunghoon Kim and Eunmi Jang

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080669 - 10 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2438

Abstract

Employee health is crucial to organizational success. However, workplace ostracism (WO) has significant negative effects on employee health. Numerous researchers have extensively examined how WO influences employees’ negative health (job stress, burnout); however, the focus on mediating effects in the relationship between WO [...] Read more.

Employee health is crucial to organizational success. However, workplace ostracism (WO) has significant negative effects on employee health. Numerous researchers have extensively examined how WO influences employees’ negative health (job stress, burnout); however, the focus on mediating effects in the relationship between WO and health has been lacking. This study examined the cognitive evaluation response to WO by employees who perceive they have been ostracized because another employee envies them. The psychological defense mechanism is expected to be activated—thus triggering job stress and burnout. We investigated envy perceived by individuals as a mediator of WO, job stress, and burnout using data from a 2-wave longitudinal survey of 403 employees of a South Korean firm. We found that employees perceived WO. Specifically, based on the sensitivity to being the target of a threatening upward comparison theory, it was confirmed that envy was a mediator in the relationship between WO and negative health outcomes. Our results are the first to show that the perception of envy can mediate the maintenance of a positive self-image in the context of WO in South Korea. The results suggest that a greater awareness of and focus on envy, and WO is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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17 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Dysfunctional Mechanisms Throwing Tics: Structural and Functional Changes in Tourette Syndrome

by Jacopo Lamanna, Mattia Ferro, Sara Spadini, Gabriella Racchetti and Antonio Malgaroli

Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080668 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4412

Abstract

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a high-incidence multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics co-occurring with several diverse comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The origin of TS is multifactorial, with strong genetic, perinatal, and immunological influences. Although almost all [...] Read more.

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a high-incidence multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics co-occurring with several diverse comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The origin of TS is multifactorial, with strong genetic, perinatal, and immunological influences. Although almost all neurotransmettitorial systems have been implicated in TS pathophysiology, a comprehensive neurophysiological model explaining the dynamics of expression and inhibition of tics is still lacking. The genesis and maintenance of motor and non-motor aspects of TS are thought to arise from functional and/or structural modifications of the basal ganglia and related circuitry. This complex wiring involves several cortical and subcortical structures whose concerted activity controls the selection of the most appropriate reflexive and habitual motor, cognitive and emotional actions. Importantly, striatal circuits exhibit bidirectional forms of synaptic plasticity that differ in many respects from hippocampal and neocortical plasticity, including sensitivity to metaplastic molecules such as dopamine. Here, we review the available evidence about structural and functional anomalies in neural circuits which have been found in TS patients. Finally, considering what is known in the field of striatal plasticity, we discuss the role of exuberant plasticity in TS, including the prospect of future pharmacological and neuromodulation avenues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Synaptic Plasticity in Animal Behavior and the Development of Psychiatric Disorders)

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