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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 13
Issue 9
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Behav. Sci., Volume 13, Issue 9 (September 2023) – 89 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study examines the associations between anxious withdrawal and six types of sleep difficulties during early adolescence, and whether these associations differ for those with high versus low peer exclusion and victimization. The participants were 395 adolescents who completed peer nominations of anxious withdrawal, exclusion, and victimization at Time 1 (T1). Their mothers completed reports of sleep difficulties at T1 and Time 2. Path analyses revealed unique associations between anxious withdrawal and several types of sleep difficulties at T1. The analyses also revealed a significant interaction effect in that anxious withdrawal was prospectively associated with trouble sleeping only for those adolescents who were highly excluded/victimized. These findings are the first to link anxious withdrawal to a physical health outcome in adolescents. View this paper
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14 pages, 401 KiB  
Article
Comparing Single-Item and Multi-Item Trust Scales: Insights for Assessing Trust in Project Leaders
by Marcela Souto Castro, Bouchaib Bahli, João J. Ferreira and Ronnie Figueiredo
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090786 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3117
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to provide researchers and leaders with a reliable and up-to-date comparison between a single-item and a multi-item trust scale, enabling effective assessment of team members’ trust in their leaders. The aim of the study is to investigate [...] Read more.
The purpose of this research is to provide researchers and leaders with a reliable and up-to-date comparison between a single-item and a multi-item trust scale, enabling effective assessment of team members’ trust in their leaders. The aim of the study is to investigate whether a single-question scale is as reliable as a multi-item questionnaire in measuring trust. An additional goal is to provide researchers with insights and conditions for effectively using single or multiple measures to assess trust in leaders, considering factors like reliability and effectiveness. After conducting a comprehensive literature review, data were collected from 101 project members in Brazil using a survey methodology. The respondents were asked to provide feedback regarding their leaders, specifically project managers, and factor analysis was then employed to test the single-item and multi-item measures of trust. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. The findings of our study demonstrate that both single-item and multi-item scales of trust should be utilized to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the trust construct. Single-item questionnaires can reduce survey length, improve respondent friendliness, and increase participant willingness. On the other hand, multi-item questionnaires enable researchers to analyze latent variables that contribute to an overall variable, but they cannot isolate data for each of those constructs. The results show that both measures are reliable, providing researchers and professionals with insights into the benefits and drawbacks associated with each method. Consequently, this research equips researchers and project professionals with valuable information for selecting the appropriate measurement tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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26 pages, 1608 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Discrepancies in Career Anchors of Information Technology Personnel and Career Satisfaction
by Ling-Hsing Chang and Sheng Wu
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090785 - 21 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1378
Abstract
The career anchors of information technology personnel (ITP) are critical factors influencing their career satisfaction (CS), and these factors are also influenced by national culture. Although a number of scholars have studied the internal CS of employees, these scholars have not explained how [...] Read more.
The career anchors of information technology personnel (ITP) are critical factors influencing their career satisfaction (CS), and these factors are also influenced by national culture. Although a number of scholars have studied the internal CS of employees, these scholars have not explained how to increase the CS of ITP from both individual and organizational perspectives and to further improve the success rate of IS projects. Thus, this study adopts the goal–achievement gap (discrepancy) theory to explore the gap between the “internal career desires (career wants, CW)” and “external career opportunities (career have, CH)” of ITP in two different cultural societies, namely mainland China and the United Arab Emirates, and whether the gap impacts their CS. The data in this study were collected from the Internet. A survey was posted on Internet discussion forums for full-time ITP participants within organizations in China and the United Arab Emirates; thus, the results of this study are possibly only generalizable to these two countries. Finally, the results of this study provide the following contributions: (1) There are 13 career anchors (technical competence, managerial competence, autonomy, organizational stability, challenge, lifestyle, identity, creativity, variety, service, entrepreneurship, geographic security, and learning motivation) of ITP in China, which can be divided into three categories, and these are totally different from the four categories identified by ITP in the United Arab Emirates. (2) The surface analysis approach (RSA) to test the curvilinear relationship between the CW, CH, and CS of ITP indeed can explain more than the linear SEM (structural equation modeling) test between the CW and CS, CH, and CS separately, both tests are in two different cultural societies, China and the United Arab Emirates. Full article
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21 pages, 487 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of the Interpersonal Motivational Systems Questionnaire (IMS-Q)
by Rosario Esposito, Stefania Prevete, Concetta Esposito and Dario Bacchini
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090784 - 21 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1922
Abstract
Framed within the evolutionary framework, the Interpersonal Motivational System (IMS) theory suggests that eight distinct motivational impulses drive interpersonal human relationships, namely caregiving, social affiliation, attachment, rank-dominance, rank-submission, social play, cooperation, and sexuality. This theory has been widely applied in clinical practice, where [...] Read more.
Framed within the evolutionary framework, the Interpersonal Motivational System (IMS) theory suggests that eight distinct motivational impulses drive interpersonal human relationships, namely caregiving, social affiliation, attachment, rank-dominance, rank-submission, social play, cooperation, and sexuality. This theory has been widely applied in clinical practice, where psychopathology is viewed as the result of non-flexible or excessive activation of one system over another. Despite its clinical relevance, empirical studies aimed at measuring IMSs are scarce. This paper contributed to filling this gap by proposing a questionnaire to measure individuals’ activation of the eight IMSs. Two studies involving large samples of adults were conducted. The first study (N = 455; 76.5% females) concerned the development of the questionnaire and examination of its content validity through explorative factor analysis. In the second study (N = 635; 54.8% females), confirmatory factor analyses were performed to further refine and confirm the instrument’s factor structure. The final version consisted of 50 items. Empirical validity was established by investigating the correlations between the eight IMSs and other related measures (i.e., personality traits, human basic values, and attachment dimensions). The findings suggest that the IMS framework can be used to understand individual differences in motivation and behavior in different social contexts. Full article
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13 pages, 953 KiB  
Article
The Influence of a Girls’ Health and Well-Being Program on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Physical Activity Enjoyment
by Kellie Walters, Chrissy Chard, Esmeralda Castro and Devin Nelson
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090783 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4820
Abstract
Adolescent girls report low physical activity levels and poor body image and self-esteem. This study evaluated the impact of a girls’ health intervention on body image, self-esteem, and physical activity enjoyment. The intervention was grounded in self-determination theory, resulting in lessons designed to [...] Read more.
Adolescent girls report low physical activity levels and poor body image and self-esteem. This study evaluated the impact of a girls’ health intervention on body image, self-esteem, and physical activity enjoyment. The intervention was grounded in self-determination theory, resulting in lessons designed to promote autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The two primary components of the intervention included opportunities for girls to learn about resistance training as well as ways to improve their psychosocial health (i.e., body image, self-esteem, and physical activity enjoyment). Girls (n = 590), in the intervention (Mage = 12.79, SD = 0.69) and control group (Mage = 12.92, SD = 0.73), completed pre and post measures. A repeated measures MANOVA was conducted to assess changes in body image, self-esteem, and physical activity enjoyment. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in body esteem-appearance, F = 9.23, p = 0.003, and body esteem-weight, F = 4.77, p = 0.029, and a greater, non-significant, increase in self-esteem (3.22%), and physical activity enjoyment (4.01%) compared to the control group. This highlighted the use of the intervention for significant improvements in appearance and weight-related body image. The results support implementing psychosocial lessons, as well as physical activity, in health programming for girls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Advances in Physical Education and Sport Teaching)
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14 pages, 880 KiB  
Article
Unpacking the Drivers of Dissatisfaction and Satisfaction in a Fitness Mobile Application
by Minseong Kim and Sae-Mi Lee
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090782 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1737
Abstract
This research investigates the factors influencing user satisfaction and dissatisfaction in fitness mobile applications. It employs Herzberg’s two-factor model through text mining to classify Fitbit mobile app attributes into satisfiers and dissatisfiers. The Fitbit app was chosen due to its prevalence in the [...] Read more.
This research investigates the factors influencing user satisfaction and dissatisfaction in fitness mobile applications. It employs Herzberg’s two-factor model through text mining to classify Fitbit mobile app attributes into satisfiers and dissatisfiers. The Fitbit app was chosen due to its prevalence in the United States. The study analyzes 100,000 English reviews from the Fitbit app on the Google Play Store, categorizing attributes. It identifies three dissatisfying categories (functional, compatibility, paid services) and three satisfying categories (gratification, self-monitoring, self-regulation), comprising 25 sub-attributes. This classification offers in-depth insights into what drives user contentment or discontent with fitness apps. The findings contribute to the fitness app domain by applying text-mining and Herzberg’s model. Researchers can build upon this foundation, and practitioners can use it to enhance app experiences. However, this research relies on user reviews, often lacking comprehensive explanations. This limitation may hinder a profound understanding of the underlying psychological aspects in user sentiments. Nonetheless, this study takes strides toward optimizing fitness apps for users and developers. Full article
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16 pages, 366 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Properties of the SV-RES60 Resilience Scale in a Sample of Chilean Elementary School Teachers
by Sonia Salvo-Garrido, Karina Polanco-Levicán, Sergio Dominguez-Lara, Manuel Mieres-Chacaltana and José Luis Gálvez-Nieto
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090781 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1398
Abstract
The concept of resilience, identified as a crucial variable due to its association with several beneficial outcomes in adulthood, is of particular interest in the teaching field. Specifically, teachers work in a demanding, challenging, and stressful context that requires a remarkable ability to [...] Read more.
The concept of resilience, identified as a crucial variable due to its association with several beneficial outcomes in adulthood, is of particular interest in the teaching field. Specifically, teachers work in a demanding, challenging, and stressful context that requires a remarkable ability to adapt; therefore, resilience is important in the field of teaching and training, as it plays a fundamental role in children’s cognitive, social, and emotional development. This study sought to analyze the psychometric properties of the SV-RES60 Resilience Scale in a sample of Chilean elementary school teachers from first to eighth grade (N = 1406; mean age = 41.4; SD = 10.8). ESEM and bifactor ESEM analyses were performed to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, and reliability. The results supported a bifactor structure in which resilience was represented by one general latent factor and twelve specific factors (RMSEA = 0.032; 90%CI [0.030, 0.033]; SRMR = 0.012; CFI = 0.986; TLI = 0.977). A predominance of the unidimensional components of the SV-RES60 (general factor, ECV = 0.812; ωh = 0.975) and a high reliability (α = 0.981; ω of the general factor = 0.991) were observed. In conclusion, the SV-RES60 Resilience Scale is a suitable instrument for measuring the general factor of resilience in the investigated teaching environment. Future studies could contribute towards evidence of a reduced scale and transcultural validation to conduct comparative studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
13 pages, 888 KiB  
Article
Career Education Skills and Career Adaptability among College Students in China: The Mediating Role of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
by Xinqiao Liu, Xinyuan Zhang, Yiming Dang and Wenjuan Gao
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090780 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5473
Abstract
In the past, the shift in career patterns and the unprecedented disruptions caused by events such as COVID-19 have posed notable challenges for job seekers. This holds particularly true for college students who are preparing to enter the workforce. In this context, enhancing [...] Read more.
In the past, the shift in career patterns and the unprecedented disruptions caused by events such as COVID-19 have posed notable challenges for job seekers. This holds particularly true for college students who are preparing to enter the workforce. In this context, enhancing career adaptability plays a vital role in shaping their career development. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between career education skills and career adaptability among 273 undergraduate students in China. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the mediating effect of career decision-making self-efficacy in shaping this relationship. The findings of the correlation analysis indicate a significant positive correlation between career education skills and career adaptability. Moreover, the results of the mediation model revealed that career education skills significantly contribute to improving career adaptability along with the mediating effect of college students’ self-efficacy in making career decisions. This study suggests that universities should prioritize the development and expansion of career education initiatives. They should not only help establish clear career goals for college students but also cultivate a positive and flexible career outlook to assist them in better adapting to various changes that may arise throughout their career journeys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue External Influences in Adolescents’ Career Development)
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10 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Does Decreased Vitamin D Level Trigger Bipolar Manic Attacks?
by Okan İmre, Mustafa Karaağaç and Cuneyt Caglayan
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090779 - 18 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
Background: Bipolar disorder is a chronic psychiatric disorder with depression and manic episodes. It is one of the leading causes of disease-related disability worldwide. Despite the presence of various alternative drug options for bipolar disorder, some patients do not adequately benefit from the [...] Read more.
Background: Bipolar disorder is a chronic psychiatric disorder with depression and manic episodes. It is one of the leading causes of disease-related disability worldwide. Despite the presence of various alternative drug options for bipolar disorder, some patients do not adequately benefit from the treatment. Therefore, possible underlying mechanisms need to be clarified. Recently, studies on the relationship between bipolar disorder and vitamin D (Vit D) have attracted attention. Although many studies have found an association between depression and Vit D deficiency, little is known about the relationship between manic episodes and Vit D. The aim of this study was to compare Vit D and related metabolites of bipolar manic episodes prior to treatment, bipolar remission after treatment, and healthy control groups. Methods: This case–control study consisted of 34 bipolar manic episode patients and 34 healthy controls. Disease activity was evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Firstly, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels of patients in the bipolar manic episode were measured and compared with healthy control. Secondly, serum 25-OHD, Ca and P levels in the euthymic periods of the same patients were measured and compared with healthy control. Results: Bipolar manic episode Vit D levels were lower when compared to healthy controls; while there was no difference in terms of Ca and P levels. There was no significant difference between the bipolar euthymic period patients and the healthy control group in terms of 25-OHD, Ca and P levels. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated low serum Vit D concentrations in the acute manic episode of bipolar disorder. Decreased Vit D level may play a role in the onset of the manic episode, or malnutrition and insufficient sunlight during the manic episode may have caused Vit D deficiency. Future studies are needed to exclude potential confounding factors and to compare all mood episodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Psychiatry)
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10 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Exploring Substance Abuse and the Dark Tetrad in Health Sciences and Non-Health Sciences Students
by Marina Carvalho de Lima Moraes, Giulia Cunha Russo, Julia da Silva Prado, Ariela Raissa Lima-Costa, Bruno Bonfá-Araujo and Julie Aitken Schermer
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090778 - 18 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1759
Abstract
Substance abuse can be used as a coping strategy to manage stress related to academic activities and is a risk-taking behavior that is also associated with people with higher levels of the Dark Tetrad personality traits. Our study aimed to investigate the association [...] Read more.
Substance abuse can be used as a coping strategy to manage stress related to academic activities and is a risk-taking behavior that is also associated with people with higher levels of the Dark Tetrad personality traits. Our study aimed to investigate the association between substance abuse and the Dark Tetrad in students in health and non-health sciences fields. Our sample was composed of 174 college students between 18 and 58 years old (M = 25.60; SD = 9.14). Students completed self-report psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, sadism, and substance use scales. Results suggest that men consumed more substances and scored higher on the Dark Tetrad than women. Also, when comparing fields, men from health sciences tended to score higher on dark personality traits. These results emphasize the potential risk factors associated with dark personality traits and the consumption of licit and illicit substances by college students, highlighting the need for further studies with this population and the impact of these behaviors and characteristics on future professional practice. Full article
12 pages, 255 KiB  
Article
Is There an Association between the Use of Social Media and Self-Rated Health?
by Kholisani Ndlovu, Lebogang M. Ramalepe, Nwamaka C. Nwogwugwu and Bukola G. Olutola
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090777 - 18 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1776
Abstract
This study sought to determine the association between social media and self-rated health. This study used the 2022 Health Information National Trends Survey for American adults. A statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression. Of the 6018 study participants, the [...] Read more.
This study sought to determine the association between social media and self-rated health. This study used the 2022 Health Information National Trends Survey for American adults. A statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression. Of the 6018 study participants, the majority reported that they were in excellent/very good and good health (82.9%, n = 4930). More than half (58.2%, n = 3268) of the respondents reported that they visited a social media site almost every day in the past 12 months, while 76.8% (n = 4843) reported that they never interacted with people who had similar health or medical issues on social media. There was no association between everyday visits to a social media site, interaction with people with similar health/medical issues on social media, or watching a health-related video on social media and self-rated health. Those who had full-time employment were more likely to rate their health as excellent/very good/good (AOR: 2.394, 95% Conf. Int: 1.820–3.149) compared to those with no full-time employment. Marital status, confidence in taking care of oneself, education, and current smoking were associated with self-rated health. This study showed that the use of social media which included the watching of health-related videos was not associated with self-rated health. Full article
18 pages, 1182 KiB  
Review
COVID-19 and the Nervous System from a Cuban Experience
by Maria de los Angeles Robinson-Agramonte, Teresa Serrano Sánchez, Elena Noris García, Orlando Rafael Serrano Barrera and Dario Siniscalco
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090776 - 17 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of viral infections (both per se and secondary to the neuroinflammatory reaction of the host) are mainly attributed to immunological reactions, so many aspects of their pathogenesis are still nuclear. Some novel therapeutic strategies are progressively emerging in which a vaccination [...] Read more.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of viral infections (both per se and secondary to the neuroinflammatory reaction of the host) are mainly attributed to immunological reactions, so many aspects of their pathogenesis are still nuclear. Some novel therapeutic strategies are progressively emerging in which a vaccination may be having a particular impact on recovery and reduction of death. In this context, it is accepted that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is profoundly neurotropic and neuroinvasive, with various effects on the nervous system, although there is no complete understanding of the mechanism of neuroinvasion, brain injury, or short- or long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the post-infectious manifestations of COVID-19 to guide the management of neuropsychiatric diseases. Thus, based on different research groups focused on this field, in this manuscript we summarize papers on COVID-19 and the nervous system (NS) published in a series of articles by Cuban authors. This review focuses on cognitive and affective emotional states, pathogenesis, biomarkers, clinical manifestations, and intervention strategies. Full article
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11 pages, 281 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Technology Addiction and Attitude toward Reading: An Investigation on Pre-Service Teachers
by Fatma Gerez Taşgın and Adnan Taşgın
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090775 - 16 Sep 2023
Viewed by 2395
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward reading books and their technology addictions. We used a correlational survey model. The sample of this study consisted of a Turkish pre-service teachers group studying at the Department of Turkish Education in [...] Read more.
In this study, we aimed to examine pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward reading books and their technology addictions. We used a correlational survey model. The sample of this study consisted of a Turkish pre-service teachers group studying at the Department of Turkish Education in the education faculty of a state university in Turkey. Our research used the “Attitude Scale Towards Reading” and “Technology Addiction Scale” as data collection tools. As a result of the study, we determined that the attitudes towards reading of pre-service teachers were positive. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in favor of female pre-service teachers in the sub-dimensions of book-reading love, reluctance to read, and stress. The significant difference in the online game-playing sub-dimension of technology addiction favored male pre-service teachers. On the other hand, we found a negative meaningful relationship between pre-service teachers’ technology addiction and their attitudes toward reading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Education and Learning in the Context of the New Normal: Sustainable Development and the Path to Sustainability)
15 pages, 321 KiB  
Article
The Gender of Retirement in a Double-Ageing Country: Perspectives and Experiences of Retired Women and Men in Portugal
by Maria Carolina Pereira, Miriam Rosa and Maria Helena Santos
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090774 - 16 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1986
Abstract
This article aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of women and men at the stage in their lives following professional retirement, enriching the present and future of a continuously ageing Portuguese society. In order to better capture the diversity and complexity of [...] Read more.
This article aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of women and men at the stage in their lives following professional retirement, enriching the present and future of a continuously ageing Portuguese society. In order to better capture the diversity and complexity of each individual’s experiences, a qualitative methodology was used. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with sixteen retired people, eight women and eight men, aged between 59 and 88 years old. A thematic analysis allowed us to identify five themes in the interviewees’ discourses. We concluded that gender may be a source of heterogeneity at this stage of life, suggesting that these findings should be analysed in the scope of a life course perspective, and highlighting the impact that the different trajectories of women and men have, as well as the historical and social context in which they take place. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Participation and Mental Health among Older Adults)
14 pages, 334 KiB  
Article
Physical Activity and Quality of Life among People with Intellectual Disabilities: The Role of Gender and the Practice Characteristics
by Evelia Franco, Carmen Ocete, Elena Pérez-Calzado and Ana Berástegui
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090773 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1943
Abstract
Staying physically active is synonymous with good health and well-being, and its benefits on the health of people with intellectual disabilities (PWIDs) have been studied. However, there is a lack of information on how it can influence their quality of life (QoL). This [...] Read more.
Staying physically active is synonymous with good health and well-being, and its benefits on the health of people with intellectual disabilities (PWIDs) have been studied. However, there is a lack of information on how it can influence their quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to analyze the relationship between QoL and physical activity in PWIDs according to gender and the characteristics of the practiced activity. A questionnaire was administered to 380 PWIDs (mean age of 28.23 ± 12.53), 54.21% of which were men. The QoL dimensions and second-order factors were studied in relation to practicing physical activity, the practice type, the context, and gender. The results indicate that people who practiced any activity showed better QoL values. Those who engaged in a nonregulated physical activity had better values in self-determination, emotional well-being, social inclusion, and personal development, while those who did sports presented higher scores in interpersonal relationships and physical well-being. In addition, it also appears that the association between physical activity and the QoL dimensions is distinct in inclusive and specific contexts. In conclusion, physical activity is related to a better QoL, although the impact of the practice type and context differs for each QoL dimension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality of Life of People with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities: The Power of Context and Supports)
16 pages, 1162 KiB  
Article
Does Accountability Aggravate the Risk of Teacher Burnout? Evidence from the Chinese Education System
by Guanyu Li and Kwok Kuen Tsang
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090772 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
External and internal accountabilities and emotional labor are possible factors triggering teacher burnout, but the relationships between the constructs have not been fully addressed. Thus, this study aimed to construct and test a chain mediation model to demonstrate the relationships between external accountability [...] Read more.
External and internal accountabilities and emotional labor are possible factors triggering teacher burnout, but the relationships between the constructs have not been fully addressed. Thus, this study aimed to construct and test a chain mediation model to demonstrate the relationships between external accountability and burnout, mediated by internal accountability and emotional labor sequentially. By surveying 814 teachers (years of teaching: M = 13.42, SD = 10.97) from 10 provinces in China, it shows: (1) external and internal accountabilities are both negatively related to burnout; (2) internal accountability, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions mediate the relationship between external accountability and burnout; (3) internal accountability and surface acting sequentially play a chain mediating role between external accountability and burnout; and (4) internal accountability and expression of naturally felt emotions sequentially play a chain mediating role between external accountability and teacher burnout. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Exploring the Interplay of Psychology and Work-Related Health and Well-Being)
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16 pages, 583 KiB  
Article
Understanding Emotional Labor Dynamics in Participant Sport Service: A Conceptual Framework
by Ye Hoon Lee
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090771 - 15 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1304
Abstract
In the service industry, the quality of interactions between employees and customers is crucial for improving customer outcomes. Emotional labor, which involves managing one’s emotions to meet job requirements, is a significant aspect of these interactions. To address the lack of attention paid [...] Read more.
In the service industry, the quality of interactions between employees and customers is crucial for improving customer outcomes. Emotional labor, which involves managing one’s emotions to meet job requirements, is a significant aspect of these interactions. To address the lack of attention paid to emotional labor in participant sport contexts, this study proposes a conceptual framework that outlines the antecedents, consequences, and moderators of emotional labor strategies in participant sport service. The framework includes 25 propositions based on theories and empirical evidence from various scientific domains. More specifically, the conceptual framework consists of four main components: (a) intrapersonal and (b) interpersonal consequences; (c) moderators; and (d) antecedents of emotional labor. The study recommends that sport organizations should implement emotional labor training workshops to help employees engage in effective and health-beneficial emotional labor strategies specific to sport organization settings. Overall, this conceptual framework provides a foundation for understanding emotional labor in sport organizations and can help enhance customer outcomes and employee well-being in the participant sport service industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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11 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Predictors of Suicide Risk and Mental Health Outcomes among Hong Kong Veterinarians: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Camille K. Y. Chan and Paul W. C. Wong
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090770 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
The professional quality of life (ProQOL) in the veterinary profession has gained increasing attention, yet little is known about its association with the mental health status of Hong Kong veterinarians. This study aimed to examine the impact of elements that make up ProQOL [...] Read more.
The professional quality of life (ProQOL) in the veterinary profession has gained increasing attention, yet little is known about its association with the mental health status of Hong Kong veterinarians. This study aimed to examine the impact of elements that make up ProQOL on the risk of suicide, depression, and anxiety among Hong Kong veterinarians. All veterinarians registered and practicing in Hong Kong at the time of recruitment were eligible to take part in the e-survey study between 1 January and 31 March 2022. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the data from 56 participants. The results showed that 22.0% of the participants were at risk of suicide, 19.6% had current suicidal ideation, 29.4% had depression, and 29.4% had anxiety symptoms. The findings suggested poor mental health status among Hong Kong veterinarians and were comparable to or more prevalent than those reported in Anglophone and European countries. Results from the binary logistic regression suggested that burnout was a predictor of depressive symptoms, and that secondary traumatic stress showed potential in predicting suicide risk. Our study, however, did not find conclusive evidence supporting compassion satisfaction as a predictor of reduced symptoms of common mental issues. Further investigation into contextual factors affecting the mental health of veterinarians in Hong Kong is warranted. Improving the profession’s mental health literacy and self-efficacy should be prioritized as a suicide prevention strategy to enhance mental health awareness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Illnesses and Related Self-Injury Behavior)
13 pages, 1277 KiB  
Article
Perceived Social Support, Depressive Symptoms, Self-Compassion, and Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
by Xiaofan Yang, Hang Ma, Ling Zhang, Jinyang Xue and Ping Hu
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090769 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
Objective: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction, as well as the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of self-compassion. Methods: A total of 874 college students completed [...] Read more.
Objective: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction, as well as the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of self-compassion. Methods: A total of 874 college students completed questionnaires, including the perceived social support scale, depression–anxiety–stress scale, mobile phone addiction index, and the short form of the self-compassion scale. The participants included 202 males and 672 females, with an average age of 19.54 (SD = 2.16). Results: A moderated mediation analysis was conducted. The results revealed that perceived social support fully mediated the negative relationship between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction. Self-compassion attenuated the mediating effects. Conclusions: The present study indicated that insufficient perceived social support may increase the risk of mobile phone addiction among college students because of the impact of depressive symptoms. However, self-compassion could buffer this adverse effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)
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13 pages, 812 KiB  
Article
Social Networking Site Use and Emotional Eating Behaviors among Chinese Adolescents: The Effects of Negative Social Comparisons and Perspective-Taking
by Shan Sun, Siying Chen, Zian Wang, Yan Xiong and Shixuan Xie
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090768 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1820
Abstract
Emotional eating has emerged as a significant disordered eating and public health concern among adolescents. Despite the widespread prevalence of social networking site (SNS) use among this population, research investigating the influence of SNS use on adolescent eating behaviors remains limited. This study [...] Read more.
Emotional eating has emerged as a significant disordered eating and public health concern among adolescents. Despite the widespread prevalence of social networking site (SNS) use among this population, research investigating the influence of SNS use on adolescent eating behaviors remains limited. This study is to examine the impact of SNS use on emotional eating among Chinese adolescents, with a specific focus on exploring the mediating role of negative social comparisons and the moderating effect of perspective-taking. Data were obtained through an online survey involving 778 middle school students in China. The findings indicate that SNS use exerts a positive influence on adolescents’ engagement in emotional eating, with this association being mediated by the presence of negative social comparisons. Perspective-taking demonstrated a protective role in the context of adolescents’ utilization of social media platforms. For individuals characterized by high levels of perspective-taking, the effects of SNS use on negative social comparisons are mitigated, subsequently reducing its impact on emotional eating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent Risk Behaviors: Harm from Social Networking and Alcohol Use)
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8 pages, 232 KiB  
Brief Report
Application of a Decisional Capacity Assessment for Older Research Participants with Cognitive Impairment
by Ling Xu, Noelle L. Fields, Megan R. Westmore, Kathryn M. Daniel and Brooke A. Troutman
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090767 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Decisional capacity assessment is important for older adult participants who have cognitive impairment. This paper reports the implementation of the University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent (UBACC) and its potential for practice and research. Nine of the 10 [...] Read more.
Decisional capacity assessment is important for older adult participants who have cognitive impairment. This paper reports the implementation of the University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent (UBACC) and its potential for practice and research. Nine of the 10 items remained to use except for adapting the last item. Approximately 130 older adults with cognitive impairment completed the UBACC screening. Item-by-item descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), group comparisons of each item, as well as total sum scores of the UBACC were conducted. Results showed that the items that were most often answered correctly included item #10 (participant will be paid), item #4 (study is voluntary), and item #5 (can withdraw at any time). Conversely, the items that were most often answered incorrectly included item #9 (not any benefit potentially), item #7 (potential risk or discomfort), and item #6 (tasks during participation). Respondents with mild cognitive impairment had higher correct answer rates than those with advanced cognitive impairment. The UBACC screening tool has relative utility for older participants with cognitive impairment. Full article
10 pages, 460 KiB  
Article
Children’s Shyness, Frontal Brain Activity, and Anxiety in the Perioperative Context
by Cheryl H. T. Chow, Kristie L. Poole, Richard Y. Xu, Jhanahan Sriranjan, Ryan J. Van Lieshout, Norman Buckley, Graeme Moffat and Louis A. Schmidt
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090766 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1575
Abstract
Although preoperative anxiety affects up to 75% of children undergoing surgery each year and is associated with many adverse outcomes, we know relatively little about individual differences in how children respond to impending surgery. We examined whether patterns of anterior brain electrical activity [...] Read more.
Although preoperative anxiety affects up to 75% of children undergoing surgery each year and is associated with many adverse outcomes, we know relatively little about individual differences in how children respond to impending surgery. We examined whether patterns of anterior brain electrical activity (i.e., a neural correlate of anxious arousal) moderated the relation between children’s shyness and preoperative anxiety on the day of surgery in 70 children (36 girls, Mage = 10.4 years, SDage = 1.7, years, range 8 to 13 years) undergoing elective surgery. Shyness was assessed using self-report approximately 1 week prior to surgery during a preoperative visit (Time 1), preoperative anxiety was assessed using self-report, and regional EEG (left and right frontal and temporal sites) was assessed using a dry sensory EEG headband on the day of surgery (Time 2). We found that overall frontal EEG alpha power moderated the relation between shyness and self-reported preoperative anxiety. Shyness was related to higher levels of self-reported anxiety on the day of surgery for children with lower average overall frontal alpha EEG power (i.e., higher cortical activity) but not for children with higher average overall frontal alpha EEG power (i.e., lower cortical activity). These results suggest that the pattern of frontal brain activity might amplify some shy children’s affective responses to impending surgery. Findings also extend prior results linking children’s shyness, frontal brain activity, and anxiety observed in the laboratory to a real-world, ecologically salient environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Developmental Trajectory of Children's Social Behaviors and Their Cognitive Neural Mechanisms)
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17 pages, 1861 KiB  
Article
Electroencephalogram-Based Subject Matching Learning (ESML): A Deep Learning Framework on Electroencephalogram-Based Biometrics and Task Identification
by Jin Xu, Erqiang Zhou, Zhen Qin, Ting Bi and Zhiguang Qin
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090765 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1504
Abstract
An EEG signal (Electroencephalogram) is a bioelectric phenomenon reflecting human brain activities. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning framework ESML (EEG-based Subject Matching Learning) using raw EEG signals to learn latent representations for EEG-based user identification and tack classification. ESML [...] Read more.
An EEG signal (Electroencephalogram) is a bioelectric phenomenon reflecting human brain activities. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning framework ESML (EEG-based Subject Matching Learning) using raw EEG signals to learn latent representations for EEG-based user identification and tack classification. ESML consists of two parts: one is the ESML1 model via an LSTM-based method for EEG-user linking, and one is the ESML2 model via a CNN-based method for EEG-task linking. The new model ESML is simple, but effective and efficient. It does not require any restrictions for EEG data collection on motions and thinking for users, and it does not need any EEG preprocessing operations, such as EEG denoising and feature extraction. The experiments were conducted on three public datasets and the results show that ESML performs the best and achieves significant performance improvement when compared to baseline methods (i.e., SVM, LDA, NN, DTS, Bayesian, AdaBoost and MLP). The ESML1 model provided the best precision at 96% with 109 users and the ESML2 model achieved 99% precision at 3-Class task classification. These experimental results provide direct evidence that EEG signals can be used for user identification and task classification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 2023 Neuroaesthetics Conference: Universality of Aesthetic Experience in Individual Contexts)
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11 pages, 562 KiB  
Article
Mediating Role of PERMA Wellbeing in the Relationship between Insomnia and Psychological Distress among Nursing College Students
by Qian Sun, Xiangyu Zhao, Yiming Gao, Di Zhao and Meiling Qi
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090764 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
Background: Psychological distress is an important mental health problem in college students. Insomnia may be a major factor contributing to psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the indirect relationship between insomnia and psychological distress through the five PERMA wellbeing variables (i.e., positive [...] Read more.
Background: Psychological distress is an important mental health problem in college students. Insomnia may be a major factor contributing to psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the indirect relationship between insomnia and psychological distress through the five PERMA wellbeing variables (i.e., positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning in life, and achievement) among nursing college students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in China using an online survey design. Mediation analyses were examined using the PROCESS macro version 4.1 for SPSS 27.0. A total of 1741 nursing college students completed the online survey. Results: Insomnia was positively associated with psychological distress (p < 0.01, r = 0.673), while negative associations were detected between PERMA wellbeing variables and insomnia (p < 0.01, r range = −0.176 and −0.272), as well as psychological distress (p < 0.01, r range = −0.196 and −0.386). The association between insomnia and psychological distress was partially mediated by the participants’ positive emotions (indirect effect = 0.137, SE = 0.024, 95% CI boot = [0.094, 0.188]), engagement (indirect effect = −0.033, SE = 0.010, 95% CI boot = [−0.054, −0.017]), and meaning in life (indirect effect = 0.027, SE = 0.014, 95% CI boot = [0.001, 0.055]) but not their relationships or achievement of the PERMA wellbeing variables. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the PERMA wellbeing variables, especially positive emotions, engagement, and meaning in life, could be potential mechanisms by which insomnia is associated with psychological distress. The mediating roles of PERMA wellbeing variables between insomnia and psychological distress could be incorporated into the health management of university administrations to promote the health and wellbeing of nursing college students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellbeing and Mental Health among Students)
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15 pages, 999 KiB  
Article
Shyness and Socio-Emotional Adjustment among Young Chinese Children: The Moderating Role of Screen Time
by Jingjing Zhu, Alicia McVarnock, Laura Polakova, Shuhui Xiang, Yan Li and Robert J. Coplan
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090763 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 2356
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to examine the potential moderating role of screen time in the links between shyness and indices of socio-emotional adjustment in young Chinese children. Participants were N = 211 children (112 boys, 99 girls) ages 43–66 [...] Read more.
The primary aim of the present study was to examine the potential moderating role of screen time in the links between shyness and indices of socio-emotional adjustment in young Chinese children. Participants were N = 211 children (112 boys, 99 girls) ages 43–66 months (M = 58.84 months, SD = 5.32) recruited from two public kindergartens in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Mothers completed assessments of children’s shyness and screen time, and both mothers and teachers completed measures of indices of children’s socio-emotional functioning (prosocial, internalizing problems, learning problems). Among the results, shyness was positively associated with internalizing problems and negatively associated with prosocial behavior, whereas screen time was positively associated with internalizing problems. However, several significant shyness × screen time interaction effects were observed. The pattern of these results consistently revealed that at higher levels of screen time, links between shyness and indices of socio-emotional difficulties were exacerbated. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of shyness and screen time in early childhood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Developmental Trajectory of Children's Social Behaviors and Their Cognitive Neural Mechanisms)
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15 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
A Narcissism/Vanity Distinction? Reassessing Vanity Using a Modern Model of Narcissism Based on Pride, Empathy, and Social Behaviors
by Madison A. Wheeler, Lawrence R. Burns and Paul Stephenson
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090762 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1963
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of vanity in its longstanding theoretical association with narcissism. This is particularly germane, as the conceptualization and measurement of narcissism have evolved in recent years. This is observed in the development of [...] Read more.
The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of vanity in its longstanding theoretical association with narcissism. This is particularly germane, as the conceptualization and measurement of narcissism have evolved in recent years. This is observed in the development of spectrum and/or dimensional models of narcissism, concomitant with the conceptual developments of vanity that have emerged since its original inclusion in the Narcissism Personality Inventory. Specifically, our research question evaluated whether vanity remains as traditionally construed, i.e., as a facet of narcissism, or is better conceptualized as a distinct construct separated from the earlier models of narcissism and therefore provide novel implications in understanding personality and social behavior. Based on the traits of pride, empathy, and several social behavior variables, it was hypothesized that a differentiation between narcissism and vanity would be observed. The participants were 441 undergraduate students from a large public midwestern university who participated in a self-report online survey. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. The results revealed that the characterization of vanity is limited to pride and an absence of empathy and social behavior. Findings reaffirm behavior patterns of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism regarding selflessness, image management, and sensitivity to others. The core motivations of vanity are explicated as based on social comparison theory to assess one’s subjective and/or objective value though it is not characterized as a “social” trait or by social behavior, in contrast to how narcissism is characterized. Based on our findings and an improved understanding of the narcissism model, we conclude that vanity is more closely related to the grandiose dimension of narcissism and discuss how the underlying motivations of vanity improve our understanding of grandiose narcissism. We discuss the implications that these findings provide to the developing, modern conceptualizations of narcissism and affirm and expand our understanding of vanity in personality. Full article
17 pages, 1089 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Validation of the Adult Prosocialness Behavior Scale in a Professional Teaching Context
by Manuel Mieres-Chacaltana, Sonia Salvo-Garrido, Sergio Dominguez-Lara, José Luis Gálvez-Nieto and Paula Alarcón-Bañares
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090761 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
For the teaching profession, prosociality is a relevant skill. From this perspective, the present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Adult Prosocialness Behavior Scale (APBS) in a professional setting of primary school Chilean teachers (n = 1404; mean age [...] Read more.
For the teaching profession, prosociality is a relevant skill. From this perspective, the present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Adult Prosocialness Behavior Scale (APBS) in a professional setting of primary school Chilean teachers (n = 1404; mean age = 41.4; SD = 10.8; 77.4% women). ESEM and CFA were applied to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, factorial reliability, and invariance. The results supported a bifactor ESEM model in which prosociality was represented by a general latent factor and four specific factors (helping, sharing, caring, and empathy). A predominance of the unidimensional component of the APBS was observed (general factor, ECV = 0.938; ωh = 0.945), with adequate reliability (α = 0.932; ω of the factor general = 0.968) and invariance of the measurement in terms of gender. Its adequacy was confirmed by a good level of fit (RMSEA = 0.042 90%CI [0.036–0.049]; SRMR = 0.012; CFI = 0.995; TLI = 0.988). It is concluded that the APBS is a suitable instrument to measure prosociality in the professional setting studied. Its general and specific dimensions are relevant to the prosocial behaviors currently required of teachers. Future studies could contribute evidence of the transcultural validation of the APBS in other educational contexts in order to undertake comparative studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Employee Quality of Life, Well-Being and Wellness: A Pathway to Organizational Performance, Efficiency, and Sustainability)
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10 pages, 277 KiB  
Editorial
Personal Workplace Relationships: Unifying an Understudied Area of Organizational and Personal Life
by Rebecca M. Chory and Sean M. Horan
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090760 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2713
Abstract
Relationships that cross the work–life domain have long been of interest to scholars in multiple disciplines, including Communication, Management, and Psychology. Close relationships that span work–life borders are called personal workplace relationships. Personal workplace relationships are voluntary informal relationships between two members [...] Read more.
Relationships that cross the work–life domain have long been of interest to scholars in multiple disciplines, including Communication, Management, and Psychology. Close relationships that span work–life borders are called personal workplace relationships. Personal workplace relationships are voluntary informal relationships between two members of the same organization. These relationships are mutual and consensual and have a relatively strong emotional component. They involve the partners knowing and communicating with each other as unique individuals. The goal of this Special Issue (“Personal Workplace Relationships: Implications for Work and Life in a Rapidly Changing Society”) is to explore this specific form of work–life intersection. To that end, we present the scholarly work of researchers from diverse backgrounds who share the goal of better understanding workplace relationships. In this opening essay, we describe how we began to study this area, we preview the articles in this Special Issue, and we conclude with recommendations for future research on personal workplace relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personal Workplace Relationships: Implications for Work and Life in a Rapidly Changing Society)
12 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Sustainable Exercise on Self-Efficacy and Life Satisfaction in Women before and after Menopause
by Abdulaziz Kulak, Turhan Toros, Emre Bulent Ogras, Ibrahim Efe Etiler, Emre Bagci, Belgin Gokyurek and Ulviye Bilgin
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090759 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1739
Abstract
The study aims at elucidating the association between sustainable exercise and its influence on self-efficacy and life satisfaction in women during their premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. A relational screening model was employed on a sample of 422 women, with 215 premenopausal and 207 [...] Read more.
The study aims at elucidating the association between sustainable exercise and its influence on self-efficacy and life satisfaction in women during their premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. A relational screening model was employed on a sample of 422 women, with 215 premenopausal and 207 postmenopausal participants, utilizing convenience sampling. Participants’ regularity of exercise and its duration was taken into consideration. Evaluation tools included the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Data were analyzed using a statistical software package with significance set at 0.05. Sustainable exercise demonstrated no significant difference in SWLS or GSES subdimensions among premenopausal women. However, postmenopausal women engaging in regular exercise reported significantly higher scores in SWLS and all GSES subdimensions. Moreover, positive correlations between age and SWLS scores, as well as between age and certain GSES subdimensions, were found in both pre- and postmenopausal periods. While sustainable exercise does not evidently impact the life satisfaction and self-efficacy of premenopausal women, it significantly enhances these parameters in postmenopausal women. Additionally, age appears to influence life satisfaction and specific self-efficacy subdimensions across both phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridging Behavioral Sciences and Sports Sciences)
23 pages, 343 KiB  
Article
Self-Perception of Inclusion in an Inclusive Choir: An Analysis Using the Scale for the Assessment of Inclusion (SAI)
by Borja Juan-Morera, Icíar Nadal-García, Belén López-Casanova and Eva Vicente
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090758 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1532
Abstract
Inclusion promotes equal opportunities, and aims to eliminate discrimination, by ensuring full access, participation, and representation for all individuals in society, with music playing a crucial role in addressing this global challenge, and fostering positive and inclusive change. The aim of this study [...] Read more.
Inclusion promotes equal opportunities, and aims to eliminate discrimination, by ensuring full access, participation, and representation for all individuals in society, with music playing a crucial role in addressing this global challenge, and fostering positive and inclusive change. The aim of this study is to identify perceptions of inclusive culture, policies, values, and practices in one specific inclusive choir in Spain. The sample consisted of 135 members, ranging from 18 to 79 years of age, of which 22.2% have recognised disabilities. All of them filled in the adapted Scale for the Assessment of Inclusion (SAI) form. The results show that, regardless of gender, age, and length of participation in the choir, their members share positive perceptions of the inclusiveness of its values, policies, practices, and culture. However, perceptions vary across the groups surveyed, and are generally more favourable among participants with a disability, those without a university education, or those aged 26 or over. It is found that people who participate in an inclusive choir, in which music is the mediating resource, perceive a high level of inclusion that allows them to feel they belong to a group where diversity, equality, and the promotion of people are respected. The findings are analysed, considering the importance of conducting multidimensional evaluations that include all members of an organisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality of Life of People with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities: The Power of Context and Supports)
20 pages, 1472 KiB  
Article
Revisiting the Asymmetric Matching Pennies Contradiction in China
by Ailin Leng, Zeng Lian, Jaimie W. Lien and Jie Zheng
Behav. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13090757 - 12 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1264
Abstract
The asymmetric matching pennies contradiction posits that contrary to the prediction of mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, experimental subjects’ choices are, in practice, based heavily on the magnitudes of their own payoffs. Own-payoff effects are robustly confirmed in the literature. Closely following the experimental setups [...] Read more.
The asymmetric matching pennies contradiction posits that contrary to the prediction of mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, experimental subjects’ choices are, in practice, based heavily on the magnitudes of their own payoffs. Own-payoff effects are robustly confirmed in the literature. Closely following the experimental setups in the literature which support the contradiction, we conduct a series of asymmetric matching pennies games in China, hypothesizing play which is closer to equilibrium frequencies than previously found. Contrary to previous experiments which were conducted in the United States, we find that there are essentially no own-payoff effects among Row players who face large payoff asymmetry. In a Quantal Response Equilibrium framework allowing for altruism or spite, the behavior of our subjects corresponded to a positive spite parameter, whereas the results of previous studies corresponded to altruism. Our results may be consistent with recent psychology literature that finds people from collectivist cultures are substantially more adept at taking the perspective of others compared with people from individualist cultures, a feature of the reasoning needed to obtain mixed-strategy equilibrium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Preferences in Economic Behavior)
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