Behavioral Sciences

15 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patient Safety Incidents in Inpatient Psychiatric Settings: An Expert Opinion Survey

by Sophia Russotto, Andrea Conti, Kris Vanhaecht, José Joaquín Mira and Massimiliano Panella

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111116 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 271

Patient safety in psychiatric inpatient facilities remains under-researched despite its crucial importance. This study aims to address this gap by using expert opinion to estimate the frequency of diverse patient safety incidents (PSIs) in psychiatric settings and to compare it with the existing [...] Read more.

Patient safety in psychiatric inpatient facilities remains under-researched despite its crucial importance. This study aims to address this gap by using expert opinion to estimate the frequency of diverse patient safety incidents (PSIs) in psychiatric settings and to compare it with the existing literature. Utilizing a seven-step approach, a questionnaire based on the World Health Organization’s International Classification for Patient Safety was developed and deployed. A total of 33 expert opinions were collected. Results showed a higher estimated incidence of PSIs in psychiatric settings compared to general healthcare, highlighting categories such as patient behavior, medication, and infrastructure as significant contributors. Experts emphasized the prevalence of incidents related to behavioral issues and inadequate infrastructure, areas often overlooked in the existing literature. Unlike general settings, psychiatric facilities appear more vulnerable to specific PSIs, such as those related to medication and building safety, underscoring the need for targeted safety measures. Our study suggests the existence of significant discrepancies between expert opinion and available research, with several underexplored domains in psychiatric patient safety. Full article

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20 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on R&D Investment and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion

by Qingzhu Gao, Liangmou Gao and Guangyan Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111115 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 342

Abstract

The impact of the chief executive officer (CEO) narcissism on a firm’s performance has gained attention from the academic community. However, the extant literature has largely ignored the mediating mechanism of research and development (R&D) investment and the moderating roles of managerial discretion. [...] Read more.

The impact of the chief executive officer (CEO) narcissism on a firm’s performance has gained attention from the academic community. However, the extant literature has largely ignored the mediating mechanism of research and development (R&D) investment and the moderating roles of managerial discretion. Additionally, the measurement of CEO narcissism is rarely disclosed in the public database. Compiling a CEO narcissism index from a video survey, we systematically explore the effect of CEO narcissism on firm performance, the mediating role of R&D investment, and the moderating role of managerial discretion. Based on the upper echelons theory, using a sample of 183 Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms from 2011 to 2019, we found that CEO narcissism positively and significantly impacts R&D investment and firm performance, and then R&D investment mediated the relationships between CEO narcissism and firm performance. In addition, we found that managerial discretion could affect the relationship between CEO narcissism and R&D investment. Specifically, CEO duality and CEO ownership will strengthen the positive influence of a CEO’s narcissism in corporate R&D investment. Our results suggest that CEO narcissism appears to be a stimulus to corporate R&D investment; thus, in recruiting top executives, their psychological traits, especially narcissism, should be given special consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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17 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Among Beliefs Supporting Patriarchal Principles, Conflict Avoidance, and Economic Violence in Intimate-Partner Relationships of Ultra-Orthodox Jews

by Ruth Berkowitz, David Mehlhausen-Hassoen and Zeev Winstok

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111114 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Beliefs that uphold patriarchal principles may influence individuals’ willingness to avoid conflict in their intimate-partner relationships, which can, in turn, increase the likelihood of intimate-partner economic violence. However, these associations remain underexplored in current research. This study examines these dynamics within a sample [...] Read more.

Beliefs that uphold patriarchal principles may influence individuals’ willingness to avoid conflict in their intimate-partner relationships, which can, in turn, increase the likelihood of intimate-partner economic violence. However, these associations remain underexplored in current research. This study examines these dynamics within a sample of 321 adults from the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community—a patriarchal and traditional culture. Specifically, it examines associations among beliefs supporting patriarchal principles at the micro (gendered domestic roles), meso, and macro (institutional power of men and the inherent inferiority of women) levels; conflict avoidance; economic violence; and sex differences in these factors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sex differences in the study variables, and path analysis was used to examine the correlations between research variables for men and women. The findings indicate that beliefs in patriarchal ideologies were moderate across all levels but slightly higher among men. Men were significantly more likely than women to avoid conflict with their intimate partners. Beliefs in support of patriarchal ideologies were predictive of conflict avoidance, particularly among women. Contrary to prior research, this study revealed nonsignificant sex differences in the prevalence of economic-violence victimization. These findings, however, do not negate the role of sex-based dynamics in economic-violence victimization. We discuss the findings and the meanings assigned to conflict avoidance by men and women, while considering gender disparities of power and control. We suggest that men’s tendency to avoid conflict likely moderated their likelihood of perpetrating economic violence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Research on Sexual and Social Relationships)

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11 pages, 3180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can the Ability to Play Steady Beats Be Indicative of Cognitive Aging? Using a Beat Processing Device

by Hyun Ju Chong, Jin Hee Choi and Ga Eul Yoo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111113 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 304

Abstract

This study aimed to examine whether different rhythm idioms significantly affect the reproduction accuracy of older adults and whether the participants’ age and personal current engagement in music affect their ability to reproduce rhythm. A total of 79 older adults participated in the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine whether different rhythm idioms significantly affect the reproduction accuracy of older adults and whether the participants’ age and personal current engagement in music affect their ability to reproduce rhythm. A total of 79 older adults participated in the study. Participants were required to reproduce six different rhythm idioms, and their accuracy in rhythm reproduction was measured using the R index. The data were analyzed considering the participants’ age sub-group and current engagement in music. The findings showed differences in reproduction accuracy across various rhythm idioms, particularly in relation to steady recurring notes and dotted notes with different intervals. The highest reproduction accuracy was found for the isochronous beat pattern, while the rhythm idiom starting with longer intervals yielded the lowest accuracy. Age and current personal engagement in music did not significantly affect rhythm performance. However, the study identified a significant correlation between decreased accuracy in reproducing a steady rhythm and diminished general cognitive ability. This study indicates that rhythm performance can be indicative of cognitive abilities related to temporal information processing. The findings support the potential use of rhythm tasks to evaluate cognitive performance in older adults with varying cognitive levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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14 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Illness Narrative Master Plots Following Musculoskeletal Trauma and How They Change over Time, a Secondary Analysis of Data

by Andrew Soundy, Maria Moffatt, Nga Man (Nicole) Yip, Nicola Heneghan, Alison Rushton, Deborah Falla, Lucy Silvester and Nicola Middlebrook

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111112 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 388

Abstract

Introduction; to the best of the authors knowledge, no past research has established how illness narrative master plots are expressed initially and then if and how they change longitudinally following musculoskeletal trauma. The aim of the present research was to consider how specific [...] Read more.

Introduction; to the best of the authors knowledge, no past research has established how illness narrative master plots are expressed initially and then if and how they change longitudinally following musculoskeletal trauma. The aim of the present research was to consider how specific master plots were expressed, interact, and change across time following musculoskeletal trauma. Methods: A narrative analysis was undertaken that included individuals who had experienced a musculoskeletal traumatic injury. Individuals were included if they were an inpatient within 4 weeks of the first interview, had mental capacity to participate, and were able to communicate in English. Three interviews were undertaken (within 4 weeks of injury, then at 6- and 12-months post-injury). A 5-stage categorical form—type narrative analysis was performed. Results: Twelve individuals (49.9 ± 17.5 years; 7 male, 5 female) completed interviews at three time points following the trauma event (<4 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months). Three main narrative master plots appeared to work together to facilitate a positive accommodation of the trauma event into the individual’s life. These included the resumption narrative, the activity narrative, and the quest narrative. Finally, less often regressive narratives were identified, although these narratives were, at times, actively avoided. Discussion: The current results provide important consideration for how narratives are used within clinical practice, in particular the value of how these three narratives could be accessed and promoted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Narrative Approaches and Practice in Health Psychology)

12 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Risk Factors, Rumination, and Self-Criticism in Relation to Suicidal Ideation Among Chinese Depressive Outpatients

by Barbara Chuen Yee Lo and Sophie Kai Lam Cheng

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111111 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 381

Abstract

Previous studies indicated that individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are at high risk of suicide, making the identification of risk factors in suicidal depressive outpatients essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study aims to (1) identify emotional risk factors [...] Read more.

Previous studies indicated that individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are at high risk of suicide, making the identification of risk factors in suicidal depressive outpatients essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study aims to (1) identify emotional risk factors and (2) examine the relationship between cognitive markers—including rumination and self-criticism—and suicidal ideation among depressive outpatients. A total of 165 Chinese clinical outpatients with depression were recruited from local hospitals in Hong Kong. In our sample, 68% of patients with moderate depression and 87.5% of patients with severe depression reported experiencing suicidal thoughts. The results from the logistic regression revealed a significant interaction between rumination and self-critical thoughts in relation to suicidal ideation. Specifically, the ruminative patients with self-critical thoughts were more likely to have suicidal thoughts than those without self-critical thoughts. These findings align with the cognitive model of suicide, suggesting that maladaptive information processing and negative cognitive content are associated with an increased risk of suicide. The current findings have clinical implications for the future development of more specific and accurate mental health assessment, preventive programs, and psychotherapies for depressive outpatients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Illnesses and Related Self-Injury Behavior)

16 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adolescent Depressive Symptoms and Peer Dynamics: Distorted Perceptions in Liking and Disliking Networks

by Diego Palacios, Silvia Caldaroni, Christian Berger, Daniele Di Tata and Davide Barrera

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111110 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Depression in adolescents has been linked to poor life outcomes, including suicidal ideation, peer victimization, and fewer friendships. Less is known about how depressed adolescents perceive their peer interactions. Based on the depression-distortion model, we expected that adolescents with depressive symptoms misperceive their [...] Read more.

Depression in adolescents has been linked to poor life outcomes, including suicidal ideation, peer victimization, and fewer friendships. Less is known about how depressed adolescents perceive their peer interactions. Based on the depression-distortion model, we expected that adolescents with depressive symptoms misperceive their social ties by being less likely to like some peers, and more likely to dislike other peers. An Italian dataset about adolescent relationships was used, including 275 first-year secondary school students (M age = 11.80, 46% female) in 12 classrooms across nine schools. Adolescents were asked to nominate classmates they liked and disliked. Longitudinal social network analyses (stochastic actor-oriented models) were conducted, including structural network effects (reciprocity, transitivity, indegree-popularity) and covariates such as gender, immigrant origin, and highest parents’ education level. The results indicated that adolescents with depressive symptoms were less likely to send liking nominations, and conversely, they were more likely to send disliking nominations than non-depressed classmates. Interestingly, adolescents with depressive symptoms were not more disliked or less liked by their peers. These findings seem to support the depression-distortion model by suggesting that, compared to non-depressed peers, adolescents with depressive symptoms misperceive their relationships by overstating negative relationships and underestimating positive ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Peer Relationships in the Development of Minority Children)

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12 pages, 498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anxious Thoughts and Well-Being in University Students with Anxiety in the Two Years After the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediational Relationship of Physical Symptoms and Sadness Rumination

by Elena Ioana Fratea, Manuela Mihaela Ciucurel and Geanina Cucu Ciuhan

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111109 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 610

Abstract

Objective: This study examines the relationship between anxious thoughts and well-being, with physical symptoms and sadness rumination as mediators, in young people who suffer from anxiety in the first two years after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A community sample of 198 participants, 94 [...] Read more.

Objective: This study examines the relationship between anxious thoughts and well-being, with physical symptoms and sadness rumination as mediators, in young people who suffer from anxiety in the first two years after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A community sample of 198 participants, 94 males and 104 females, aged between 19 and 35 years, all of them experiencing an anxiety disorder in their past, answered an online survey during the years 2022–2023. The instruments were the Rumination of Sadness and Anger Questionnaire, The Burns Inventory, and Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale. The data analysis used hierarchical regression. Results: The results show that the conditional indirect effects of anxious thoughts on well-being are statistically significant (β = −0.29, SE = 0.08, p < 0.001) for high physical symptoms of anxiety (β = 0.25, SE = 0.11, p < 0.001) and for high sadness rumination (β = −0.82, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001). Physical symptoms of anxiety (β = 0.25, SE = 0.11, p < 0.001) and sadness rumination (β = 0.05, SE = 0.07, p < 0.001) have a partial serially mediating effect on the relationship between anxious thoughts and well-being (β = −0.74, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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14 pages, 1226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personal Relative Deprivation and Online Aggression in College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model of Revenge Motivation and a Violent Attitude

by Wenfeng Zhu, Yuguang Yang, Xue Tian, Yongchao Huang and Xuejun Bai

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111108 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 521

Abstract

While personal relative deprivation (PRD) is recognized as a potential risk factor for aggression, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. This study investigates how revenge motivation mediates the link between PRD and online aggression, as well as how a violent [...] Read more.

While personal relative deprivation (PRD) is recognized as a potential risk factor for aggression, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. This study investigates how revenge motivation mediates the link between PRD and online aggression, as well as how a violent attitude moderates this connection. A total of 1004 college students completed self-reported measures on demographic factors, PRD, online aggression, revenge motivation, and violent attitudes. The findings revealed a positive correlation between PRD and online aggression, with revenge motivation serving as a mediating factor. Additionally, a violent attitude was found to moderate the relationship, indicating that PRD had a stronger association with online aggression in individuals with higher violent attitudes compared to those with lower attitudes. Full article

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27 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review

by Alessandro Lazzarelli, Francesca Scafuto, Cristiano Crescentini, Alessio Matiz, Graziella Orrù, Rebecca Ciacchini, Gaspare Alfì, Angelo Gemignani and Ciro Conversano

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111107 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 522

Abstract

It is increasingly recognized that interoceptive ability, the capacity to detect, interpret, and consciously integrate signals related to the physiological condition of the body, is central to emotion experience and regulation. Interoceptive ability can be trained and improved through mind–body interventions. This article [...] Read more.

It is increasingly recognized that interoceptive ability, the capacity to detect, interpret, and consciously integrate signals related to the physiological condition of the body, is central to emotion experience and regulation. Interoceptive ability can be trained and improved through mind–body interventions. This article attempts to provide an integrative review of the link between interoceptive ability and emotion regulation in mind–body interventions. To this aim, (1) we address the constructs of interoceptive ability and mind–body interventions in relation to the double pathway of emotion regulation, and (2) we include a review of selected empirical and qualitative studies. These show that mindfulness meditation affects the brain–body axis through top-down processing, improving both interoceptive ability and emotion regulation. Interventions based on bottom-up processing through body movement and emotional expression are illustrated, but it is argued that they are still under-investigated. In light of the literature reviewed, we contend that interoceptive ability is a crucial aspect associated with the effects of mind–body interventions on emotion regulation. Additionally, we suggest that if studied through both quantitative and qualitative methods, interoceptive ability may serve as a general construct that allows a more integrated view of the polarities related to the spectrum of embodied experience: top-down and bottom-up emotion processing, observational and non-observational body awareness, conscious and unconscious level of interoception. Full article

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11 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teacher Violence and Student Wellbeing in Rural Sierra Leone: Longitudinal Dynamics Across Primary Schooling

by Giulio D’Urso, Jennifer Symonds, Seaneen Sloan, Daniel Capistrano, Elena Samonova, Dympna Devine and Ciaran Sugrue

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111106 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 604

Abstract

This study explored the longitudinal dynamics of teacher violence and student wellbeing in rural Sierra Leone, West Africa. The participants, totaling 3170 children with an age range of 5 years to 11 years, were cluster-sampled from a large geographic area to ensure gender [...] Read more.

This study explored the longitudinal dynamics of teacher violence and student wellbeing in rural Sierra Leone, West Africa. The participants, totaling 3170 children with an age range of 5 years to 11 years, were cluster-sampled from a large geographic area to ensure gender balance and representation from diverse linguistic backgrounds and religious affiliations. They were drawn from the Safe Learning Study, which spanned over 5 years and involved 100 schools in rural Sierra Leone. Data collection took place in four waves from November 2018 to May 2021. Participants completed self-report questionnaires pertaining to psychological wellbeing and experiences of violence from teachers. The study employed a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RICLPM) to examine the relationship between violence and mental health across waves. Across children, a relationship between teacher violence and student wellbeing was observed over time. However, for individual children, higher wellbeing predicted lower instances of violence, and vice versa, although to a weak extent. These findings highlight the complex interplay between violence and wellbeing within the cultural sample. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the social dynamics surrounding violence and wellbeing, informing targeted interventions and policy initiatives aimed at creating safer and healthier environments for at-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Research on Sexual and Social Relationships)

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13 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Self-Transcendence on Anxiety Among Chinese College Students: The Moderating Roles of Self-Enhancement and Dominant Self-Construal

by Hong Wang, Tong Yue and Huajun Luo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111105 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 553

Abstract

This study explores the role of self-transcendence values in reducing anxiety among Chinese undergraduates, with a particular focus on how self-enhancement values and self-construal styles moderate this relationship. A total of 567 undergraduate students were assessed using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21), the [...] Read more.

This study explores the role of self-transcendence values in reducing anxiety among Chinese undergraduates, with a particular focus on how self-enhancement values and self-construal styles moderate this relationship. A total of 567 undergraduate students were assessed using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21), the Trait Anxiety Inventory (T-AI), and the Self-Construal Scale (SCS). Hierarchical regression and moderated moderation analyses were conducted to test the interactions between the variables. The findings suggest that self-enhancement moderated the association between self-transcendence and anxiety, particularly in individuals with low self-enhancement. Furthermore, the moderating effect of self-enhancement was influenced by dominant self-construal. These findings have practical implications for integrating value-based interventions in educational and public health strategies aimed at improving mental well-being among university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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17 pages, 909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metacognition About Collaborative Learning: Students’ Beliefs Are Inconsistent with Their Learning Preferences

by Yunfeng Wei, Nicholas C. Soderstrom, Michelle L. Meade and Brandon G. Scott

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111104 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 475

Abstract

Collaboration plays an important role in educational contexts. However, little is known about students’ metacognitive beliefs about collaboration. The present study used an online survey to investigate students’ beliefs toward group study/recall, their studying preferences, strategies they use when studying individually and in [...] Read more.

Collaboration plays an important role in educational contexts. However, little is known about students’ metacognitive beliefs about collaboration. The present study used an online survey to investigate students’ beliefs toward group study/recall, their studying preferences, strategies they use when studying individually and in groups, and important characteristics of their group members. Results indicate that, although students generally perceive collaboration as beneficial, they prefer individual study, indicating that their beliefs are inconsistent with their learning preferences. Students report social learning as the primary reason for collaborative benefits but prefer to study alone to minimize distraction and increase personal accountability. Further, they use different strategies when studying individually or in a group. When studying individually, students most frequently report re-reading their notes. However, when studying in groups, students most frequently use strategies emphasizing collaboration and interaction, such as quizzing each other. Also, students prefer to work with group members who are focused, motivated, and hard working. Students’ beliefs, preferences, and favored characteristics of group members are related to their frequency of using study groups. Students’ metacognitive beliefs about collaboration have implications for theories of self-regulated learning and better use of collaboration in educational contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)

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14 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intensive Treatment of Chronic Pain and PTSD: The PATRIOT Program

by John D. Otis, Jonathan S. Comer, Terence M. Keane, Erica Checko (Scioli) and Donna B. Pincus

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111103 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 439

Abstract

Military combat can result in the need for comprehensive care related to both physical and psychological trauma, most commonly chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These conditions tend to co-occur and result in high levels of distress and interference in everyday life. [...] Read more.

Military combat can result in the need for comprehensive care related to both physical and psychological trauma, most commonly chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These conditions tend to co-occur and result in high levels of distress and interference in everyday life. Thus, it is imperative to develop effective, time-efficient treatments for these conditions before they become chronic and resistant to change. We developed and pilot-tested the Pain and Trauma Intensive Outpatient Treatment (PATRIOT) Program, a brief, intensive (3 weeks, six sessions) integrated chronic pain and PTSD treatment. An overview and session-by-session outline of the PATRIOT Program is provided, followed by results from the first pilot evaluation of the PATRIOT Program’s feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy in a sample of eight participating Veterans with comorbid chronic pain and PTSD. There were no treatment dropouts. At post-treatment, there were significant reductions in PTSD symptoms based on the Clinician-Administered Assessment of PTSD (CAPS). Pain and catastrophic thinking also decreased from pre- to post-treatment. With continued investigations and support, the PATRIOT Program may offer a brief, cost-effective, and more easily accessible treatment option for individuals who could benefit from learning skills to manage pain and PTSD more effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations for Addressing Posttraumatic Stress and Co-occurring Conditions)

9 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Post-Warm-Up Active and Passive Rest Periods on a Vigilance Task in Karate Athletes

by Rui Miguel Silva, Francisco González-Fernández, Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno, Vânia Loureiro, Dinis Pires, Filipe Ferreira and Ana Filipa Silva

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111102 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 697

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze how active versus passive rest periods after a warm-up influence performance in psychomotor vigilance tasks (PVT). Twenty amateur karate athletes participated in a randomized cross-over study consisting of two sessions with either a 20 min active rest involving [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze how active versus passive rest periods after a warm-up influence performance in psychomotor vigilance tasks (PVT). Twenty amateur karate athletes participated in a randomized cross-over study consisting of two sessions with either a 20 min active rest involving kata techniques or passive rest. PVT was administered before and after these conditions to assess the changes in reaction time. The results revealed that the active rest condition significantly improved reaction times compared to both the passive rest condition (F(1,31) = 5.34, p = 0.03, η² partial = 0.14) and control condition (F(1,31) = 5.49, p = 0.02, η² partial = 0.15). No significant time-on-task effects were observed, F(4,120) = 2.31, p = 0.06, and there were no significant interactions between effort condition and time-on-task, F(4,120) = 1.89, p = 0.11). Participating in an active rest period post-warm-up improves cognitive performance in karate athletes, as evidenced by quicker reaction times in the PVT. This finding supports the use of active rest strategies (involving kata techniques) to maintain and improve cognitive readiness in young karate athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Strategies for the Development of Behavior and Cognition in Young People)

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26 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Reintegration Experiences of Young Adult Cancer Survivors

by Ji Seong Yi and Song Yi Lee

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111101 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 512

Abstract

This study uses the Q methodology to investigate the subjective perceptions of social reintegration among cancer survivors in their 20s and 30s. We organised a Q population through a pilot study and interviews and finalised 40 Q sample items. For P sample representativeness, [...] Read more.

This study uses the Q methodology to investigate the subjective perceptions of social reintegration among cancer survivors in their 20s and 30s. We organised a Q population through a pilot study and interviews and finalised 40 Q sample items. For P sample representativeness, we used purposive sampling and selected 12 individuals by age and cancer type. After a Q sorting process, we conducted a key factor analysis using Ken-Q Analysis Desktop Edition. We identified four types of P samples based on their perceptions and noted the main characteristics of each type. We characterised Type 1 as “recovery of presence through social reintegration seeking”, Type 2 as “confusion in social reintegration due to social prejudices”, Type 3 as “psychosocial support in the process of social reintegration”, and Type 4 as “blessing in disguise for post-traumatic growth”. The results suggest a need for practical and institutional support reflecting cancer survivors’ characteristics by type. This study provides basic data that researchers could use to develop coaching and counselling services to support the social reintegration of cancer survivors in their 20s and 30s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Narrative Approaches and Practice in Health Psychology)

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14 pages, 2676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Matching Is Best: Enhancing Effects of Future Orientation and Construal Level on Green Consumption

by Yidi Chen, Qinxin Liu, Shuyu Shan and Cancan Jin

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111100 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

The 2024 Report on the Work of the Chinese Government promotes trade in consumer goods and green consumption. Therefore, better understanding is needed of consumer attitudes and behaviors toward environmental protection and sustainable development. The relationships among future orientation, construal level, and green [...] Read more.

The 2024 Report on the Work of the Chinese Government promotes trade in consumer goods and green consumption. Therefore, better understanding is needed of consumer attitudes and behaviors toward environmental protection and sustainable development. The relationships among future orientation, construal level, and green consumption were explored using a delayed-effect design to conduct two surveys at one-month intervals with 160 participants (100 women and 60 men). The results showed that (1) future orientation positively predicted green consumption intention and green consumption behavior, and (2) the construal level significantly moderated the influence of future orientation on green consumption. Specifically, a high construal level and high future orientation predicted the greatest green consumption intention, green consumption behavior, and green consumption decisions, while at a high construal level, future orientation positively predicted green consumption intention and behavior, with a greater tendency to purchase environmentally friendly rather than hedonic products. At a low construal level, future orientation had no significant effect on green consumption intention, behavior, and intention to purchase environmentally friendly products. This study is important for promoting public awareness of the importance of green consumption and encouraging green consumption behaviors to achieve the goals of sustainable development and protect the environment and social well-being. Full article

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16 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teachers’ Roles in Coping with School Violence from the Perspectives of Prospective Teachers: A Q Methodological Approach

by Taeeun Shim and Cheolhae Ye

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111099 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 471

Abstract

This study explores prospective teachers’ perceptions of school violence and their role in addressing it. Using a mixed method called Q methodology, we quantitatively analyzed the subjective views of 37 prospective teachers. Based on 33 statements, the study categorizes teachers’ roles in managing [...] Read more.

This study explores prospective teachers’ perceptions of school violence and their role in addressing it. Using a mixed method called Q methodology, we quantitatively analyzed the subjective views of 37 prospective teachers. Based on 33 statements, the study categorizes teachers’ roles in managing school violence and analyzes the characteristics of each role type. The research results provide basic data for prospective teachers to develop their capabilities as experts in dealing with school violence. The study identifies the following three types of teachers: prevention-oriented (Type 1), reality-avoiding (Type 2), and legal-regulation-oriented (Type 3). Type 1 emphasizes that teachers can significantly prevent school violence and believes that trusting relationships between teachers and students are key to reducing school violence. Type 2 teachers tend to ignore school violence out of fear of harm, even though they acknowledge its seriousness. Type 3 emphasizes the strict enforcement of legal responsibilities and rules, believing that clear regulations and punishments are essential for reducing school violence. This study highlights the need for customized educational programs that reflect the characteristics of different teacher types in handling school violence. It suggests incorporating practical strategies for preventing and responding to school violence in teacher training, expanding mental-health education, and promoting cooperative conflict-resolution methods between students and teachers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violence in the School Community: Students, Parents, Teachers, and Staff Members)

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12 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting Eysenck: The Association Between Personality and Acute Stress Reactivity

by Max J. Marshall, Katlyn Peck, Robin Hunter, Julia Totosy de Zepetnek and Alexandra J. Fiocco

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111098 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Eysenck’s biopsychological model of stress posits that the extraversion–introversion distinction is associated with different thresholds of arousal, which in turn moderate the stress response. Although higher thresholds of activation have been reported in the context of physiological stress induction, more contemporary research has [...] Read more.

Eysenck’s biopsychological model of stress posits that the extraversion–introversion distinction is associated with different thresholds of arousal, which in turn moderate the stress response. Although higher thresholds of activation have been reported in the context of physiological stress induction, more contemporary research has resulted in mixed findings. The objective of the current study was to revisit Eysenck’s biopsychological model of stress by examining associations between the two personality dimensions (extraversion–introversion and neuroticism–stability) and stress reactivity in response to the Trier Social Stress Test. A total of 122 participants aged 18 to 80 years were recruited. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including a personality questionnaire, and were exposed to the TSST, during which salivary cortisol and galvanic skin responses (GSR) were recorded. People scoring higher on extraversion displayed heightened GSR relative to people scoring lower on extraversion. Furthermore, sex-based analyses suggest that this association was driven by females. No significant associations were found for cortisol or with respect to the neuroticism–stability dimension of personality. These findings highlight the need to take a more nuanced approach to investigating the association between personality and stress reactivity, highlighting the importance of the stress induction protocol and the stress-sensitive system under investigation. Full article

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12 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Father-Love Absence on Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Hope

by Wang Peng, Rui Hu and Yanhui Xiang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111097 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 475

Abstract

Father love is recognized as an important factor in personal development. While previous research has extensively examined the adverse effects of father-love absence on subjective well-being, it is important to note that these studies often treated subjective well-being as a singular, overarching construct, [...] Read more.

Father love is recognized as an important factor in personal development. While previous research has extensively examined the adverse effects of father-love absence on subjective well-being, it is important to note that these studies often treated subjective well-being as a singular, overarching construct, potentially limiting validity and comprehensiveness compared to a bi-factor model. Consequently, this study aimed to establish a bi-factor model of subjective well-being and investigate its association with father-love absence, considering the mediating role of hope within the theoretical framework of resilience. The study employed a weekly diary method to explore the dynamic adverse effects of father-love absence on weekly subjective well-being, highlighting hope’s role in mitigating these negative impacts. Utilizing a weekly survey method with 470 participants over seven consecutive weeks, multilevel regression modeling revealed that father-love absence significantly and negatively impacts subjective well-being. Further, multilevel mediation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of hope within the resilience framework. This research has significant theoretical and practical implications for enhancing adolescent well-being through increased father involvement in parenting. Full article

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12 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Toxic Masculinity Scale: Development and Initial Validation

by Steven Michael Sanders, Claudia Garcia-Aguilera, Nicholas C. Borgogna, John Richmond T. Sy, Gianna Comoglio, Olivia A. M. Schultz and Jacqueline Goldman

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111096 - 14 Nov 2024

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Abstract

The present study sought to develop and validate the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS). Following scale development best practices, a thorough review of the literature and existing measures was conducted. Next, a qualitative inquiry using a grounded theory approach was employed to develop a [...] Read more.

The present study sought to develop and validate the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS). Following scale development best practices, a thorough review of the literature and existing measures was conducted. Next, a qualitative inquiry using a grounded theory approach was employed to develop a data-driven definition of toxic masculinity and 165 proposed instrument items. These items were reviewed and modified with input from content experts (N = 6). The initial 108 items were administered to a preliminary sample (N = 683) of U.S. White undergraduate men. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a five-factor structure (i.e., Masculine Superiority, Gender Rigidity, Emotional Restriction, Repressed Suffering, Domination and Desire). Item analysis yielded a 35-item five factor survey that was administered to a second novel sample (N = 408) of White undergraduate men. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated inadequate fit for the 35-item scale; however, fit was improved by reducing scale length to 28 items loading onto 4 factors (removal of the Domination and Desire factor). Internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity were explored with this sample. The TMS28 demonstrated strong positive correlations with related measures (e.g., CMNI, MRNI) and a strong negative correlation with a diametrically opposed measure (i.e., LFAIS). Additionally, the TMS28 demonstrated strong adequate internal consistency for the scale overall (α = 0.93) and for the four subscales (i.e., α = 0.87–0.94). Future directions and implications for the instrument are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

16 pages, 837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spiritual Health and Psychological Distress Among Hong Kong Community Lay Leaders

by Shiying Fang and Chi-Hung Leung

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111095 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Community lay leaders are critical in connecting professional services and general populations in communities. However, limited studies have explored the potential protective factors for psychological health among this group of people. In addition, based on the complex nature of spiritual health, the inconsistent [...] Read more.

Community lay leaders are critical in connecting professional services and general populations in communities. However, limited studies have explored the potential protective factors for psychological health among this group of people. In addition, based on the complex nature of spiritual health, the inconsistent findings of previous studies also suggested that different domains of spiritual health may shape psychological health differently in different contexts and among different socio-demographic groups. Therefore, we assessed the psychological health of Hong Kong community lay leaders after COVID-19 and examined the effects of different domains of spiritual health on psychological distress after controlling for age and gender. Cross-sectional data from 234 Hong Kong community lay leaders aged 18 to 84 were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that most Hong Kong community lay leaders reported moderate anxiety. In addition, personal and communal (one domain) and transcendental domains of spiritual health were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and the environmental domain of spiritual health was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. These findings imply the importance of considering both the positive and negative effects of spiritual health on psychological distress. Full article

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27 pages, 2057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drivers and Obstacles of Consumers’ Continuous Participation Intention in Online Pre-Sales: Social Exchange Theory Perspective

by Ya Wang, Xiaodong Qiu, Jiwang Yin, Liya Wang and Rong Cong

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111094 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 405

Abstract

This study focuses on the factors influencing consumers’ continuous participation willingness in online pre-sale activities. Based on perceived value and social exchange theory, it analyzes how perceived benefits (including practical benefits, hedonic benefits, and social benefits) and perceived costs (including search costs, waiting [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the factors influencing consumers’ continuous participation willingness in online pre-sale activities. Based on perceived value and social exchange theory, it analyzes how perceived benefits (including practical benefits, hedonic benefits, and social benefits) and perceived costs (including search costs, waiting costs, and adjustment costs) affect consumer satisfaction and their continuous participation intention in online pre-sales. A total of 527 valid questionnaires were collected, and structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results indicate that perceived benefits are significantly positively correlated with consumer satisfaction and their willingness to continue participating, while perceived costs are significantly negatively correlated with both aspects. Additionally, the study found that product type moderates the effect of perceived benefits and perceived costs on consumer satisfaction. This research helps retailers understand consumers’ willingness to continuously participate in online pre-sales and provides valuable insights for developing pre-sale strategies. Full article

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11 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Validation of the Gender-Based Violence Stereotypical Beliefs Scale

by Enrique Bonilla-Algovia, Andreea Gabriela Pana and Concepción Carrasco Carpio

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111093 - 14 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Gender-based violence is a public health issue influenced by culture and social values, which is why its comprehensive prevention requires addressing distorted beliefs and legitimising myths present in society. The aim of this study was, on the one hand, to design and validate [...] Read more.

Gender-based violence is a public health issue influenced by culture and social values, which is why its comprehensive prevention requires addressing distorted beliefs and legitimising myths present in society. The aim of this study was, on the one hand, to design and validate the Gender-Based Violence Stereotypical Beliefs Scale (GBVSBS), and, on the other, to analyse the differences between men and women regarding these beliefs. The sample consisted of 404 university students from the Community of Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), aged between 18 and 53 years. This study is based on a quantitative methodology and a cross-sectional design. The judgement of four specialists in the field supported the content validity of the items. Factorial analyses provided evidence for a two-factor model: myths about male perpetrators and myths about gender-based violence and female victims. The fit indices and reliability coefficients were adequate. Stereotypical beliefs about gender-based violence correlated with victim-blaming attitudes, and different levels of acceptance were found depending on gender. In conclusion, this study offers a valid and reliable instrument with which to analyse the sociocultural beliefs surrounding gender-based violence today, promoting the implementation of socio-educational interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence against Women)

9 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sub- and Supra-Second Duration Perception of Implied Motion: Differences Between Athletes and Non-Athletes

by Weiqi Zheng

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111092 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 369

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the differences in duration perception between athletes and non-athletes when looking at implied motion images within sub- and supra-second time ranges. By adopting the temporal bisection method, the study analyzed the duration perception of 20 college student athletes [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in duration perception between athletes and non-athletes when looking at implied motion images within sub- and supra-second time ranges. By adopting the temporal bisection method, the study analyzed the duration perception of 20 college student athletes and 20 non-athletes regarding the implied motion of daily life (running and walking) and static postures (standing). The results showed that the effect of movement posture was significant, i.e., the perceived duration of the implied motion posture was longer than that of the static posture. Specifically, athletes perceived longer durations in the supra-second time range compared to non-athletes, indicating that long-term training enhanced athletes’ time perception abilities. The findings provide new insights into the cognitive mechanisms of time perception and emphasize the influence of long-term physical training on temporal perceptual capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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12 pages, 751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bounded Rationality in Study Time Allocation: Evidence Based on Risky Choice Framing Effects

by Hui Xu, Yuanxia Gao, Qian Xiao, Nan Li, Yue Chu, Xiuya Li, Weihai Tang and Xiping Liu

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111091 - 13 Nov 2024

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Abstract

When allocating study time for the English sections of the National College Entrance Examination or the Postgraduate Entrance Examination, learners often encounter value-test likelihood trade-offs, where questions of similar difficulty may have different points and different likelihoods of being tested. This research explored [...] Read more.

When allocating study time for the English sections of the National College Entrance Examination or the Postgraduate Entrance Examination, learners often encounter value-test likelihood trade-offs, where questions of similar difficulty may have different points and different likelihoods of being tested. This research explored how individuals allocated study time and whether this process exhibited bounded rationality by examining the risky choice framing effects in study time allocation. The research set up two types of items: 1-point items with a 90% likelihood and 9-point items with a 10% likelihood. Each type of item had the same test likelihood but was expressed in different framings. For the 90% likelihood items, the test framing emphasized that they had a 90% likelihood of being tested. Meanwhile, the non-test framing emphasized that they had a 10% likelihood of not being tested. A total of 41 college students participated in the study, and they were allowed to self-regulate their study time for each type of item. The results showed that learners’ study time allocation differed under the two equivalent framings. This indicates that the process of study time allocation is not completely rational, but is rather boundedly rational, which is inconsistent with the expected utility theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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16 pages, 2285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Fatigue Onset and Visual Attention: An Electroencephalography-Driven Analysis of Ocular Behavior in a Driving Simulation Task

by Andrea Giorgi, Gianluca Borghini, Francesca Colaiuda, Stefano Menicocci, Vincenzo Ronca, Alessia Vozzi, Dario Rossi, Pietro Aricò, Rossella Capotorto, Simone Sportiello, Marco Petrelli, Carlo Polidori, Rodrigo Varga, Marteyn Van Gasteren, Fabio Babiloni and Gianluca Di Flumeri

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111090 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

Attentional deficits have tragic consequences on road safety. These deficits are not solely caused by distraction, since they can also arise from other mental impairments such as, most frequently, mental fatigue. Fatigue is among the most prevalent impairing conditions while driving, degrading drivers’ [...] Read more.

Attentional deficits have tragic consequences on road safety. These deficits are not solely caused by distraction, since they can also arise from other mental impairments such as, most frequently, mental fatigue. Fatigue is among the most prevalent impairing conditions while driving, degrading drivers’ cognitive and physical abilities. This issue is particularly relevant for professional drivers, who spend most of their time behind the wheel. While scientific literature already documented the behavioral effects of driving fatigue, most studies have focused on drivers under sleep deprivation or anyhow at severe fatigue degrees, since it is difficult to recognize the onset of fatigue. The present study employed an EEG-driven approach to detect early signs of fatigue in professional drivers during a simulated task, with the aim of studying visual attention as fatigue begins to set in. Short-range and long-range professional drivers were recruited to take part in a 45-min-long simulated driving experiment. Questionnaires were used to validate the experimental protocol. A previously validated EEG index, the MDrow, was adopted as the benchmark measure for identifying the “fatigued” spans. Results of the eye-tracking analysis showed that, when fatigued, professional drivers tended to focus on non-informative portions of the driving environment. This paper presents evidence that an EEG-driven approach can be used to detect the onset of fatigue while driving and to study the related visual attention patterns. It was found that the onset of fatigue did not differentially impact drivers depending on their professional activity (short- vs. long-range delivery). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroimaging Techniques in the Measurement of Mental Fatigue)

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12 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Administrator Turnover: The Roles of District Support, Safety, Anxiety, and Violence from Students

by Andrew H. Perry, Linda A. Reddy, Andrew Martinez, Susan D. McMahon, Eric M. Anderman, Ron A. Astor, Dorothy L. Espelage, Frank C. Worrell, Taylor Swenski, Kailyn Bare, Christopher M. Dudek, Jared Hunt, Adriana I. Martinez Calvit, Hyun Ji Lee and Xi Liu

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111089 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Researchers have examined the importance of school administrative support for teacher safety, victimization, anxiety, and retention; however, studies to date have rarely focused on school administrators’ perceptions of support by their district leaders, and its relation to administrators’ anxiety/stress, safety, and their intentions [...] Read more.

Researchers have examined the importance of school administrative support for teacher safety, victimization, anxiety, and retention; however, studies to date have rarely focused on school administrators’ perceptions of support by their district leaders, and its relation to administrators’ anxiety/stress, safety, and their intentions to transfer or quit their jobs. In the current study of 457 PreK-12th grade school administrators in the United States, structural equation modeling was used to examine relations between administrators’ perceptions of support from their district leaders and their anxiety/stress, safety, and intentions to transfer or quit their jobs. Administrator experiences of violence by student offenders served as a moderator. Results indicated that administrators’ perceptions of district leaders’ support were associated with lower intentions to transfer or quit their positions both directly and indirectly as a function of decreased anxiety/stress. District support was positively related to administrator safety, particularly for administrators who reported experiencing more student violence. Findings highlight the importance of district support of administrators for reducing mental health concerns and transfer/quit intentions in the context of student violence against school administrators. Implications of findings for research and practice are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violence in the School Community: Students, Parents, Teachers, and Staff Members)

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12 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Are Physical Activity and Mindfulness Associated with Psychological Symptoms Among Chinese University Students: The Independent and Joint Role

by Xiaoqi Wei, Xinli Chi, Sitong Chen, Kaixin Liang, Yue Zhao and Sha Xie

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111088 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 420

Abstract

Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Chinese university students is relatively high globally, and most students cannot receive timely treatment. Therefore, exploring protective factors for these symptoms is crucial. In this study, the aim was to examine the independent and joint associations of physical [...] Read more.

Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Chinese university students is relatively high globally, and most students cannot receive timely treatment. Therefore, exploring protective factors for these symptoms is crucial. In this study, the aim was to examine the independent and joint associations of physical activity (PA) and mindfulness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and internet addiction. Due to the simplicity of implementation in a university context, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in China in 2022. Participants were recruited through online advertisements, in which 710 Chinese university students met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. Participants were then classified into four groups according to their PA and mindfulness levels. Adjusted nominal logistic regression models controlled for age and sex were fitted to examine the independent and joint associations of PA and mindfulness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and internet addiction. When examined independently, high PA was associated with lower odds of depressive, anxiety, and internet addiction symptoms, while high mindfulness was associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms. When examining the joint effect, compared to students with low PA and low mindfulness, those with high PA and low mindfulness had a lower risk of depressive and internet addiction symptoms, while students with high PA and high mindfulness reported the lowest odds of depressive, anxiety, and internet addiction symptoms. The current study found that a combination of PA and mindfulness was associated with a lower risk of psychological symptoms. Future studies are suggested to confirm the joint effects of PA and mindfulness on mental health using experiment design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Educational and Health Development of Children and Youths)

16 pages, 1430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leadership Development in Women STEM Students: The Interplay of Task Behaviors, Self-Efficacy, and University Training

by Giuliani Coluccio, Sebastián Muñoz-Herrera, Elisa Adriasola and Elizabeth Escobar

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111087 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 512

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between task-oriented behaviors, self-efficacy, and leadership emergence in women STEM students, grounded in the context of prototypical leadership theory and self-efficacy theory. Prototypical leadership theory emphasizes the alignment of leadership behaviors with group expectations, which, in STEM fields, [...] Read more.

This study explores the relationship between task-oriented behaviors, self-efficacy, and leadership emergence in women STEM students, grounded in the context of prototypical leadership theory and self-efficacy theory. Prototypical leadership theory emphasizes the alignment of leadership behaviors with group expectations, which, in STEM fields, are often task-oriented. The research examines how task-oriented behaviors, such as planning, decision-making, and supervision, influence women’s self-perception of leadership ability and their subsequent emergence as leaders. Our results show a positive relationship between task-oriented behaviors and self-efficacy and a positive relationship between self-efficacy with leader emergence, with academic experience further ngthening this link. As students’ progress through their programs, engaging in more teamwork and leadership tasks, their self-efficacy enhances, leading to stronger leadership emergence. Also, we found an indirect effect from task-oriented behavior to leader emergence via self-efficacy. These findings have significant implications for fostering leadership in women, particularly in STEM. The study calls for educational programs to enhance opportunities for women to develop these behaviors early on, ensuring their growth into leadership roles in STEM fields. Full article

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Behav. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 142 articles

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