Coatings

809 KiB

Open AccessReview

State of the Art of Antimicrobial Edible Coatings for Food Packaging Applications

by Arantzazu Valdés, Marina Ramos, Ana Beltrán, Alfonso Jiménez and María Carmen Garrigós

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040056 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 177 | Viewed by 22562

The interest for the development of new active packaging materials has rapidly increased in the last few years. Antimicrobial active packaging is a potential alternative to protect perishable products during their preparation, storage and distribution to increase their shelf-life by reducing bacterial and [...] Read more.

The interest for the development of new active packaging materials has rapidly increased in the last few years. Antimicrobial active packaging is a potential alternative to protect perishable products during their preparation, storage and distribution to increase their shelf-life by reducing bacterial and fungal growth. This review underlines the most recent trends in the use of new edible coatings enriched with antimicrobial agents to reduce the growth of different microorganisms, such as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, molds and yeasts. The application of edible biopolymers directly extracted from biomass (proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) or their combinations, by themselves or enriched with natural extracts, essential oils, bacteriocins, metals or enzyme systems, such as lactoperoxidase, have shown interesting properties to reduce the contamination and decomposition of perishable food products, mainly fish, meat, fruits and vegetables. These formulations can be also applied to food products to control gas exchange, moisture permeation and oxidation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Five Years of Coatings: Coatings Science and Technology for the 21st Century)

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13311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Spraying to the Fabrication of Yb-Silicate Environmental Barrier Coatings

by Emine Bakan, Georg Mauer, Yoo Jung Sohn, Dietmar Koch and Robert Vaßen

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040055 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7837

Abstract

From the literature, it is known that due to their glass formation tendency, it is not possible to deposit fully-crystalline silicate coatings when the conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process is employed. In APS, rapid quenching of the sprayed material on the substrate [...] Read more.

From the literature, it is known that due to their glass formation tendency, it is not possible to deposit fully-crystalline silicate coatings when the conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process is employed. In APS, rapid quenching of the sprayed material on the substrate facilitates the amorphous deposit formation, which shrinks when exposed to heat and forms pores and/or cracks. This paper explores the feasibility of using a high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) process for the cost-effective fabrication of dense, stoichiometric, and crystalline Yb₂Si₂O₇ environmental barrier coatings. We report our findings on the HVOF process optimization and its resultant influence on the microstructure development and crystallinity of the Yb₂Si₂O₇ coatings. The results reveal that partially crystalline, dense, and vertical crack-free EBCs can be produced by the HVOF technique. However, the furnace thermal cycling results revealed that the bonding of the Yb₂Si₂O₇ layer to the Silicon bond coat needs to be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Spray Technology)

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5789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Erosion Wear Investigation of HVOF Sprayed WC-₁₀Co₄Cr Coating on Slurry Pipeline Materials

by Kaushal Kumar, Satish Kumar, Gurprit Singh, Jatinder Pal Singh and Jashanpreet Singh

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040054 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7560

Abstract

In the present work, erosion wear due to slurry mixture flow has been investigated using a slurry erosion pot tester. Erosion tests are conducted on three different slurry pipe materials, namely, mild steel, SS202, and SS304, to establish the influence of rotational speed, [...] Read more.

In the present work, erosion wear due to slurry mixture flow has been investigated using a slurry erosion pot tester. Erosion tests are conducted on three different slurry pipe materials, namely, mild steel, SS202, and SS304, to establish the influence of rotational speed, concentration, and time period. In order to increase erosion wear resistance, a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coating technique is used to deposit a WC-₁₀Co₄Cr coating on the surface of all piping materials. Experimental results show that rotational speed is a highly-influencing parameter for the erosion wear rate as compared to solid concentration, time duration, and weighted mean diameter. WC-₁₀Co₄Cr HVOF coating improved the erosion resistance of piping materials up to 3.5 times. From experimental data, the exponents of solid concentration, velocity, and the size of particles are calculated for the empirical erosion wear equation. A functional equation of the erosion wear rate is developed. The predicted erosion wear is in agreement with the experimental data and found to be within a deviation of ±12%. Full article

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6121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Temperature and Local pH on Calcareous Deposit Formation in Damaged Thermal Spray Aluminum (TSA) Coatings and Its Implication on Corrosion Mitigation of Offshore Steel Structures

by Nataly Ce and Shiladitya Paul

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040052 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6413

Abstract

This paper is based on experimental data and provides better understanding of the mechanism of calcareous deposit formation on cathodically polarized steel surfaces exposed to synthetic seawater at 30 °C and 60 °C. The study comprises measurement of the interfacial pH of thermally [...] Read more.

This paper is based on experimental data and provides better understanding of the mechanism of calcareous deposit formation on cathodically polarized steel surfaces exposed to synthetic seawater at 30 °C and 60 °C. The study comprises measurement of the interfacial pH of thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) coated steel samples with and without a holiday (exposing 20% of the surface area). Tests were conducted at the corrosion potential for up to 350 h. It was experimentally determined that the local pH adjacent to the steel surface in the holiday region reached a maximum of 10.19 and 9.54 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively, before stabilizing at about 8.8 and 7.9 at the two temperatures. The interfacial pH on the TSA coating at 30 °C was initially 7.74 dropping to 4.76 in 220 h, while at 60 °C it increased from pH 6.41 to the range pH 7.0–8.5. The interfacial pH governed the deposition of brucite and aragonite from seawater on the steel surface cathodically polarized by the TSA. This mechanism is likely to affect the performance of TSA-coated offshore steel structures, especially when damaged in service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings for Corrosion Mitigation)

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6571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Metal Coatings on Steel Balls Using Mechanical Coating Technique and Its Process Analysis

by Liang Hao, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Takaomi Itoi and Yun Lu

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040053 - 10 Apr 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6102

Abstract

We successfully applied mechanical coating technique to prepare Ti coatings on the substrates of steel balls and stainless steel balls. The prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The weight increase of the ball substrates and the [...] Read more.

We successfully applied mechanical coating technique to prepare Ti coatings on the substrates of steel balls and stainless steel balls. The prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The weight increase of the ball substrates and the average thickness of Ti coatings were also monitored. The results show that continuous Ti coatings were prepared at different revolution speeds after different durations. Higher revolution speed can accelerate the formation of continuous Ti coatings. Substrate hardness also markedly affected the formation of Ti coatings. Specifically, the substance with lower surface hardness was more suitable as the substrate on which to prepare Ti coatings. The substrate material plays a key role in the formation of Ti coatings. Specifically, Ti coatings formed more easily on metal/alloy balls than ceramic balls. The above conclusion can also be applied to other metal or alloy coatings on metal/alloy and ceramic substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Generation Coatings for Metals)

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2478 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Effect on Concrete Surface Water Absorption upon Addition of Lactate Derived Agent

by Renee Mors and Henk Jonkers

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040051 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7142

Abstract

Water tightness of a concrete cover layer is important, as it is typically used as a protective coating of the steel reinforcement. Water tightness can be impaired by crack formation or by permeability. A bacteria-based lactate-derived healing agent (HA) can be added to [...] Read more.

Water tightness of a concrete cover layer is important, as it is typically used as a protective coating of the steel reinforcement. Water tightness can be impaired by crack formation or by permeability. A bacteria-based lactate-derived healing agent (HA) can be added to concrete to enhance the potential for restoration of water tightness. Bacterial conversion of the included carbon source results in CO₂ production and subsequent CaCO₃ precipitation, similar to the mechanism of concrete carbonation. Carbonation is known to densify concrete, particularly when using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), but to a much lower extend in slag-based concrete (CEM III/B). To identify the effect of HA addition on concrete properties, this study focusses on the ingress of moisture in non-cracked concrete surfaces by assessing capillary water absorption. Surface properties were determined for sealed and unsealed surfaces of concrete—either based on OPC or CEM III/B—before and after curing under three different conditions: Dry, wet, or humid. HA addition to concrete containing slag cement generated a surface less prone to continued drying, but resulted in higher water absorption. In contrast, surface water absorption significantly decreased upon HA addition to OPC-based samples, independent of the curing regime. It is therefore concluded that HA in its current form is suitable for application in OPC, but less in CEM III/B-based mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatments and Coatings for Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete)

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3016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studies on the Effect of Arc Current Mode and Substrate Rotation Configuration on the Structure and Corrosion Behavior of PVD TiN Coatings

by Liam Ward, Antony Pilkington and Steve Dowey

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040050 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6557

Abstract

Thin, hard cathodic arc evaporated (CAE) metal nitride coatings are known to contain defects such as macro-particles, pinholes, voids and increased porosity, leading to reduced corrosion resistance. The focus of this research investigation was to compare the structure and corrosion behaviour of cathodic [...] Read more.

Thin, hard cathodic arc evaporated (CAE) metal nitride coatings are known to contain defects such as macro-particles, pinholes, voids and increased porosity, leading to reduced corrosion resistance. The focus of this research investigation was to compare the structure and corrosion behaviour of cathodic arc evaporated (CAE) TiN coatings deposited on AISI 1020 low carbon steel substrates using a pulsed current arc and a more conventional constant current arc source (DC). The effects of a double (2R) and triple (3R) substrate rotation configuration were also studied. Coating morphology and chemical composition were characterised using optical, SEM imaging and XRD analysis. Focus variation microscopy (FVM), an optical 3D measurement technique, was used to measure surface roughness. Corrosion studies were carried out using potentiodynamic scanning in 3.5% NaCl. Tafel extrapolation was carried out to determine E_corr and I_corr values for the coated samples. In general, increased surface roughness, and to a certain extent, corrosion resistance, were associated with thicker coatings deposited using 2R, compared to 3R rotation configuration. The arc source mode (continuous or pulsed) was shown to have little effect on the corrosion behavior. Corrosion behavior was controlled by the presence of defects, pinholes and macro-particles at lower anodic potentials, while the formation of large pitted regions and aggressive corrosion of the underlying substrate was observed at higher anodic potentials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Five Years of Coatings: Coatings Science and Technology for the 21st Century)

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4337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Metaheuristic-Neural Assessment of the Adhesion in Existing Cement Composites

by Łukasz Sadowski, Mehdi Nikoo and Mohammad Nikoo

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040049 - 1 Apr 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7143

Abstract

The article presents the hybrid metaheuristic-neural assessment of the pull-off adhesion in existing multi-layer cement composites using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The ICA is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the human political-social evolution. This method is based [...] Read more.

The article presents the hybrid metaheuristic-neural assessment of the pull-off adhesion in existing multi-layer cement composites using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The ICA is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the human political-social evolution. This method is based solely on the use of ANNs and two non-destructive testing (NDT) methods: the impact-echo method (I-E) and the impulse response method (IR). In this research, the ICA has been used to optimize the weights of the ANN. The combined ICA-ANN model has been compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to evaluate its accuracy. The results showed that the ICA-ANN model outperforms other techniques when testing datasets in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency. As presented in the validation stage, it is possible to reliably map the adhesion level on a tested surface without local damage to the latter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatments and Coatings for Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete)

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3203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Determination of a Fretting-Induced Failure of an Electro-Deposited Coating

by Kyungmok Kim

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040048 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4951

Abstract

This paper describes statistical determination of fretting-induced failure of an electro-deposited coating. A fretting test is conducted using a ball-on-flat plate configuration. During a test, a frictional force is measured, along with the relative displacement between an AISI52100 ball and a coated flat [...] Read more.

This paper describes statistical determination of fretting-induced failure of an electro-deposited coating. A fretting test is conducted using a ball-on-flat plate configuration. During a test, a frictional force is measured, along with the relative displacement between an AISI52100 ball and a coated flat specimen. Measured data are analyzed with statistical process control tools; a frictional force versus number of fretting cycles is plotted on a control chart. On the control chart, critical number of cycles to coating failure is statistically determined. Fretted surfaces are observed after interrupting a series of fretting tests. Worn surface images and wear profiles provide that the increase on the kinetic friction coefficient after a steady-state sliding is attributed to the substrate enlarged at a contact surface. There is a good agreement between observation of worn surfaces and statistical determination for fretting-induced coating failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films and Patterned Structures by Electrochemical Methods)

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16353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Al_xCoFeNiCu_1−x High Entropy Alloys by Laser Metal Deposition

by Xueyang Chen, Lei Yan, Sreekar Karnati, Yunlu Zhang and Frank Liou

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040047 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8437

Abstract

High entropy alloys are multicomponent alloys that have at least five different principal elements as alloying elements. Each of these elements has an atomic percentage between 5% and 35%. Typically, they form body-centered cubic (bcc) or face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and are known [...] Read more.

High entropy alloys are multicomponent alloys that have at least five different principal elements as alloying elements. Each of these elements has an atomic percentage between 5% and 35%. Typically, they form body-centered cubic (bcc) or face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and are known to possess excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, excellent electric and magnetic properties. Owing to their excellent corrosion and wear resistance, researchers are focusing on employing these materials as coatings. In this research, Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was used to fabricate Al_xCoFeNiCu_1−x (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) high entropy alloys from elemental powder based feedstocks. Thin wall claddings fabricated via LMD were characterized by a variety of techniques. Data from X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) suggested that with increase in Al content and decrease in Cu content, a change in crystal structure from a predominantly fcc to a combined fcc and bcc structure can be observed. The microstructure of the material was observed to be columnar dendritic. Data from standard less EDS analysis showed that the dendritic phase was Fe and Co enriched while the matrix was Cu and Al enriched in all the considered high entropy alloy fabrications. The Vickers hardness data was used to estimate the mechanical properties of these deposits. Results also showed that with the increase in aluminum content, Al_xCoFeNiCu_1−x displayed higher hardness. The high hardness values imply potential applications in wear resistant coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Entropy Alloy Coatings)

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6604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Internally Oxidized Ru–Zr Multilayer Coatings

by Yung-I Chen, Tso-Shen Lu and Zhi-Ting Zheng

Coatings 2017, 7(4), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7040046 - 23 Mar 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5283

Abstract

In this study, equiatomic Ru–Zr coatings were deposited on Si wafers at 400 °C by using direct current magnetron cosputtering. The plasma focused on the circular track of the substrate holder and the substrate holder rotated at speeds within 1–30 rpm, resulting in [...] Read more.

In this study, equiatomic Ru–Zr coatings were deposited on Si wafers at 400 °C by using direct current magnetron cosputtering. The plasma focused on the circular track of the substrate holder and the substrate holder rotated at speeds within 1–30 rpm, resulting in cyclical gradient concentration in the growth direction. The nanoindentation hardness levels of the as-deposited Ru–Zr coatings increased as the stacking periods of the cyclical gradient concentration decreased. After the coatings were annealed in a 1% O₂–99% Ar atmosphere at 600 °C for 30 min, the internally oxidized coatings shifted their respective structures to a laminated structure, misaligned laminated structure, and nanocomposite, depending on their stacking periods. The effects of the stacking period of the cyclical gradient concentration on the mechanical properties and structural evolution of the annealed Ru–Zr coatings were investigated in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Generation Coatings for Metals)

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Coatings, Volume 7, Issue 4 (April 2017) – 11 articles

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