Electronics

1433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Piezoelectric Polymer-Based Collision Detection Sensor for Robotic Applications

by J. Michael Wooten, David M. Bevly and John Y. Hung

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 204-220; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010204 - 12 Mar 2015

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7077

The authors present a large area collision detection sensor utilizing the piezoelectric effect of polyvinylidene fluoride film. The proposed sensor system provides high dynamic range for touch sensation, as well as robust adaptability to achieve collision detection on complex-shaped surfaces. The design allows [...] Read more.

The authors present a large area collision detection sensor utilizing the piezoelectric effect of polyvinylidene fluoride film. The proposed sensor system provides high dynamic range for touch sensation, as well as robust adaptability to achieve collision detection on complex-shaped surfaces. The design allows for cohabitation of humans and robots in cooperative environments that require advanced and robust collision detection systems. Data presented in the paper are from sensors successfully retrofitted onto an existing commercial robotic manipulator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Electronics)

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801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

E-textiles in Clinical Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

by Amanda Fleury, Maddy Sugar and Tom Chau

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 173-203; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010173 - 25 Feb 2015

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 11855

Abstract

Electronic textiles have potential for many practical uses in clinical rehabilitation. This scoping review appraises recent and emerging developments of textile-based sensors with applications to rehabilitation. Contributions published from 2009 to 2013 are appraised with a specific focus on the measured physiological or [...] Read more.

Electronic textiles have potential for many practical uses in clinical rehabilitation. This scoping review appraises recent and emerging developments of textile-based sensors with applications to rehabilitation. Contributions published from 2009 to 2013 are appraised with a specific focus on the measured physiological or biomechanical phenomenon, current measurement practices, textile innovations, and their merits and limitations. While fabric-based signal quality and sensor integration have advanced considerably, overall system integration (including circuitry and power) has not been fully realized. Validation against clinical gold standards is inconsistent at best, and feasibility with clinical populations remains to be demonstrated. The overwhelming focus of research and development has been on remote sensing but the opportunity for textile-mediated feedback to the wearer remains unexplored. Recommendations for future research are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Electronics)

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467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimally Fortifying Logic Reliability through Criticality Ranking

by Yu Bai, Mohammed Alawad, Ronald F. DeMara and Mingjie Lin

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 150-172; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010150 - 13 Feb 2015

Viewed by 6895

Abstract

With CMOS technology aggressively scaling towards the 22-nm node, modern FPGA devices face tremendous aging-induced reliability challenges due to bias temperature instability (BTI) and hot carrier injection (HCI). This paper presents a novel anti-aging technique at the logic level that is both scalable [...] Read more.

With CMOS technology aggressively scaling towards the 22-nm node, modern FPGA devices face tremendous aging-induced reliability challenges due to bias temperature instability (BTI) and hot carrier injection (HCI). This paper presents a novel anti-aging technique at the logic level that is both scalable and applicable for VLSI digital circuits implemented with FPGA devices. The key idea is to prolong the lifetime of FPGA-mapped designs by strategically elevating the V_DD values of some LUTs based on their modular criticality values. Although the idea of scaling V_DD in order to improve either energy efficiency or circuit reliability has been explored extensively, our study distinguishes itself by approaching this challenge through an analytical procedure, therefore being able to maximize the overall reliability of the target FPGA design by rigorously modeling the BTI-induced device reliability and optimally solving the V_DD assignment problem. Specifically, we first develop a systematic framework to analytically model the reliability of an FPGA LUT (look-up table), which consists of both RAM memory bits and associated switching circuit. We also, for the first time, establish the relationship between signal transition density and a LUT’s reliability in an analytical way. This key observation further motivates us to define the modular criticality as the product of signal transition density and the logic observability of each LUT. Finally, we analytically prove, for the first time, that the optimal way to improve the overall reliability of a whole FPGA device is to fortify individual LUTs according to their modular criticality. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to draw such a conclusion. Full article

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19409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Roll and Bank Estimation Using GPS/INS and Suspension Deflections

by Lowell S. Brown and David M. Bevly

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 118-149; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010118 - 29 Jan 2015

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5595

Abstract

This article presents a method that provides an estimate of road bank by decoupling the vehicle roll due to the dynamics and the roll due to the road bank. Suspension deflection measurements were used to provide a measurement of the relative roll between [...] Read more.

This article presents a method that provides an estimate of road bank by decoupling the vehicle roll due to the dynamics and the roll due to the road bank. Suspension deflection measurements were used to provide a measurement of the relative roll between the vehicle body frame and the axle frame or between the sprung mass and the unsprung mass, respectively. A deflection scaling parameter was found via suspension geometry and dynamic analysis. The relative roll measurement was then incorporated into two different kinematic navigation models based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) architectures. Each algorithm was tested and then verified on the Prowler ATV experimental platform at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT). Experimental data showed that both the cascaded and coupled approach performed well in providing estimates of the current vehicle roll and instantaneous road bank. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent and Cooperative Vehicles)

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1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Geometric Algebra Co-Processor for Color Edge Detection

by Biswajit Mishra, Peter Wilson and Reuben Wilcock

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 94-117; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010094 - 26 Jan 2015

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8154

Abstract

This paper describes advancement in color edge detection, using a dedicated Geometric Algebra (GA) co-processor implemented on an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). GA provides a rich set of geometric operations, giving the advantage that many signal and image processing operations become straightforward [...] Read more.

This paper describes advancement in color edge detection, using a dedicated Geometric Algebra (GA) co-processor implemented on an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). GA provides a rich set of geometric operations, giving the advantage that many signal and image processing operations become straightforward and the algorithms intuitive to design. The use of GA allows images to be represented with the three R, G, B color channels defined as a single entity, rather than separate quantities. A novel custom ASIC is proposed and fabricated that directly targets GA operations and results in significant performance improvement for color edge detection. Use of the hardware described in this paper also shows that the convolution operation with the rotor masks within GA belongs to a class of linear vector filters and can be applied to image or speech signals. The contribution of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by implementing three different types of edge detection schemes on the proposed hardware. The overall performance gains using the proposed GA Co-Processor over existing software approaches are more than 3.2× faster than GAIGEN and more than 2800× faster than GABLE. The performance of the fabricated GA co-processor is approximately an order of magnitude faster than previously published results for hardware implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue FPGA and SoC Devices Applied to New Trends in Image/Video and Signal Processing Fields)

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1288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Detection from Mobile Robots with Fuzzy Threshold Selection in Consecutive 2D Laser Scans

by María A. Martínez, Jorge L. Martínez and Jesús Morales

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 82-93; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010082 - 22 Jan 2015

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6228

Abstract

Motion detection and tracking is a relevant problem for mobile robots during navigation to avoid collisions in dynamic environments or in applications where service robots interact with humans. This paper presents a simple method to distinguish mobile obstacles from the environment that is [...] Read more.

Motion detection and tracking is a relevant problem for mobile robots during navigation to avoid collisions in dynamic environments or in applications where service robots interact with humans. This paper presents a simple method to distinguish mobile obstacles from the environment that is based on applying fuzzy threshold selection to consecutive two-dimensional (2D) laser scans previously matched with robot odometry. The proposed method has been tested with the Auriga-α mobile robot in indoors to estimate the motion of nearby pedestrians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent and Cooperative Vehicles)

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790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Planning of Autonomous Vehicles on a Dual Carriageway without Speed Lanes

by Rahul Kala and Kevin Warwick

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 59-81; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010059 - 13 Jan 2015

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6611

Abstract

The problem of motion planning of an autonomous vehicle amidst other vehicles on a straight road is considered. Traffic in a number of countries is unorganized, where the vehicles do not move within predefined speed lanes. In this paper, we formulate a mechanism [...] Read more.

The problem of motion planning of an autonomous vehicle amidst other vehicles on a straight road is considered. Traffic in a number of countries is unorganized, where the vehicles do not move within predefined speed lanes. In this paper, we formulate a mechanism wherein an autonomous vehicle may travel on the “wrong” side in order to overtake a vehicle. Challenges include assessing a possible overtaking opportunity, cooperating with other vehicles, partial driving on the “wrong” side of the road and safely going to and returning from the “wrong” side. The experimental results presented show vehicles cooperating to accomplish overtaking manoeuvres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent and Cooperative Vehicles)

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6065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Impact of Building Attenuation Models in VANET Simulations of Urban Scenarios

by Luis Urquiza-Aguiar, Carolina Tripp-Barba, José Estrada-Jiménez and Mónica Aguilar Igartua

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 37-58; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010037 - 8 Jan 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7236

Abstract

Buildings are important elements of cities for VANETs, since these obstacles may attenuate communications between vehicles. Consequently, the impact of buildings has to be considered as part of the attenuation model in VANET simulations of urban scenarios. However, the more elaborated the model, [...] Read more.

Buildings are important elements of cities for VANETs, since these obstacles may attenuate communications between vehicles. Consequently, the impact of buildings has to be considered as part of the attenuation model in VANET simulations of urban scenarios. However, the more elaborated the model, the more information needs to be processed during the simulation, which implies longer processing times. This complexity in simulations is not always worth it, because simplified channel models occasionally offer very accurate results. We compare three approaches to model the impact of buildings in the channel model of simulated VANETs in two urban scenarios. The simulation results for our evaluation scenarios of a traffic-efficiency application indicate that modeling the influence of buildings in urban areas as the total absence of communication between vehicles gives similar results to modeling such influence in a more realistic fashion and could be considered a conservative bound in the performance metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Connected Vehicles, V2V Communications, and VANET)

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124 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Electronics in 2014

by Electronics Editorial Office

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 35-36; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010035 - 8 Jan 2015

Viewed by 3457

Abstract

The editors of Electronics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2014:[...] Full article

581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Performance and Versatility of Systems Based on Single-Frequency DFT Detectors Such as AD5933

by Leonid Matsiev

Electronics 2015, 4(1), 1-34; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics4010001 - 31 Dec 2014

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8686

Abstract

Turning grand concepts such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Cities into reality requires the development and deployment of a wide variety of computing devices incorporated into the Internet infrastructure. Unsupervised sensing is the cornerstone capability that these devices must have [...] Read more.

Turning grand concepts such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Cities into reality requires the development and deployment of a wide variety of computing devices incorporated into the Internet infrastructure. Unsupervised sensing is the cornerstone capability that these devices must have to perform useful functions, while also having low cost of acquisition and ownership, little energy consumption and a small footprint. Impedimetric sensing systems based on the so-called single-frequency DFT detectors possess many of these desirable attributes and are often introduced in remote monitoring and wearable devices. This study presents new methods of improving performance of such detectors. It demonstrates that the main source of systematic errors is the discontinuous test phasor causing the crosstalk between the in-phase and quadrature outputs and the leakage of the input signal. The study derives expressions for these errors as a function of the number of samples and operating frequency, and provides methods for correction. The proposed methods are applied to the operation of a practical device—a network analyzer integrated circuit AD5933—and discussed in detail. These methods achieve complete elimination of leakage errors and expansion of the low limit of the operation frequency range by nearly two decades without additional hardware. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Electronics)

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Electronics, Volume 4, Issue 1 (March 2015) – 10 articles , Pages 1-220

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