Electronics

13 pages, 4785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MMIC on-Wafer Test Method Based on Hybrid Balanced and Unbalanced RF Pad Structures

by Yue Bian, Yifan Gu, Xu Ding, Zhiyu Wang, Jiongjiong Mo and Faxin Yu

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090208 - 19 Sep 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4613

Nowadays, more and more MMICs (Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit), such as limiters and switches, are designed to have balanced and unbalanced test pad structures to solve the challenging size restrictions and integration requirements for MMICs. Hybrid balanced and unbalanced RF (Radio Frequency) probes [...] Read more.

Nowadays, more and more MMICs (Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit), such as limiters and switches, are designed to have balanced and unbalanced test pad structures to solve the challenging size restrictions and integration requirements for MMICs. Hybrid balanced and unbalanced RF (Radio Frequency) probes are adopted for an on-wafer test of the heteromorphy structures. The thru standard based on single balanced or unbalanced structures cannot meet the impedance matching requirements of the hybrid RF probes at the same time, which leads to a dramatic decreasing of the calibration accuracy and cannot satisfy the requirement of MMIC test. Therefore, in this paper, the calibration error estimating of hybrid RF probes based on traditional SOLR (Short Open Load Reciprocal) calibration method is performed, and an on-wafer test approach of MMIC based on hybrid balanced and unbalanced RF probes is proposed which combines the OSL (Open Short Load) second-order de-embedding technique with vector error correction and the matrix transformation technique. The calibration reference plane can be accurately shifted to the probe tip with this method, which greatly improves the test accuracy, and an automatic test system is built for this method based on the object-oriented C# language. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-materials Based 3D Electronics)

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16 pages, 6880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Modeling and Control Strategy of the Single-Phase Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter

by Seongjun Lee and Jonghoon Kim

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090207 - 18 Sep 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4595

Abstract

This paper presents the modeling and control-loop design method with an inverted decoupling scheme of a single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. For the unity power factor, the proportional and integral current controller with a duty ratio feed-forward compensation is used. [...] Read more.

This paper presents the modeling and control-loop design method with an inverted decoupling scheme of a single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. For the unity power factor, the proportional and integral current controller with a duty ratio feed-forward compensation is used. In addition, in order to achieve the maximum power point tracking of each photovoltaic array, when the stacked modules are in the partial shading condition, each direct current (DC) voltage is stably controlled to their maximum power points (MPP) by dedicated voltage controllers of each H-bridge module. This paper also presents a control method that minimizes the effect of the loop-interaction in the design of an individual DC-link voltage control loop in a two-input two-output system. The proposed control methods of the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter are validated through the simulation and experimental results of the 2-kW prototype hardware. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Electric Energy Systems)

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10 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Computational Complexity Orthogonal Matching Pursuit Using a Novel Partitioned Inversion Technique for Compressive Sensing

by Seonggeon Kim, Uihyun Yun, Jaehyuk Jang, Geunsu Seo, Jongjin Kang, Heung-No Lee and Minjae Lee

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090206 - 18 Sep 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3805

Abstract

This paper reports a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design of compressed sensing (CS) using the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. While solving the least-squares (LS) problem in the OMP algorithm, the complexity of the matrix inversion operation at every loop is reduced by [...] Read more.

This paper reports a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design of compressed sensing (CS) using the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. While solving the least-squares (LS) problem in the OMP algorithm, the complexity of the matrix inversion operation at every loop is reduced by the proposed partitioned inversion that utilizes the inversion result in the previous iteration. By the proposed matrix (n × n) inversion method inside the OMP, the number of operations is reduced down from O(n³) to O(n²). The OMP algorithm is implemented with a Xilinx Kintex UltraScale. The architecture with the proposed partitioned inversion involves 722 less DSP48E compared with the conventional method. It operates with a sample period of 4 ns, signal reconstruction time of 27 μs, and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of 30.26 dB. Full article

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3 pages, 152 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Real-Time Embedded Systems: Present and Future

by Christos Koulamas and Mihai T. Lazarescu

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090205 - 18 Sep 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7552

Abstract

n/a Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Embedded Systems)

21 pages, 2972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Design of Modular Multilevel DC De-Icer for High Voltage Transmission Lines

by Jiazheng Lu, Qingjun Huang, Xinguo Mao, Yanjun Tan, Siguo Zhu and Yuan Zhu

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090204 - 17 Sep 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4157

Abstract

Ice covering on overhead transmission lines would cause damage to transmission system and long-term power outage. Among various de-icing devices, a modular multilevel converter based direct-current (DC)de-icer (MMC-DDI) is recognized as a promising solution due to its excellent technical performance. Its principle feasibility [...] Read more.

Ice covering on overhead transmission lines would cause damage to transmission system and long-term power outage. Among various de-icing devices, a modular multilevel converter based direct-current (DC)de-icer (MMC-DDI) is recognized as a promising solution due to its excellent technical performance. Its principle feasibility has been well studied, but only a small amount of literature discusses its economy or hardware optimization. To fill this gap, this paper presents a quantitative analysis and calculation on the converter characteristics of MMC-DDI. It reveals that, for a given DC de-icing requirement, the converter rating varies greatly with its alternating-current (AC) -side voltage, and it sometimes far exceeds the melting power. To reduce converter rating and improve its economy, an optimized configuration is proposed in which a proper transformer should be configured on the input AC-side of converter under certain conditions. This configuration is verified in an MMC-DDI for a 500 kV transmission line as a case study. The result shows, in the case of outputting the same de-icing characteristics, the optimized converter is reduced from 151 MVA to 68 MVA, and the total cost of the MMC-DDI system is reduced by 48%. This conclusion is conducive to the design optimization of multilevel DC de-icer and then to its engineering application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Power Electronics)

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12 pages, 2895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Line Frequency Instability of One-Cycle-Controlled Boost Power Factor Correction Converter

by Rui Zhang, Wei Ma, Lei Wang, Min Hu, Longhan Cao, Hongjun Zhou and Yihui Zhang

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090203 - 17 Sep 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5157

Abstract

Power Factor Correction (PFC) converters are widely used in engineering. A classical PFC control circuit employs two complicated feedback control loops and a multiplier, while the One-Cycle-Controlled (OCC) PFC converter has a simple control circuit. In OCC PFC converters, the voltage loop is [...] Read more.

Power Factor Correction (PFC) converters are widely used in engineering. A classical PFC control circuit employs two complicated feedback control loops and a multiplier, while the One-Cycle-Controlled (OCC) PFC converter has a simple control circuit. In OCC PFC converters, the voltage loop is implemented with a PID control and the multiplier is not needed. Although linear theory is used in designing the OCC PFC converter control circuit, it cannot be used in predicting non-linear phenomena in the converter. In this paper, a non-linear model of the OCC PFC Boost converter is proposed based on the double averaging method. The line frequency instability of the converter is predicted by studying the DC component, the first harmonic component and the second harmonic component of the main circuit and the control circuit. The effect of the input voltage and the output capacitance on the stability of the converter is studied. The correctness of the proposed model is verified with numerical simulations and experimental measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Power Electronics)

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18 pages, 10552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VSG Stability and Coordination Enhancement under Emergency Condition

by Aazim Rasool, Xiangwu Yan, Haaris Rasool, Hongxia Guo and Mansoor Asif

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090202 - 17 Sep 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5301

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are integrated into a grid via inverters. Due to the absence of an inherent droop in an inverter, an artificial droop and inertia control is designed to let the grid-connected inverters mimic the operation of synchronous generators and such inverters [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources are integrated into a grid via inverters. Due to the absence of an inherent droop in an inverter, an artificial droop and inertia control is designed to let the grid-connected inverters mimic the operation of synchronous generators and such inverters are called virtual synchronous generators (VSG). Sudden addition, removal of load or faults in the grid causes power and frequency oscillations in the grid. The steady state droop control of VSG is not effective in dampening such oscillations. Therefore, a new control scheme, namely bouncy control, has been introduced. This control uses a variable emergency gain, to enhance or reduce the power contribution of individual VSGs during a disturbance. The maximum power contribution of an individual VSG is limited by its power rating. It has been observed that this control, successfully minimized the oscillation of electric parameters and the power system approached steady state quickly. Therefore, by implementing bouncy control, VSGs can work in coordination to make the grid more robust. The proposed controller is verified through Lyapunov stability analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids)

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14 pages, 4442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unit-Cell-Based Domain Decomposition Method for Efficient Simulation of a Truncated Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure in High-Speed PCBs

by Myunghoi Kim

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090201 - 17 Sep 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3739

Abstract

In this paper, we present a unit-cell-based domain decomposition method (UC-DDM) for rapid and accurate simulation of predicting the parallel plate noise (PPN) suppression of a truncated electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in high-speed printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed UC-DDM divides the analysis [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present a unit-cell-based domain decomposition method (UC-DDM) for rapid and accurate simulation of predicting the parallel plate noise (PPN) suppression of a truncated electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in high-speed printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed UC-DDM divides the analysis domain of the truncated EBG structure into UCs as sub-domains. Solving a sub-domain is based on a novel UC model, yielding an analytical expression for the impedance parameter (Z-parameter) of the UC. The novel UC model is derived using a spatial decomposition technique, which results in the modal decomposition of quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. In addition, we analytically derive a impedance-parameter recombination method (ZRM) to obtain the analytical solution of a finite EBG array from the sub-domain results. The proposed UC-DDM is verified through comparison with full-wave simulation results for various EBG arrays. Comparison between the UC-DDM and a full-wave simulation of a truncated EBG structure reveals that a substantial improvement in computation time with high accuracy is achieved. It is demonstrated that the simulation time of the proposed method is only 0.1% of that of a full-wave simulation without accuracy degradation. Full article

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13 pages, 4006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Plug and Play IoT Wi-Fi Smart Home System for Human Monitoring

by Marco Bassoli, Valentina Bianchi and Ilaria De Munari

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090200 - 16 Sep 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7077

Abstract

The trend toward technology ubiquity in human life is constantly increasing and the same tendency is clear in all technologies aimed at human monitoring. In this framework, several smart home system architectures have been presented in literature, realized by combining sensors, home servers, [...] Read more.

The trend toward technology ubiquity in human life is constantly increasing and the same tendency is clear in all technologies aimed at human monitoring. In this framework, several smart home system architectures have been presented in literature, realized by combining sensors, home servers, and online platforms. In this paper, a new system architecture suitable for human monitoring based on Wi-Fi connectivity is introduced. The proposed solution lowers costs and implementation burden by using the Internet connection that leans on standard home modem-routers, already present normally in the homes, and reducing the need for range extenders thanks to the long range of the Wi-Fi signal. Since the main drawback of the Wi-Fi implementation is the high energy drain, low power design strategies have been considered to provide each battery-powered sensor with a lifetime suitable for a consumer application. Moreover, in order to consider the higher consumption arising in the case of the Wi-Fi/Internet connectivity loss, dedicated operating cycles have been introduced obtaining an energy savings of up to 91%. Performance was evaluated: in order to validate the use of the system as a hardware platform for behavioral services, an activity profile of a user for two months in a real context has been extracted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing and Signal Processing in Smart Healthcare)

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14 pages, 1735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Detection of Atrial Fibrillation and Other Arrhythmias in ECG Recordings Acquired by a Smartphone Device

by Lucia Billeci, Magda Costi, David Lombardi, Franco Chiarugi and Maurizio Varanini

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090199 - 16 Sep 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5553 | Correction

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac disease and is associated with other cardiac complications. Few attempts have been made for discriminating AF from other arrhythmias and noise. The aim of this study is to present a novel approach for such a [...] Read more.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac disease and is associated with other cardiac complications. Few attempts have been made for discriminating AF from other arrhythmias and noise. The aim of this study is to present a novel approach for such a classification in short ECG recordings acquired using a smartphone device. The implemented algorithm was tested on the Physionet Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2017 Database and, for the purpose of comparison, on the MIT-BH AF database. After feature extraction, the stepwise linear discriminant analysis for feature selection was used. The Least Square Support Vector Machine classifier was trained and cross-validated on the available dataset of the Challenge 2017. The best performance was obtained with a total of 30 features. The algorithm produced the following performance: F₁ Normal rhythm = 0.92; F₁ AF rhythm: 0.82; F₁ Other rhythm = 0.75; Global F₁ = 0.83, obtaining the third best result in the follow-up phase of the Physionet Challenge. On the MIT-BH ADF database the algorithm gave the following performance: F₁ Normal rhythm = 0.98; F₁ AF rhythm: 0.99; Global F₁ = 0.98. Since the algorithm reliably detect AF and other rhythms in smartphone ECG recordings, it could be applied for personal health monitoring systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Processing and Wearable Systems for Effective Human Monitoring)

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11 pages, 5544 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antenna Mutual Coupling Suppression Over Wideband Using Embedded Periphery Slot for Antenna Arrays

by Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Bal S. Virdee, Panchamkumar Shukla, Chan H. See, Raed Abd-Alhameed, Mohsen Khalily, Francisco Falcone and Ernesto Limiti

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090198 - 16 Sep 2018

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 7050

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach to suppress interference between neighbouring radiating elements resulting from surface wave currents. The proposed technique will enable the realization of low-profile implementation of highly dense antenna configuration necessary in SAR and MIMO communication systems. Unlike other conventional [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new approach to suppress interference between neighbouring radiating elements resulting from surface wave currents. The proposed technique will enable the realization of low-profile implementation of highly dense antenna configuration necessary in SAR and MIMO communication systems. Unlike other conventional techniques of mutual coupling suppression where a decoupling slab is located between the radiating antennas the proposed technique is simpler and only requires embedding linear slots near the periphery of the patch. Attributes of this technique are (i) significant improvement in the maximum isolation between the adjacent antennas by 26.7 dB in X-band and >15 dB in Ku and K-bands; (ii) reduction in edge-to-edge gap between antennas to 10 mm (0.37 λ); and (iii) improvement in gain by >40% over certain angular directions, which varies between 4.5 dBi and 8.2 dBi. The proposed technique is simple to implement at low cost. Full article

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11 pages, 16344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Worst Cell Based Pilot Allocation in Massive MIMO Systems

by Hieu Trong Dao and Sunghwan Kim

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090197 - 13 Sep 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3901

Abstract

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has been viewed as an advanced technique in future 5G networks. Conventional massive MIMO systems consist of cellular base stations (BS) equipped with a very large number of antennas to simultaneously serve many single-antenna users. Unfortunately, massive MIMO system’s [...] Read more.

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has been viewed as an advanced technique in future 5G networks. Conventional massive MIMO systems consist of cellular base stations (BS) equipped with a very large number of antennas to simultaneously serve many single-antenna users. Unfortunately, massive MIMO system’s performance is limited by pilot contamination (PC) problem. Conventionally, all users in massive MIMO systems are assigned pilot randomly. In this paper, we propose a pilot allocation algorithm based on a cell with the worst channel quality (WCPA) algorithm to improve the uplink achievable sum rate of the system. Specifically, WCPA exploits the large-scale coefficients of fading channels between the BSs and users. According to the number of available orthogonal pilot sequences, we choose some of the highest inter-cell interfering users and assign each of them a unique pilot sequence if the number of pilot sequences is more than the number of users in a cell. Next, we choose a target cell with the worst channel quality, and gather the highest channel gain user in the target cell and the lowest interfering user in the other cells in the same group in a sequential way by assigning them the same pilot sequence. The simulation results show the outperformance of the proposed algorithm compared to the conventional pilot allocation schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Communications in Smart City)

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13 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robustness of Cyber-Physical Systems against Simultaneous, Sequential and Composite Attack

by Pengshuai Cui, Peidong Zhu, Peng Xun and Chengcheng Shao

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090196 - 13 Sep 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3219

Abstract

In this paper, a failure model of Cyber-Physical systems and an attack model are proposed. We divide the attacks into three kinds: simultaneous attack, sequential attack and composite attack. Through numerical simulations, we find that: (1) the sequential attack may bring more damage [...] Read more.

In this paper, a failure model of Cyber-Physical systems and an attack model are proposed. We divide the attacks into three kinds: simultaneous attack, sequential attack and composite attack. Through numerical simulations, we find that: (1) the sequential attack may bring more damage in single physical systems; (2) the coupling process of cyber system and physical systems makes it possible that sequential attack causes more damage than simultaneous attacks when the attackers only attack the cyber system; (3) with some target sets, composite attack leads to more failures than both simultaneous attack and sequential attack. The above results suggest that defenders should take all the three kinds of attacks into account when they select the critical nodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical Systems)

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7 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Realization of a Compact High-Frequency Band-Pass Filter with Low Insertion Loss Based on a Combination of a Circular-Shaped Spiral Inductor, Spiral Capacitor and Interdigital Capacitor

by Ki-Hun Lee, Eun-Seong Kim, Jun-Ge Liang and Nam-Young Kim

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090195 - 12 Sep 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6522

Abstract

In this study, the proposed bandpass filter (BPF) connects an interdigital and a spiral capacitor in series between the two symmetrical halves of a circular intertwined spiral inductor. For the mass production of devices and to achieve a higher accuracy and a better [...] Read more.

In this study, the proposed bandpass filter (BPF) connects an interdigital and a spiral capacitor in series between the two symmetrical halves of a circular intertwined spiral inductor. For the mass production of devices and to achieve a higher accuracy and a better performance compared with other passive technologies, we used integrated passive device (IPD) technology. IPD has been widely used to realize compact BPFs and achieve the abovementioned. The center frequency of the proposed BPF is 1.96 GHz, and the return loss, insertion loss and transmission zero are 26.77 dB, 0.27 dB and 38.12 dB, respectively. The overall dimensions of BPFs manufactured using IPD technology are 984 × 800

{μ m}^{2}

, which is advantageous for miniaturization and integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from IEEE ICKII 2018)

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17 pages, 1940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Analysis of the Communication in Industrial Environment Based on G3-Power Line Communication and Influences from Electrical Grid

by Luiz Da Rocha Farias, Lucas Felipe Monteiro, Murilo Oliveira Leme and Sergio Luiz Stevan, Jr.

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090194 - 11 Sep 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5100

Abstract

This paper presents a performance analysis based on a practical approach of narrowband communication through power lines (Power Line Communication—PLC) to the last-mile industrial environment. A kit for developing PLC based applications, in accordance with the G3-PLC standard, was used for the analysis. [...] Read more.

This paper presents a performance analysis based on a practical approach of narrowband communication through power lines (Power Line Communication—PLC) to the last-mile industrial environment. A kit for developing PLC based applications, in accordance with the G3-PLC standard, was used for the analysis. Experimental tests and results are presented for different scenarios of noise to represent a last-mile industrial environment. The influence of noise insertion in the PLC channel is presented turned on and off a set of inverters and motors, in order to verify the influence of these elements on the performance of the evaluated communication. As a comparative basis, the maximum standard transmission distance of the AS-Interface industrial network standard was used. This standard is widely used in industrial environments for communication between factory floor sensors and actuators. The propose for last-mile to Industry 4.0 can be considered with the results in applications with a large number of sensors. Recommendations regarding the modulation technique and data packet size are presented. Based in this analysis, it can be concluded that the G3-PLC communication standard and its ROBO modulation technique meet the requirements of being used mainly in the last-mile industrial communication, mainly for industrial supervision or control applications where response time is not critical. The last point empirically analyzed concluded that the insertion of the inductive impedance can severely affect the transmission is inserted into the side of the PLC modem transmitter. Full article

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13 pages, 513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Position Estimation of Automatic-Guided Vehicle Based on MIMO Antenna Array

by Zhimin Chen, Xinyi He, Zhenxin Cao, Yi Jin and Jingchao Li

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090193 - 11 Sep 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3857

Abstract

The existing positioning methods for the automatic guided vehicle (AGV) in the port can not achieve high location precision, Therefore, a novel multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna radar positioning scheme is proposed in this paper. The positioning problem for AGV is considered, [...] Read more.

The existing positioning methods for the automatic guided vehicle (AGV) in the port can not achieve high location precision, Therefore, a novel multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna radar positioning scheme is proposed in this paper. The positioning problem for AGV is considered, and the joint estimation problem for direction of departure (DoD) and direction of arrival (DoA) is addressed in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system. With the radar detect the transponder and estimate the DoA/DoD, the relative location between the transponder and the AGV can be obtained. The corresponding Cramér–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for the target parameters are also derived theoretically. Finally, we compare the positioning accuracy of the traditional global position system (GPS) with the proposed MIMO radar system. Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve better performance than the traditional GPS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology Related to Radar Signal, Imaging, and Radar Cross-Section Measurement)

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12 pages, 3383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Limb Motion Detection with Novel Flexible Capacitive Angle Sensor Based on Conductive Textile

by Jian-Feng Wu, Chao Qiu, Yu Wang, Rui Zhao, Zhi-Peng Cai, Xin-Gang Zhao, Shang-Shang He, Feng Wang, Qi Wang and Jian-Qing Li

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090192 - 11 Sep 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4724

Abstract

In recent years, many sensors made of hard materials have been designed to detect human body movements in physical exercises. However, hard materials usually cause extra dyskinesia for body movements. To detect human limb motion with less dyskinesia in physical exercise, a novel [...] Read more.

In recent years, many sensors made of hard materials have been designed to detect human body movements in physical exercises. However, hard materials usually cause extra dyskinesia for body movements. To detect human limb motion with less dyskinesia in physical exercise, a novel flexible capacitive angle sensor (NFCAS) based on a conductive textile was designed in this paper. The NFCAS has two non-parallel plates, namely, an exciting plate and a sensing plate, which can be fixed onto the inner forearm and the inner upper arm. Thus, the angle between the two plates of the NFCAS can be used to represent the angle of medial elbow, and its variation can lead to changes in the sensor’s capacitance at the same time. A push-ups experiment and pull-ups experiment were conducted to evaluate the designed NFCAS’s performance. Experimental results showed that the NFCAS could detect the main processes of push-ups and pull-ups. Besides high measurement precision, the NFCAS is also soft, thin, lightweight, and easily made. Therefore, it can be widely applied for detecting human limb motion with less dyskinesia in physical exercises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible/Stretchable Electronics)

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9 pages, 1835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possibilities of Increasing the Low Altitude Measurement Precision of Airborne Radio Altimeters

by Ján Labun, Martin Krchňák, Pavol Kurdel, Marek Češkovič, Alexey Nekrasov and Mária Gamcová

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090191 - 11 Sep 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3467

Abstract

The paper focuses on the new trend of increasing the accuracy of low altitudes measurement by frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radio altimeters. The method of increasing the altitude measurement accuracy has been realized in a form of a frequency deviation increase with the help [...] Read more.

The paper focuses on the new trend of increasing the accuracy of low altitudes measurement by frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radio altimeters. The method of increasing the altitude measurement accuracy has been realized in a form of a frequency deviation increase with the help of the carrier frequency increase. In this way, the height measurement precision has been established at the value of ±0.75 m. Modern digital processing of a differential frequency cannot increase the accuracy limitation considerably. It can be seen that further increase of the height measurement precision is possible through the method of innovatory processing of so-called height pulses. This paper thoroughly analyzes the laws of height pulse shaping from the differential frequency presented by the number that represents the information about the measured altitude for this purpose. This paper presents the results of the laboratory experimental altitude measurement with the use of a so-called double-channel method. The application of obtained results could contribute to the increase of air traffic safety, mainly in the phase of the aircraft approaching for landing and landing itself. Full article

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15 pages, 6397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Color-Independent Visible Light Communications Based on Color Space: State of the Art and Potentials

by Tae-Ho Kwon, Jai-Eun Kim, Youn-Hee Kim and Ki-Doo Kim

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090190 - 10 Sep 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5812

Abstract

Color independency is an important factor in visible light communication (VLC) systems. This paper aims to review and summarize recent achievements in color-independent visible light communication based on color space, with the main focus being on color-space-based modulation (CSBM), termed as generalized color [...] Read more.

Color independency is an important factor in visible light communication (VLC) systems. This paper aims to review and summarize recent achievements in color-independent visible light communication based on color space, with the main focus being on color-space-based modulation (CSBM), termed as generalized color modulation (GCM), which allows VLC to adapt to any target color. The main advantages of GCM are its color independency, reasonable bit error rate (BER) performance during color variation, and dimming control. We also address our past research works that aimed to achieve a color-independent visual MIMO system by incorporating the advantages of GCM, which can lead to higher data rates over longer distances and improved performance, using image processing in addition to color independency. Finally, two case studies are introduced to demonstrate the potential applicability of a color-independent visual-MIMO system using color-space-based modulation techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visible Light Communication and Positioning)

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21 pages, 11818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Embedded Fuzzy Logic Controller and Wireless Communication for Home Energy Management Systems

by Aryuanto Soetedjo, Yusuf Ismail Nakhoda and Choirul Saleh

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090189 - 10 Sep 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6290

Abstract

Energy management systems in residential areas have attracted the attention of many researchers along the deployment of smart grids, smart cities, and smart homes. This paper presents the implementation of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) based on the fuzzy logic controller. The [...] Read more.

Energy management systems in residential areas have attracted the attention of many researchers along the deployment of smart grids, smart cities, and smart homes. This paper presents the implementation of a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) based on the fuzzy logic controller. The objective of the proposed HEMS is to minimize electricity cost by managing the energy from the photovoltaic (PV) to supply home appliances in the grid-connected PV-battery system. A fuzzy logic controller is implemented on a low-cost embedded system to achieve the objective. The fuzzy logic controller is developed by the distributed approach where each home appliance has its own fuzzy logic controller. An automatic tuning of the fuzzy membership functions using the Genetic Algorithm is developed to improve performance. To exchange data between the controllers, wireless communication based on WiFi technology is adopted. The proposed configuration provides a simple effective technology that can be implemented in residential homes. The experimental results show that the proposed system achieves a fast processing time on a ten-second basis, which is fast enough for HEMS implementation. When tested under four different scenarios, the proposed fuzzy logic controller yields an average cost reduction of 10.933% compared to the system without a fuzzy logic controller. Furthermore, by tuning the fuzzy membership functions using the genetic algorithm, the average cost reduction increases to 12.493%. Full article

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15 pages, 4080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology Improving Off-Chip, Lumped RF Impedance Matching Network Response Accuracy

by Aleksandr Vasjanov and Vaidotas Barzdenas

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090188 - 10 Sep 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5032

Abstract

Impedance matching is concurrent with any radio frequency (RF) circuit design and is essential for maximizing the gain and efficiency while minimizing the noise of high-frequency amplifiers as well as some mixer topologies. The main impedance matching network components are capacitors, inductors, and [...] Read more.

Impedance matching is concurrent with any radio frequency (RF) circuit design and is essential for maximizing the gain and efficiency while minimizing the noise of high-frequency amplifiers as well as some mixer topologies. The main impedance matching network components are capacitors, inductors, and RF transformers all of which contain parasitic parameters that influence the matching response S11 curve. After calculating matching network component values using classical matching techniques, the measured and simulated response curves differ depending on the target frequency. This results in multiple calculations and measurement cycles in order to precisely match the source and load at the desired frequency. This article proposes an algorithm and methodology of estimating component parasitic parameters and taking them into account when calculating the main component parameters (capacitance and inductance). The proposed algorithm has been implemented as a toolbox in Cadence Virtuoso and verified through simulation and measurements. Measurement results show, that at 500 MHz 10% tolerance components with parasitics included and values based on classical theory provide a 3.2–9.8% offset from the target frequency. In the same conditions, matching networks with compensated (according to the proposed algorithm) values provide 0.1–8.8% target frequency offset. At 1500 MHz 10% components provided 4–12.3% (non-compensated) and 1–8.7% (compensated) target frequency offset ranges. At 3000 MHz. The frequency offset range of using compensated matching network component values is reduced from 5.5–15.1% to 1.3–8.1%. Full article

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19 pages, 5677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decentralized Power Management for Electrical Power Systems in More Electric Aircrafts

by Myungchin Kim, Sung Gu Lee and Sungwoo Bae

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090187 - 10 Sep 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5371

Abstract

In order to implement reliable and flexible power management among energy sources, a decentralized power management approach for electrical power systems (EPSs) in the more electric aircraft (MEA) is studied. Considering the increased use of electrical power for various functions, the performance of [...] Read more.

In order to implement reliable and flexible power management among energy sources, a decentralized power management approach for electrical power systems (EPSs) in the more electric aircraft (MEA) is studied. Considering the increased use of electrical power for various functions, the performance of MEA would be determined by the design and operation of the EPS. By using a virtual impedance that includes both a resistive term and an inductive term, autonomous power sharing is realized. Because of the frequency dependence in the virtual impedance, different power sharing ratios between steady state and transient state can be considered. Not only the operation of various power sources is coordinated without supervision of a centralized controller, but also the operation profile of each source can be adjusted to meet output characteristics of each source. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a series of simulations that consider various virtual impedance configurations were conducted. The proposed approach contributes to a higher level of operational flexibility, while enabling reliable and cost-effective management of MEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Electric Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EE-TCAM: An Energy-Efficient SRAM-Based TCAM on FPGA

by Inayat Ullah, Zahid Ullah and Jeong-A Lee

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090186 - 10 Sep 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6989

Abstract

Ternary content-addressable memories (TCAMs) are used to design high-speed search engines. TCAM is implemented on application-specific integrated circuit (native TCAMs) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) (static random-access memory (SRAM)-based TCAMs) platforms but both have the drawback of high power consumption. This paper presents [...] Read more.

Ternary content-addressable memories (TCAMs) are used to design high-speed search engines. TCAM is implemented on application-specific integrated circuit (native TCAMs) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) (static random-access memory (SRAM)-based TCAMs) platforms but both have the drawback of high power consumption. This paper presents a pre-classifier-based architecture for an energy-efficient SRAM-based TCAM. The first classification stage divides the TCAM table into several sub-tables of balanced size. The second SRAM-based implementation stage maps each of the resultant TCAM sub-tables to a separate row of configured SRAM blocks in the architecture. The proposed architecture selectively activates at most one row of SRAM blocks for each incoming TCAM word. Compared with the existing SRAM-based TCAM designs on FPGAs, the proposed design consumes significantly reduced energy as it activates a part of SRAM memory used for lookup rather than the entire SRAM memory as in the previous schemes. We implemented the proposed approach sample designs of size 512 × 36 on Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA. The experimental results showed that the proposed design achieved at least three times lower power consumption per performance than other SRAM-based TCAM architectures. Full article

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15 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Step Load Response of a Dual-Active-Bridge DC–DC Converter

by Yifan Zhang, Xiaodong Li, Chuan Sun and Zhanhong He

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090185 - 9 Sep 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4264

Abstract

This paper proposes a fast load transient control for a bidirectional dual-active-bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter. It is capable of maintaining voltage–time balance during a step load change process so that no overshoot current and DC offset current exist. The transient control has been [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a fast load transient control for a bidirectional dual-active-bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter. It is capable of maintaining voltage–time balance during a step load change process so that no overshoot current and DC offset current exist. The transient control has been applied for all possible transition cases and the calculation of intermediate switching angles referring to the fixed reference points is independent from the converter parameters and the instantaneous current. The results have been validated by extended experimental tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Power Electronics)

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14 pages, 5823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of a Semi-Dual-Active-Bridge with PPWM Plus SPS Control

by Ming Lu and Xiaodong Li

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090184 - 9 Sep 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4258

Abstract

In this paper, a semi-dual-active-bridge (S-DAB) DC/DC converter with primary pulse-width modulation plus secondary phase-shifted (PPWM + SPS) control for boost conversion is analyzed in detail. Under the new control scheme, all effective operation modes are identified at first. Then, the working principle, [...] Read more.

In this paper, a semi-dual-active-bridge (S-DAB) DC/DC converter with primary pulse-width modulation plus secondary phase-shifted (PPWM + SPS) control for boost conversion is analyzed in detail. Under the new control scheme, all effective operation modes are identified at first. Then, the working principle, switching behaviour, and operation range in each mode are discussed. Compared with conventional secondary phase-shifted control, PPWM + SPS control with two controllable phase-shift angles can extend the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) range and enhance control flexibility. In addition, an effective control route is also given that can make the converter achieve at the global minimum root-mean-square (RMS) current across the whole power range and avoid the voltage ringing on the transformer secondary-side at a light load. Finally, a 200 W prototype circuit is built and tested to verify correctness and effectiveness of theoretical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Power Electronics)

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13 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Cost-Effective eHealth System Based on a Multi-Sensor System-on-Chip Platform and Data Fusion in Cloud for Sport Activity Monitoring

by Jaume Segura-Garcia, Miguel Garcia-Pineda, Marta Tamarit-Tronch, Rosa M. Cibrian and Rosario Salvador-Palmer

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090183 - 9 Sep 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4380

Abstract

eHealth systems provide medical support to users and contribute to the development of mobile and quality health care. They also provide results on the prevention and follow-up of diseases by monitoring health-status indicators and methodical data gathering in patients. Telematic management of health [...] Read more.

eHealth systems provide medical support to users and contribute to the development of mobile and quality health care. They also provide results on the prevention and follow-up of diseases by monitoring health-status indicators and methodical data gathering in patients. Telematic management of health services by means of the Internet of Things provides immediate support and it is cheaper than conventional physical presence methods. Currently, wireless communications and sensor networks allow a person or group to be monitored remotely. The aim of this paper is to develop and assess a system for monitoring physiological parameters to be applied in different scenarios, such as health or sports. This system is based on a distributed architecture, where physiological data of a person are collected by several sensors; next, a Raspberry Pi joins the information and makes a standardization process; then, these data are sent to the Cloud to be processed. Our Cloud system stores the received data and makes a data fusion process in order to indicate the athlete’s fatigue status at every moment. This system has been tested in collaboration with a small group of voluntary tri-athletes. A network simulation has been performed to plan a monitoring network for a bigger group of athletes. Finally, we have found that this system is useful for medium-term monitoring of the sports activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Processing and Wearable Systems for Effective Human Monitoring)

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10 pages, 2830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical-Sampling-Functionalized Real-Time Index Regulation for Direct k-Domain Calibration in Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

by Sangyeob Han, Oeon Kwon, Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe, Pilun Kim, Unsang Jung, Jaewon Song, Changho Lee, Mansik Jeon and Jeehyun Kim

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090182 - 9 Sep 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4506

Abstract

An index-regulation technique functionalized by numerical sampling for direct calibration of the non-linear wavenumber (k)-domain to a linear domain in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is proposed. The objective of the developed method is to facilitate high-resolution identification of microstructures [...] Read more.

An index-regulation technique functionalized by numerical sampling for direct calibration of the non-linear wavenumber (k)-domain to a linear domain in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is proposed. The objective of the developed method is to facilitate high-resolution identification of microstructures in biomedical imaging. Subjective optical alignments caused by nonlinear sampling of interferograms in the k-domain tend to hinder depth-dependent signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and axial resolution in SD-OCT. Moreover, the optical-laser-dependent k-domain requires constant recalibrated in accordance with each laser transition, thereby necessitating either hardware or heavy software compensations. As the key feature of the proposed method, a relatively simple software-based k-domain mask calibration technique was developed to enable real-time linear sampling of k-domain interpolations whilst facilitating image observation through use of an index-regulation technique. Moreover, it has been confirmed that dispersion can be simultaneously compensated with noise residuals generated using the proposed technique, and that use of complex numerical or hardware techniques are no longer required. Observed results, such as fall-off, SNR, and axial resolution clearly exhibit the direct impact of the proposed technique, which could help investigators rapidly achieve optical-laser-independent high-quality SD-OCT images. Full article

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11 pages, 4274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Alcohol Sensing

by Kuwat Triyana, Agustinus Sembiring, Aditya Rianjanu, Shidiq Nur Hidayat, Riowirawan Riowirawan, Trisna Julian, Ahmad Kusumaatmaja, Iman Santoso and Roto Roto

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090181 - 8 Sep 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6396

Abstract

Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Real-time monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L [...] Read more.

Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Real-time monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L⁻¹ may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a self-assembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg⁻¹·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors. Full article

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22 pages, 7064 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hardware Acceleration for RLNC: A Case Study Based on the Xtensa Processor with the Tensilica Instruction-Set Extension

by Javier Acevedo, Robert Scheffel, Simon Wunderlich, Mattis Hasler, Sreekrishna Pandi, Juan Cabrera, Frank H. P. Fitzek, Gerhard Fettweis and Martin Reisslein

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090180 - 8 Sep 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5089

Abstract

Random linear network coding (RLNC) can greatly aid data transmission in lossy wireless networks. However, RLNC requires computationally complex matrix multiplications and inversions in finite fields (Galois fields). These computations are highly demanding for energy-constrained mobile devices. The presented case study evaluates hardware [...] Read more.

Random linear network coding (RLNC) can greatly aid data transmission in lossy wireless networks. However, RLNC requires computationally complex matrix multiplications and inversions in finite fields (Galois fields). These computations are highly demanding for energy-constrained mobile devices. The presented case study evaluates hardware acceleration strategies for RLNC in the context of the Tensilica Xtensa LX5 processor with the tensilica instruction set extension (TIE). More specifically, we develop TIEs for multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations for accelerating matrix multiplications in Galois fields, single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions operating on consecutive memory locations, as well as the flexible-length instruction extension (FLIX). We evaluate the number of clock cycles required for RLNC encoding and decoding without and with the MAC, SIMD, and FLIX acceleration strategies. We also evaluate the RLNC encoding and decoding throughput and energy consumption for a range of RLNC generation and code word sizes. We find that for GF

(2^{8})

and GF

(2^{16})

RLNC encoding, the SIMD and FLIX acceleration strategies achieve speedups of approximately four hundred fold compared to a benchmark C code implementation without TIE. We also find that the unicore Xtensa LX5 with SIMD has seven to thirty times higher RLNC encoding and decoding throughput than the state-of-the-art ODROID XU3 system-on-a-chip (SoC) operating with a single core; the Xtensa LX5 with FLIX, in turn, increases the throughput by roughly 25% compared to utilizing only SIMD. Furthermore, the Xtensa LX5 with FLIX consumes roughly three orders of magnitude less energy than the ODROID XU3 SoC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities of IoT Deployments—Avoiding the Internet of Junk)

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30 pages, 4651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Semantic and Dweller-Based Decision Support System for the Reconfiguration of Domestic Environments: RecAAL

by Daniele Spoladore and Marco Sacco

Electronics 2018, 7(9), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics7090179 - 7 Sep 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5353

Abstract

Researches in the field of ambient assisted living (AAL) have increased in the last ten years, and the paradigms of the smart home have widely spread. Smart homes must consider the health-related issues and the real needs deriving from the ageing of their [...] Read more.

Researches in the field of ambient assisted living (AAL) have increased in the last ten years, and the paradigms of the smart home have widely spread. Smart homes must consider the health-related issues and the real needs deriving from the ageing of their dwellers. In the smart home, appliances are expected to provide support to the residents, especially when they are characterized by disabilities and/or impairments related to ageing. While most of the AAL solutions presented in literature rely on complex systems and architectures, residents affected by mild or moderate disabilities can take advantage of just a simpler reconfiguration of living environments, i.e., the replacement of certain appliances with others that are able to help them in coping with their limitations. This paper proposes a semantic-based decision support system (DSS), which relies on ontological models, to assist designers in domestic environments’ reconfiguration. The ontology leverages semantic representations of dwellers and domestic environments’ domains of knowledge to foster the adoption of appliances able to help the residents to live independently. The development process of the ontology is presented in detail together with the results deriving from reasoning processes. To ease the reconfiguration of domestic environments, a prototypical application taking advantage of the DSS is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies and Services for Smart Cities)

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