Children

11 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Additional Physical Education Improve Exam Performance at the End of Compulsory Education? A Secondary Analysis from a Natural Experiment: The CHAMPS-Study DK

by Jakob Tarp, Anne Kær Gejl, Charles H. Hillman, Niels Wedderkopp and Anna Bugge

Children 2021, 8(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010057 - 18 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

It remains unclear whether the provision of additional physical activity in school improves academic outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of the Childhood Health, Activity, and Motor Performance School Study Denmark (CHAMPS-study DK), a natural experiment based on a trebling of curricular physical [...] Read more.

It remains unclear whether the provision of additional physical activity in school improves academic outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of the Childhood Health, Activity, and Motor Performance School Study Denmark (CHAMPS-study DK), a natural experiment based on a trebling of curricular physical education, to investigate whether children receiving additional physical education performed better on their academic exams at the conclusion of compulsory education (i.e., 9th grade). Children from six intervention schools received 3–7 years of exposure to 270 weekly minutes of physical education (sports schools), while children from four control schools received the 90-min national standard (normal schools). Academic performance was based on the standard Danish 7-point scale (ranging from −03 to 12) and retrieved from national registries. The primary outcome was calculated as the average exam grade. Comparisons of participants at sports and normal schools were adjusted for individual socioeconomic factors and school-level academic environment. There were no differences in the pooled exam performance among 691 sports- and 510 normal-school participants (0.20 (95% confidence interval: −0.12 to 0.52)). Results for subject-specific exams indicated similar results. This analysis from a non-randomized natural experiment did not provide evidence that simply adding additional physical education is sufficient to affect academic performance relative to the national standard. Full article

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12 pages, 3907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neglected Fractures of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children; Which Treatment for Which Condition?

by Giovanni Trisolino, Diego Antonioli, Giovanni Gallone, Stefano Stallone, Paola Zarantonello, Piergiuseppe Tanzi, Eleonora Olivotto, Luca Stilli, Giovanni Luigi Di Gennaro and Stefano Stilli

Children 2021, 8(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010056 - 18 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5307

Abstract

Background: Neglected fractures of the lateral humeral condyle (LHC) are misdiagnosed or insufficiently treated fractures, presenting later than 3 weeks after injury. The management of neglected LHC fractures in children remains controversial. Methods: Twenty-seven children were included in this retrospective study. Charts and [...] Read more.

Background: Neglected fractures of the lateral humeral condyle (LHC) are misdiagnosed or insufficiently treated fractures, presenting later than 3 weeks after injury. The management of neglected LHC fractures in children remains controversial. Methods: Twenty-seven children were included in this retrospective study. Charts and medical records were investigated for demographics, time interval between injury and treatment, and type of treatment. Baseline radiographs were assessed for fracture grading and displacement. Final radiographs were investigated for bone healing, avascular necrosis, elbow deformities and growth disturbances. Complications were classified by the Clavien–Dindo–Sink (CDS) system. Outcomes were assessed according to the Dhillon Score (DhiS) and Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Results: The mean time from injury to presentation was 27 months. Treatments included nonoperative management (6 patients), “in-situ” fixation (7 patients), open reduction and internal fixation (11 patients) and corrective osteotomy (3 patients). The mean follow-up was 7 years (range: 2–16). Overall, we observed complications in 16 patients (59%); six complications were considered major (22%) and occurred in Weiss Grade 3 fractures, with lateral displacement ≥5 mm. At the latest follow-up, pain and functional scores improved in 23 of 27 patients (85%). Mean MEPS increased from an average of 62 points preoperatively to 98 points postoperatively, while mean DhiS improved on average from 5 to 8 points. CDS score and time interval between injury and treatment were independent predictors of MEPS and DhiS. Conclusion: Our study describes outcomes from a cohort of children undergoing different treatments for neglected LHC fractures. Prolonged time interval between injury and treatment and perioperative major complications negatively impacted the treatment outcomes. Our findings strengthen the requirement for widely agreed guidelines of surgical management in neglected LHC fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

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9 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Usefulness of Gastrojejunostomy Prior to Fundoplication in Severe Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Complicating Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia Repair: A Preliminary Study

by Francesca Destro, Luciano Maestri, Milena Meroni, Federico Rebosio, Giulia Del Re, Cecilia Mantegazza, Valeria Calcaterra and Gloria Pelizzo

Children 2021, 8(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010055 - 17 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2138

Abstract

Background: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), requiring surgical correction, and nutritional problems are reported after long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) repair and might jeopardize the postoperative course in some babies. We report an exploratory evaluation of the role of transgastric jejunostomy (TGJ) as a temporary [...] Read more.

Background: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), requiring surgical correction, and nutritional problems are reported after long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) repair and might jeopardize the postoperative course in some babies. We report an exploratory evaluation of the role of transgastric jejunostomy (TGJ) as a temporary nutritional tool before surgery for GERD in LGEA. Methods: Seven infant patients operated on for LGEA with intra-thoracic gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) and growth failure, requiring improvement in their nutritional profile in anticipation of surgery, were retrospectively evaluated. Post-surgical follow-up, including growth evolution, complications, and parental quality of life (QoL), were considered. Results: The TGJ was placed at a mean age of 8.6 ± 5.6 months. The procedure was uneventful and well-tolerated in all seven cases. At 6.6 ± 2.0 months after TGJ placement, significant weight gain (weight z-score −2.68 ± 0.8 vs −0.9 ± 0.2, p < 0.001) was recorded, allowing the GERD surgery to proceed. A significant difference in hospital admissions between 3 months before and post-TGJ insertion was noted (4.8 ± 0.75 vs. 1.6 ± 0.52, p < 0.01). A significant amelioration of QoL after TGJ placement was also recorded; in particular, the biggest improvements were related to parents’ perceptions of the general health and emotional state of their babies (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The placement of TGJ as a temporary nutritional tool in selected cases of LGEA could improve nutritional conditions and parental QoL before fundoplication, allowing successful surgical treatment of GERD to be carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition)

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11 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Frequency and Distinguishing Features of Sleep Disorders in Pediatric Palliative Care Incorporating a Systematic Sleep Protocol

by Larissa Alice Dreier, Boris Zernikow, Kathrin Stening and Julia Wager

Children 2021, 8(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010054 - 17 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2825

Abstract

Currently, no concrete figures on sleep disorders and sleep characteristics in children and adolescents with life-limiting conditions (LLC) and severe neurological impairment (SNI) based on pediatric palliative care professionals’ assessment and following an official classification system such as the International Classification of Sleep [...] Read more.

Currently, no concrete figures on sleep disorders and sleep characteristics in children and adolescents with life-limiting conditions (LLC) and severe neurological impairment (SNI) based on pediatric palliative care professionals’ assessment and following an official classification system such as the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) exist. The ICSD-3 sleep disorders of inpatient children and adolescents with LLC and SNI (N = 70) were assessed by professionals using a recording sheet (two-year recruitment period). A systematic sleep protocol was applied to identify patients’ sleep characteristics. Of these patients, 45.6% had sleep disorders, with the majority of them experiencing two different ones. Overall, the most frequently identified disorders were Chronic Insomnia and Circadian Sleep–Wake Disorder. Patients experiencing Chronic Insomnia showed more sleep phases during the daytime and more waking phases at nighttime than those unaffected. Patients with and without a Circadian Sleep–Wake Disorder additionally differed in the length of sleep phases during the daytime. Rapid changes between wakefulness and sleep were specifically characteristic of Hypersomnia. The study provides important insights into the prevalence and characteristics of individual ICSD-3 sleep disorders in pediatric palliative care. The findings may contribute to a targeted and efficient diagnosis and therapy of distressing sleep problems in seriously ill patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Pediatric Palliative Care Update)

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10 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Connection between Social Relationships and Basic Motor Competencies in Early Childhood

by Christian Herrmann, Kathrin Bretz, Jürgen Kühnis, Harald Seelig, Roger Keller and Ilaria Ferrari

Children 2021, 8(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010053 - 17 Jan 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5352

Abstract

In preschool, children build new contacts and social relationships with other people. They learn to cooperate with their peers and communicate in groups. In addition to social relationships, basic motor competencies (in German: Motorische Basiskompetenzen (MOBAK)) are also seen as a central developmental [...] Read more.

In preschool, children build new contacts and social relationships with other people. They learn to cooperate with their peers and communicate in groups. In addition to social relationships, basic motor competencies (in German: Motorische Basiskompetenzen (MOBAK)) are also seen as a central developmental goal in early childhood and are necessary for participation in the culture of sports and movement. The aim of this paper is to describe the connection between social relationships and basic motor competencies in early childhood. In this present study, the motor competencies of N = 548 preschool children (51% girls, M = 68.0 months, SD = 6.8) were tested in the competence areas of self-movement and object movement. The children’s perceived social relationships were recorded from teacher and parent perspectives. The results clearly show a connection between social relationships and motor competencies in early childhood, with a stronger connection observed in boys. This finding is relevant both from a developmental and a health-oriented perspective, as it points to a link between physical and mental health, as well as technical and interdisciplinary competencies, in early childhood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Motor Competence in Preschool Children)

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14 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rapid Realist Review of School-Based Physical Activity Interventions in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children

by Emmanuel Defever and Michelle Jones

Children 2021, 8(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010052 - 16 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3890

Abstract

Meta-analysis of physical activity interventions in school settings have revealed low efficacy and that there is a need to explore implementation fidelity. The aim of this rapid realist review was to determine, what physical activity interventions in school settings for children aged 7- [...] Read more.

Meta-analysis of physical activity interventions in school settings have revealed low efficacy and that there is a need to explore implementation fidelity. The aim of this rapid realist review was to determine, what physical activity interventions in school settings for children aged 7- to 11-years-old works, for whom, and in what circumstances. The realist synthesis was conducted following RAMESES guidelines. Relevant studies were identified following a systematic search process and data from 28 studies was extracted for evidence to form context-mechanism-outcome configurations that were clustered and refined. Using the five-level socioecological model, the program theories were classified into the levels of intrapersonal (child), interpersonal (teachers), institutional (program content, school administration, and school environment), community (home and neighborhood), and policy. The school level led to most context-mechanism-outcome configurations related to school leadership and policy, workforce structure, program characteristics, and school environment. At each level, we identified features of interventions, alongside implementation considerations that might work to promote efficacy and sustainability. The need to recognize the school environment as part of a complex system with multi-level interaction and influences was a key finding. In line with realist philosophy, the researchers encouraged primary research to confirm, refute, and refine the program theories presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health Interventions in Children and Adolescents)

6 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between the Dominant Hand and the Occurrence of the Supracondylar Humerus Fracture in Pediatric Orthopedics

by Alexandru Herdea, Alexandru Ulici, Alexandra Toma, Bogdan Voicu and Adham Charkaoui

Children 2021, 8(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010051 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3242

Abstract

It is known that during a fall, a child would rather protect their dominant hand by using the non-dominant one, although the role of handedness in upper limb fractures has not been studied in-depth. We carried out a retrospective, cross-sectional cohort study, including [...] Read more.

It is known that during a fall, a child would rather protect their dominant hand by using the non-dominant one, although the role of handedness in upper limb fractures has not been studied in-depth. We carried out a retrospective, cross-sectional cohort study, including pediatric patients who presented to the emergency room with a supracondylar humerus fracture following an injury by falling from the same height. In total, 245 patients were selected and grouped according to age. In the 1–3 years group, no statistical significance was found between hand dominance and the side of fracture (p = 0.7315). During preschool years (4–6 years old), the non-dominant hand is more often involved (p = 0.03, odds ratio: 3.5). In the 7–14 years group this trend was maintained and actually increased (p = 0.052, odds ratio: 3.8). We might conclude that children tend to protect their dominant hand by falling on their non-dominant one. The main objective of this study is to highlight a link between handedness and the side of the body where the hand fracture will be identified in the pediatric population, regarding supracondylar humerus fracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Development and Disease in Infants)

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15 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Perceived Barriers and Facilitators for Bedtime Routines in Families with Young Children

by George Kitsaras, Michaela Goodwin, Michael Kelly, Iain Pretty and Julia Allan

Children 2021, 8(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010050 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4877

Abstract

Objectives: Bedtime routines are a highly recurrent family activity with important health, social and behavioural implications. This study examined perceived barriers to, and facilitators of, formulating, establishing, and maintaining optimal bedtime routines in families with young children. Design: Participants completed a semi-structured interview [...] Read more.

Objectives: Bedtime routines are a highly recurrent family activity with important health, social and behavioural implications. This study examined perceived barriers to, and facilitators of, formulating, establishing, and maintaining optimal bedtime routines in families with young children. Design: Participants completed a semi-structured interview based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Analysis followed a deductive approach. Participants: A total of 32 parents participated in the study. Most participants (N = 30) were females, were white (N = 25) and stay at home parents (N = 12). Results: Key barriers included lack of appropriate knowledge and sources of information, problematic skills development, social influences, cognitive overload, and lack of motivation for change. Facilitators included social role, access to resources, positive intentions, beliefs about consequences and reinforcement. In particular, optimal bedtime routines were less likely to be enacted when parents were tired/fatigued and there was a strong effect of habit, with suboptimal routines maintained over time due to past experiences and a lack of awareness about the importance of a good bedtime routine. Conclusions: Several theory-based, and potentially modifiable, determinants of optimal bedtime routines were identified in this study, providing important information for future interventions. Several of the key determinants identified were transient (tiredness) and/or non-conscious (habit), suggesting that future interventions may need to be deployed in real time, and should extend beyond conventional techniques. Full article

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21 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Linear and Nonlinear Pedagogy Physical Education Interventions on Children’s Physical Activity: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (SAMPLE-PE)

by Matteo Crotti, James R. Rudd, Simon Roberts, Lynne M. Boddy, Katie Fitton Davies, Laura O’Callaghan, Till Utesch and Lawrence Foweather

Children 2021, 8(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010049 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7198

Abstract

Background: School-based interventions are a key opportunity to improve children’s physical activity (PA); however, there is lack of evidence about how pedagogical approaches to motor learning in physical education (PE) might affect PA in children. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how different [...] Read more.

Background: School-based interventions are a key opportunity to improve children’s physical activity (PA); however, there is lack of evidence about how pedagogical approaches to motor learning in physical education (PE) might affect PA in children. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how different pedagogical approaches in PE might affect children’s PA. Methods: Participants (n = 360, 5–6 years) from 12 primary schools within the SAMPLE-PE randomized controlled trial were randomly allocated to either Linear Pedagogy (LP: n = 3) or Nonlinear Pedagogy (NP: n = 3) interventions, where schools received a 15-week PE intervention delivered by trained coaches, or to a control group (n = 6), where schools followed usual practice. ActiGraph GT9X accelerometers were used to assess PA metrics (moderate-to-vigorous PA, mean raw acceleration and lowest acceleration over the most active hour and half hour) over whole and segmented weeks at baseline, immediately post-intervention and 6 months follow-up. Intention to treat analysis employing multilevel modelling was used to assess intervention effects. Results: LP and NP interventions did not significantly affect children’s PA levels compared to the control group. Conclusion: PE interventions based on LP and NP alone might not be effective in improving habitual PA in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health Interventions in Children and Adolescents)

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17 pages, 2559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AQP1-Driven Migration Is Independent of Other Known Adverse Factors but Requires a Hypoxic Undifferentiated Cell Profile in Neuroblastoma

by Nicola Pini, Zihe Huo, Urs Kym, Stefan Holland-Cunz and Stephanie J. Gros

Children 2021, 8(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010048 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Neuroblastoma is a biologically very heterogeneous tumor with its clinical manifestation ranging from spontaneous regression to highly aggressive metastatic disease. Several adverse factors have been linked to oncogenesis, tumor progression and metastases of neuroblastoma including NMYC amplification, the neural adhesion molecule NCAM, as [...] Read more.

Neuroblastoma is a biologically very heterogeneous tumor with its clinical manifestation ranging from spontaneous regression to highly aggressive metastatic disease. Several adverse factors have been linked to oncogenesis, tumor progression and metastases of neuroblastoma including NMYC amplification, the neural adhesion molecule NCAM, as well as CXCR4 as a promoter of metastases. In this study, we investigate to what extent the expression of AQP1 in neuroblastoma correlates with changing cellular factors such as the hypoxic status, differentiation, expression of known adverse factors such as NMYC and NCAM, and CXCR4-related metastatic spread. Our results show that while AQP1 expression leads to an increased migratory behavior of neuroblastoma cells under hypoxic conditions, we find that hypoxia is associated with a reduction of NMYC in the same cells. A similar effect can be observed when using the tetracycline driven mechanism of SH-EP/Tet cells. When NMYC is not expressed, the expression of AQP1 is increased together with an increased expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. We furthermore show that when growing cells in different cell densities, they express AQP1, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, NMYC and NCAM to different degrees. AQP1 expression correlates with a hypoxic profile of these cells with increased HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression, as well as with NMYC and NCAM expression in two out of three neuroblastoma cell lines. When investigating cell properties of the cells that actually migrate, we find that the increased APQ1 expression in the migrated cells correlates with an increased NMYC and NCAM expression again in two out of three cell lines. Expression of the tumor cell homing marker CXCR4 varies between different tumor areas and between cell lines. While some migrated tumor cells highly express CXCR4, cells of other origin do not. In the initial phase of migration, we determined a dominant role of AQP1 expression of migrating cells in the scratch assay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

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6 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessReview

Patent Ductus Arteriosus Clinical Trials: Lessons Learned and Future Directions

by Aisling Smith and Afif EL-Khuffash

Children 2021, 8(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010047 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6072

Abstract

The identification of an optimal management strategy for the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the context of extreme prematurity remains elusive. Observational studies have reported a persistent association between PDA and neonatal adverse outcomes, but by and large, no clinical trial, to date, [...] Read more.

The identification of an optimal management strategy for the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the context of extreme prematurity remains elusive. Observational studies have reported a persistent association between PDA and neonatal adverse outcomes, but by and large, no clinical trial, to date, has demonstrated that treating a PDA results in a reduction of those morbidities. This discrepancy has led many to assume that the PDA is an innocent bystander in the physiological mechanisms responsible for such complications and a reluctance to actively pursue shunt elimination. It would be remiss to discount the volume of evidence available clearly documenting a strong association between longstanding PDA exposure and negative outcomes. There needs to be a radical change in the design, patient selection and possible outcome assessment in any further trials addressing the PDA. The purpose of this review is to explore the reasons that preclude existing clinical trials from definitively ascribing a causal relationship between PDA patency and adverse outcomes in the context of extreme prematurity, why previous studies have failed to demonstrate significant beneficial effects following PDA treatment and how future research may be conducted to allow us to draw concrete conclusions regarding the potential merits of ductal closure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Care in Premature Infants)

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3 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Child Injury Prevention: It Is Time to Address the Determinants of Health

by Amy E. Peden and Richard C. Franklin

Children 2021, 8(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010046 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

Injuries, although almost entirely preventable, accounted for more than 4 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Injury and the Determinants of Health)

10 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Children in 2020

by Children Editorial Office

Children 2021, 8(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010045 - 14 Jan 2021

Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that Children maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers [...] Full article

12 pages, 409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is There an Association between Executive Function and Receptive Vocabulary in Bilingual Children? A Longitudinal Examination

by Vanessa Diaz, Maria Borjas and M. Jeffrey Farrar

Children 2021, 8(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010044 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2759

Abstract

Dual language management has been proposed as the reason for bilingual children’s sometimes enhanced executive functioning (EF). We sought to identify the directionality of the relation between language proficiency and EF, using measures of receptive vocabulary, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. Data were [...] Read more.

Dual language management has been proposed as the reason for bilingual children’s sometimes enhanced executive functioning (EF). We sought to identify the directionality of the relation between language proficiency and EF, using measures of receptive vocabulary, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. Data were collected twice, a year apart, on 35- to 66.8-month-old bilingual (n = 41, M = 49.19 months) and monolingual preschool children (n = 37, M = 47.82 months). The longitudinal results revealed that while the monolingual children’s vocabulary at Time 1 predicted EF at Time 2, EF at Time 1 did not predict vocabulary at Time 2. In contrast, for bilingual children the relation was not present at all. The results were similar after the one-time analyses. The absence of relations between EF and language in bilinguals, while present in monolinguals, challenges the current conceptualization of the EF advantage in bilinguals, and emphasizes the need for more research on the development of bilingual children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language Development in Children: Description to Detect and Prevent Language Difficulties)

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14 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Moral Foundations of Child Health and Social Policies: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis

by Avram E. Denburg, Mita Giacomini, Wendy J. Ungar and Julia Abelson

Children 2021, 8(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010043 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2982

Abstract

Background: Allusions to the uniqueness and value of childhood abound in academic, lay, and policy discourse. However, little clarity exists on the values that guide child health and social policy-making. We review extant academic literature on the normative dimensions of child health and [...] Read more.

Background: Allusions to the uniqueness and value of childhood abound in academic, lay, and policy discourse. However, little clarity exists on the values that guide child health and social policy-making. We review extant academic literature on the normative dimensions of child health and social policy to provide foundations for the development of child-focused public policies. Methods: We conducted a critical interpretive synthesis of academic literature on the normative dimensions of child health and social policy-making. We employed a social constructivist lens to interpret emergent themes. Political theory on the social construction of target populations served as a bridge between sociologies of childhood and public policy analysis. Results: Our database searches returned 14,658 unique articles; full text review yielded 72 relevant articles. Purposive sampling of relevant literature complemented our electronic searches, adding 51 original articles, for a total of 123 articles. Our analysis of the literature reveals three central themes: potential, rights, and risk. These themes retain relevance in diverse policy domains. A core set of foundational concepts also cuts across disciplines: well-being, participation, and best interests of the child inform debate on the moral and legal dimensions of a gamut of child social policies. Finally, a meta-theme of embedding encompasses the pervasive issue of a child’s place, in the family and in society, which is at the heart of much social theory and applied analysis on children and childhood. Conclusions: Foundational understanding of the moral language and dominant policy frames applied to children can enrich analyses of social policies for children. Most societies paint children as potent, vulnerable, entitled, and embedded. It is the admixture of these elements in particular policy spheres, across distinct places and times, that often determines the form of a given policy and societal reactions to it. Subsequent work in this area will need to detail the degree and impact of variance in the values mix attached to children across sociocultural contexts and investigate tensions between what are and what ought to be the values that guide social policy development for children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Health Policy)

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22 pages, 3289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep among Youth with Severely Disabling Chronic Pain: Before, during, and after Inpatient Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Treatment

by Kendra N. Krietsch, Dean W. Beebe, Christopher King, Kendra J. Homan and Sara E. Williams

Children 2021, 8(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010042 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2149

Abstract

Poor sleep is commonly reported in pediatric chronic pain. There are signals that intensive interdisciplinary pain treatments (IIPT) may inadvertently improve objective sleep, but this claim cannot be substantiated without baseline sleep data prior to IIPT. This study followed the objective sleep/wake patterns [...] Read more.

Poor sleep is commonly reported in pediatric chronic pain. There are signals that intensive interdisciplinary pain treatments (IIPT) may inadvertently improve objective sleep, but this claim cannot be substantiated without baseline sleep data prior to IIPT. This study followed the objective sleep/wake patterns (e.g., duration, quality, timing, consistency) of pediatric patients with severely functionally disabling chronic pain before, during, and after inpatient IIPT (the Functional Independence Restoration Program—“FIRST Program”), alongside a similarly-disabled chronic pain Comparison Group. The final sample included N = 10 FIRST Patients and N = 9 Comparison Group patients. At baseline, the whole sample showed healthy sleep duration (~9 h), average sleep efficiency <90%, late sleep onset and offset (mean = 11:56 p.m.–8:50 a.m.), and highly inconsistent sleep schedules night to night. During IIPT, FIRST Patients maintained healthy sleep durations, moved sleep schedules 2 h earlier, and decreased timing and duration variability by >60 min while the Comparison Group maintained similar sleep to baseline. At follow up (1–2 months later), FIRST Patients’ sleep schedules shifted later but were still less variable than at baseline. Results point to the malleability of sleep/wake patterns within treatment contexts with strict environmental control but suggest that these gains may be difficult for youth with chronic pain to maintain in the home environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Pain Management)

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13 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Motor Development among Spanish Preschool Children

by Cristina Honrubia-Montesinos, Pedro Gil-Madrona and Luisa Losada-Puente

Children 2021, 8(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010041 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5209

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze motor development of Spanish preschoolers, taking into account sex and age, being an only child, prematurity, and the practice of extracurricular activities. The sample was composed of 300 preschoolers (132 girls, 168 boys) ages 3 [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to analyze motor development of Spanish preschoolers, taking into account sex and age, being an only child, prematurity, and the practice of extracurricular activities. The sample was composed of 300 preschoolers (132 girls, 168 boys) ages 3 to 6 years. Preschoolers were tested on 12 fundamental motor skills (locomotor and object control) through the Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition (TGMD-2). Nonparametric analysis indicated that there are differences between girls and boys in locomotor and object control skills in the age range of 3–4 years. However, boys and girls scored similarly at the age of 5 years in locomotor development. There were not differences between only children and those who are not only children. Similarly, prematurity was not associated with locomotor and object control development. Nevertheless, those preschoolers who practice extracurricular physical activities scored significantly higher in comparison with those children do not. Further research is needed to shed light on the differences between boys and girls in object control. It may be explained by the types of extracurricular activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Motor Competence in Preschool Children)

9 pages, 373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Yumika Hino, Nobuoki Eshima, Kira Bacal and Osamu Tokumaru

Children 2021, 8(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010040 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are causes of public health burden globally. The purpose of this study is to document age-specific and sex-related changes in the morbidity of four representative STDs in children. Japanese national surveillance data from 1999 to 2017 on morbidities of [...] Read more.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are causes of public health burden globally. The purpose of this study is to document age-specific and sex-related changes in the morbidity of four representative STDs in children. Japanese national surveillance data from 1999 to 2017 on morbidities of the following four STDs were analyzed by age and sex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), condylomata acuminate (CA), and genital herpes simplex virus (GHSV). The morbidities of males and females in each age group were compared through the male-to-female morbidity (MFM) ratios. The MFM ratios were not different from one in infants, less than one in children, and greater than one after puberty in all four STDs. The reversal of MFM ratio less than 1 to greater than 1 for NG infection was observed between 10–14 and 15–19 year of age, i.e., during the puberty, while that for GHSV infection was observed between 35–39 and 40–44 year of age, i.e., during adulthood. In conclusion, the morbidities of the four STDs were similar between the sexes in infants, and were higher in female children than in male children, while the morbidities in all four diseases were higher in men after puberty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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18 pages, 2634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lessons Learned from a Collaborative to Develop a Sustainable Simulation-Based Training Program in Neonatal Resuscitation: Simulating Success

by Nandini Arul, Irfan Ahmad, Justin Hamilton, Rachelle Sey, Patricia Tillson, Shandee Hutson, Radhika Narang, Jennifer Norgaard, Henry C. Lee, Janine Bergin, Jenny Quinn, Louis P. Halamek, Nicole K. Yamada, Janene Fuerch and Ritu Chitkara

Children 2021, 8(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010039 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5057

Abstract

Newborn resuscitation requires a multidisciplinary team effort to deliver safe, effective and efficient care. California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative’s Simulating Success program was designed to help hospitals implement on-site simulation-based neonatal resuscitation training programs. Partnering with the Center for Advanced Pediatric and Perinatal [...] Read more.

Newborn resuscitation requires a multidisciplinary team effort to deliver safe, effective and efficient care. California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative’s Simulating Success program was designed to help hospitals implement on-site simulation-based neonatal resuscitation training programs. Partnering with the Center for Advanced Pediatric and Perinatal Education at Stanford, Simulating Success engaged hospitals over a 15 month period, including three months of preparatory training and 12 months of implementation. The experience of the first cohort (Children’s Hospital of Orange County (CHOC), Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns (SMB) and Valley Children’s Hospital (VCH)), with their site-specific needs and aims, showed that a multidisciplinary approach with a sound understanding of simulation methodology can lead to a dynamic simulation program. All sites increased staff participation. CHOC reduced latent safety threats measured during team exercises from 4.5 to two per simulation while improving debriefing skills. SMB achieved 100% staff participation by identifying unit-specific hurdles within in situ simulation. VCH improved staff confidence level in responding to neonatal codes and proved feasibility of expanding simulation across their hospital system. A multidisciplinary approach to quality improvement in neonatal resuscitation fosters engagement, enables focus on patient safety rather than individual performance, and leads to identification of system issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Health Care)

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7 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Condylar Changes in Children with Posterior Crossbite after Maxillary Expansion: Tridimensional Evaluation

by Rosamaria Fastuca, Helga Turiaco, Fausto Assandri, Piero A. Zecca, Luca Levrini and Alberto Caprioglio

Children 2021, 8(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010038 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2639

Abstract

(1) Background: To investigate condylar position in subjects with functional posterior crossbite comparing findings before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment through 3D analysis; (2) Methods: Thirty-two Caucasian patients (14 males, mean age 8 y 8 m ± 1 y 2 m; [...] Read more.

(1) Background: To investigate condylar position in subjects with functional posterior crossbite comparing findings before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment through 3D analysis; (2) Methods: Thirty-two Caucasian patients (14 males, mean age 8 y 8 m ± 1 y 2 m; 18 females mean age 8 y 2 m ± 1 y 4 m) with functional posterior crossbite (FPXB) diagnosis underwent rapid palatal expansion with a Haas appliance banded on second deciduous upper molars. Patients’ underwent CBCT scans before rapid palatal expansion (T0) and after 12 months (T1). The images were processed through 3D slicer software; (3) Results: The condylar position changes between T1 and T0 among the crossbite and non-crossbite sides were not statistically significant, except for the transversal axis. At T1, the condyles moved forward (y axis) and laterally (x axis), they also moved downward (z axis) but not significantly; (4) Conclusions: Condilar position in growing patients with functional posterior crossbite did not change significantly after rapid maxillary expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Promotion in Paediatric Population)

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15 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Perspectives on Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth

by Sachi Singhal and Seema Kumar

Children 2021, 8(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010037 - 10 Jan 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6848

Abstract

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents is on the rise, and the increase in prevalence of this disorder parallels the modern epidemic of childhood obesity worldwide. T2DM affects primarily post-pubertal adolescents from ethnic/racial minorities and those from [...] Read more.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents is on the rise, and the increase in prevalence of this disorder parallels the modern epidemic of childhood obesity worldwide. T2DM affects primarily post-pubertal adolescents from ethnic/racial minorities and those from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Youth with T2DM often have additional cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis. T2DM in youth is more progressive in comparison to adult onset T2DM and shows lower rates of response to pharmacotherapy and more rapid development of diabetes-related complications. Lifestyle modifications and metformin are recommended as the first-line treatment for youth with T2DM in the absence of significant hyperglycemia. Assessment of pancreatic autoimmunity is recommended in all youth who appear to have T2DM. Pharmacotherapeutic options for youth with T2DM are limited at this time. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 agonist, was recently approved for T2DM in adolescents 10 years of age and older. Several clinical trials are currently underway with youth with T2DM with medications that are approved for T2DM in adults. Bariatric surgery is associated with excellent rates of remission of T2DM in adolescents with severe obesity and should be considered in selected adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Care for Children with Obesity: Best Practices and Multidisciplinary Treatment Approaches)

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12 pages, 2933 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Impact of Activity-Based Therapy on Respiratory Outcomes in a Medically Complex Child

by MacKenzie Goode-Roberts, Scott G. Bickel, Danielle L. Stout, Margaret L. Calvery, Jennifer E. Thompson and Andrea L. Behrman

Children 2021, 8(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010036 - 9 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3319

Abstract

Introduction: Activity-based therapies (ABTs) focus on activating the neuromuscular system below the level of spinal cord injury (SCI) promoting neuromuscular capacity. Case description: A 2 year 7 month old with history of prematurity at 29 weeks, neonatal epidural abscess, resultant cervical SCI, respiratory [...] Read more.

Introduction: Activity-based therapies (ABTs) focus on activating the neuromuscular system below the level of spinal cord injury (SCI) promoting neuromuscular capacity. Case description: A 2 year 7 month old with history of prematurity at 29 weeks, neonatal epidural abscess, resultant cervical SCI, respiratory failure, and global developmental delays presented for enrollment in an outpatient activity-based therapy program. Upon presentation to this program, he required nighttime mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy and daytime suctioning. He could not perform any age-appropriate activities and was described by his mother as ‘present’, neither engaged nor attentive. During and after 7 months of participation in ABTs including locomotor training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation, the patient demonstrated unexpected changes in his respiratory status leading to ventilator weaning with concomitant improvements in head and trunk control, participation, development, and quality of life. Discussion: ABT was not only safe for a medically complex child, but also this intervention had a remarkable effect on unresolved respiratory capacity and a more widespread impact on other functions as well as development. A child with a chronic, severe SCI demonstrated positive and impactful improvements in health, functional status, and quality of life during an episode of ABT. Full article

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19 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nursing Perspective of the Humanized Care of the Neonate and Family: A Systematic Review

by Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino, Inmaculada García-Valdivieso, Mercedes Dios-Aguado, Benito Yáñez-Araque, Brigida Molina Gallego and Eva Moncunill-Martínez

Children 2021, 8(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010035 - 9 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4838

Abstract

This systematic review aims to determine the extent to which published research articles show the perspective of health professionals in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), as facilitators of family empowerment. Studies conducted between 2013 and 2020 were retrieved from five databases (PubMed, Cochrane, [...] Read more.

This systematic review aims to determine the extent to which published research articles show the perspective of health professionals in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), as facilitators of family empowerment. Studies conducted between 2013 and 2020 were retrieved from five databases (PubMed, Cochrane, CINHAL, Scopus, and Google Scholar). The search was carried out from January to October 2020. A total of 40 articles were used, of which 13 studies (quantitative and qualitative) were included in this systematic review. Its methodological quality was assessed using the mixed methods assessment tool (MMAT). In these, the opinions and perspectives of professionals on the permanence and participation of parents were valued. In addition, the training, experiences, and educational needs of nursing within the NICU were determined. The crucial role of health professionals in the humanization of care and its effect on the neonate-family binomial was estimated. However, conceptual changes are needed within the neonatal intensive care units. To implement humanization in daily care, family participation should be encouraged in them. For this, it is necessary to modify hospital health policies to allow changes in the infrastructure that facilitate open doors 24 h a day in special services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pediatric Critical Care)

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15 pages, 3309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Children’s Perspectives on Outpatient Physician Visits: Capturing a Missing Voice in Patient-Centered Care

by Jessica S. Dalley, Barbara A. Morrongiello and C. Meghan McMurtry

Children 2021, 8(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010034 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2653

Abstract

Actively involving children in their healthcare is a core value of patient-centered care. This is the first study to directly obtain children’s detailed perspectives on positive and negative aspects of outpatient physician visits in a primary care setting (e.g., checkups) and their preferred [...] Read more.

Actively involving children in their healthcare is a core value of patient-centered care. This is the first study to directly obtain children’s detailed perspectives on positive and negative aspects of outpatient physician visits in a primary care setting (e.g., checkups) and their preferred level of participation. Individual interviews were conducted with 167 children (female n = 82, male n = 85; ages 7–10, M_age = 8.07 years, SD = 0.82). Open-ended questions were used so that children’s responses were not confined to researchers’ assumptions, followed by close-ended questions to meet specific objectives. Quantitative content analysis, correlations, logistic regression, and Cochran’s Q were used to explore the data. Children were highly fearful of needle procedures (61%), blood draws (73%), pain (45%), and the unknown (21%). Children indicated that they liked receiving rewards (32%) and improving their health (16%). Children who were more fearful during physician visits wanted more preparatory information (ExpB = 1.05, Waldx²(1) = 9.11, p = 0.003, McFadden’s R²₂ = 0.07) and more participation during the visit (ExpB = 1.04, Waldx²(1) = 5.88, p = 0.015, McFadden’s R²₂ = 0.03). Our results can inform efforts to promote positive physician visit experiences for children, reduce procedural distress, and foster children’s ability to take an active role in managing their health. Full article

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11 pages, 1062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety and Effects of the Rapid Maxillary Expander on Temporomandibular Joint in Subjects Affected by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Retrospective Study

by Andrea Abate, Davide Cavagnetto, Francesca Maria Emilia Rusconi, Paolo Cressoni and Luca Esposito

Children 2021, 8(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010033 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5335

Abstract

Background: In Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) temporo-mandibular joints are often affected causing skeletal and dental malocclusions. The most frequent condition is mandibular hypoplasia, that may be associated with maxillary hypoplasia. The aim of this retrospective case control study is to investigate the effects [...] Read more.

Background: In Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) temporo-mandibular joints are often affected causing skeletal and dental malocclusions. The most frequent condition is mandibular hypoplasia, that may be associated with maxillary hypoplasia. The aim of this retrospective case control study is to investigate the effects and the safety of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in growing patients affected by JIA. It was evaluated whether RME could be performed without complications on TMJs of JIA patients using DC/TMD protocol, and naso-maxillary transversal parameters were compared with the ones obtained on healthy patients. Methods: Twenty-five patients affected by JIA that ceased to manifest TMJ (Temporo-Mandibular Joint) symptoms in the previous year were treated with RME to solve the maxillary transverse hypoplasia. Postero-anterior cephalometric tracings were collected before and after treatment; linear measurements were obtained to study maxillary and nasal cavity modifications. Data were compared to those of a similar group of twenty-five healthy patients. Paired t-test and Independent t-test were used to evaluate changes before and after treatment in each group and to perform a comparison between the groups. Results: All patients demonstrated a statistically significant increase in nasal cavity width, maxillary width and upper and lower intermolar width. No patients presented a worsening of their TMJs condition. Intragroup comparisons revealed significant changes of cephalometric measurements, but no difference was found when comparing JIA and healthy patients. Conclusions: Growing patients with JIA that ceased to show signs of active TMJ involvement for at least one year could be safely treated with RME, expecting similar benefits to those of healthy patients. Dentists and rheumatologists should be informed of safety and potential benefits of palatal expansion in JIA patients in order to improve the outcome of orthodontic treatment and reduce the indication for more invasive procedures (i.e., Surgical Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Caries and Oral Health in Children)

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9 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Behaviors in Relation to Child Weight Status and Maternal Education

by Priscilla Ayine, Vaithinathan Selvaraju, Chandra M. K. Venkatapoorna, Yida Bao, Philippe Gaillard and Thangiah Geetha

Children 2021, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010032 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3932

Abstract

Background: The eating behavior of children is important to maintain a healthy weight. This current study explored the differences in children’s eating behaviors and their relation to weight status and maternal education level, using the child eating behavior questionnaire (CEBQ). Methods: The study [...] Read more.

Background: The eating behavior of children is important to maintain a healthy weight. This current study explored the differences in children’s eating behaviors and their relation to weight status and maternal education level, using the child eating behavior questionnaire (CEBQ). Methods: The study recruited 169 participants aged between six and ten years. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between the CEBQ factors and children’s body weight status. The association between the CEBQ scores and maternal educational levels was examined using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The multinomial logistic regression findings indicate that children in the obese group exhibited a significant increase in food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, and a decrease in satiety responsiveness compared to normal weight children. The one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in subscales under the food approach (food responsiveness, desire to drink, emotional overeating) and food avoidance (satiety responsiveness) based upon the child’s weight status. The three subscales under the food approach category were significantly dependent upon the maternal education but did not have a significant association with food avoidance. Conclusions: The results suggest that the increase in food responsiveness and emotional overeating in obese children is influenced by maternal education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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16 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

“Girls Aren’t Meant to Exercise”: Perceived Influences on Physical Activity among Adolescent Girls—The HERizon Project

by Emma S. Cowley, Paula M. Watson, Lawrence Foweather, Sarahjane Belton, Andrew Thompson, Dick Thijssen and Anton J. M. Wagenmakers

Children 2021, 8(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010031 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 14205

Abstract

Background. Adolescent girls are less active than boys, with approximately 10% of girls in Ireland and the United Kingdom meeting the minimum recommended daily physical activity (PA) guidelines. This study investigated factors perceived to influence PA among adolescent girls from low socioeconomic areas [...] Read more.

Background. Adolescent girls are less active than boys, with approximately 10% of girls in Ireland and the United Kingdom meeting the minimum recommended daily physical activity (PA) guidelines. This study investigated factors perceived to influence PA among adolescent girls from low socioeconomic areas in order to inform the design of a future intervention (The HERizon Project). Methods. A total of 48 adolescent girls (13–18 years) from low socioeconomic areas of the United Kingdom and Ireland participated in focus groups (n = 8), to explore perspectives of physical activity and the influence of gender within this. Focus groups were thematically analyzed and interpreted within a socioecological framework. Results. Most girls enjoyed PA and were aware of its benefits. They identified both barriers and facilitators to PA at intrapersonal (fear of judgement and changing priorities WITH age), interpersonal (changing social pressures and support from others) and organizational (delivery of PE) levels. Gender inequality was a multilevel factor, crossing all socioecological levels. Conclusion. Although many adolescent girls enjoy PA, their experiences appear to be limited by a fear of judgement and an overarching sense of gender inequality. Future interventions, such as the HERizon Project, should address influences at intrapersonal, interpersonal and organizational levels to promote positive PA experiences for adolescent girls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health Interventions in Children and Adolescents)

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6 pages, 1960 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Case of Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis since Birth

by Satoshi Yoshida, Kazuki Yatsuzuka, Kenji Chigyo, Yuta Kuroo, Koji Takemoto and Koji Sayama

Children 2021, 8(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010030 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6707

Abstract

A newborn male infant presented with multiple pustules and erosions with erythema involving his scalp and forehead at birth. One week after birth, new pustules continued to appear, forming crusted, ring-shaped plaques with pigmentation. Tests for possible pathogens were negative. Tzanck smear and [...] Read more.

A newborn male infant presented with multiple pustules and erosions with erythema involving his scalp and forehead at birth. One week after birth, new pustules continued to appear, forming crusted, ring-shaped plaques with pigmentation. Tests for possible pathogens were negative. Tzanck smear and skin biopsy revealed pustules beneath the stratum corneum at sites corresponding to hair follicles, which contained eosinophils and neutrophils. Taken together, a diagnosis of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF) was made. The pustules on the head disappeared rapidly with topical corticosteroid treatment, although new eruptions were still observed on the trunk about one month after birth. To our knowledge, only two cases of EPF since birth have been reported to date. Here, we also discuss the differential diagnosis of noninfectious pustular diseases at birth, including erythema toxicum neonatorum and transient neonatal pustular melanosis. These diseases, and EPF, may present with very similar clinical symptoms at birth, and the Tzanck test or biopsy may be required for differential diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Pediatric Allergy and Immunodeficiency)

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17 pages, 2814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing Child Drowning in the Philippines: The Need to Address the Determinants of Health

by Jonathan P. Guevarra, Amy E. Peden, Lita L. Orbillo, Maria Rosario Sylvia Z. Uy, Joseph John R. Madrilejos, John Juliard L. Go, Rammell Eric C. Martinez, Lolita L. Cavinta and Richard C Franklin

Children 2021, 8(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010029 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7496

Abstract

Drowning is a public health issue in the Philippines, with children at significantly increased risk. Determinants of health (DoH) such as education, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and urbanization are factors that impact drowning risk. As drowning is a multisectoral issue, a national drowning prevention [...] Read more.

Drowning is a public health issue in the Philippines, with children at significantly increased risk. Determinants of health (DoH) such as education, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and urbanization are factors that impact drowning risk. As drowning is a multisectoral issue, a national drowning prevention plan can drive collaboration with relevant stakeholders. This study reports trends in unintentional child (0–14 years) drowning in the Philippines (incidence, rates, and trends over time for fatal and non-fatal (years lived with a disability (YLDs) and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from 2008–2017 and conducts an analysis of the Philippines’ Multisector Action Plan (MSAP) on Drowning Prevention. From 2008–2017, 27,928 (95%UI [Uncertainty Interval]: 22,794–33,828) children aged 0–14 years died from drowning (52.7% aged 5–14 years old). Rates of drowning have declined among both age groups, with greater reductions seen among 0–4 year olds (y = −0.3368x + 13.035; R² = 0.9588). The MSAP has 12 child drowning-specific activities and 20 activities were identified where DoH will need to be considered during development and implementation. The MSAP activities, and work done to prevent drowning more generally, must consider DoH such as education, urbanization, water and sanitation health, and safe water transportation. A national drowning surveillance system and investment in research in the Philippines are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Injury and the Determinants of Health)

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13 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Views of Indian Migrants on Adaptation of Child Oral Health Leaflets: A Qualitative Study

by Amit Arora, Roneel Maharaj, Seemagni Naidu, Ritesh Chimoriya, Sameer Bhole, Simone Nash and Charlotte Jones

Children 2021, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010028 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3824

Abstract

The aim of this study was to gain insight on the views of Hindi-speaking mothers on readily available English language oral health education materials and to evaluate the acceptability of Hindi language adapted versions of these materials. This qualitative study is nested within [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to gain insight on the views of Hindi-speaking mothers on readily available English language oral health education materials and to evaluate the acceptability of Hindi language adapted versions of these materials. This qualitative study is nested within an ongoing multi-centre birth cohort study in Greater Western Sydney, Australia. Following purposive selection of Hindi-speaking mothers (n = 19), a semi-structured interview was conducted. Two English leaflets were mailed to participants prior to the interview. The simplified English and translated Hindi versions of the leaflets were provided at the interview, and the participants were asked to compare and evaluate all three versions. Interviews were audio recorded, and thematic analysis was used to analyse data from interview transcripts. A majority of the participants reported a certain degree of difficulty in reading and comprehending oral health messages in Hindi. Although Hindi translations were accurate, mothers preferred the simplified English as opposed to the Hindi version. Visual illustrations and a simple layout facilitated the understanding of oral health messages. Developers of oral health education leaflets should thoroughly research their prospective user groups, particularly migrant populations, and identify the need for simplified or translated oral health education leaflets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Promotion in Paediatric Population)

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