Next Article in Journal
Analysis of Reservoir Stability during Natural Gas Hydrate Exploitation under Incline Seafloor
Next Article in Special Issue
Gastroprotective, Biochemical and Acute Toxicity Effects of Papaver decaisnei against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats
Previous Article in Journal
Special Issue on “Frontiers in Connecting Steady-State and Dynamic Approaches for Modelling Cell Metabolic Behavior”
Previous Article in Special Issue
Bergenin from Bergenia Species Produces a Protective Response against Myocardial Infarction in Rats
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Processes
Volume 10
Issue 8
10.3390/pr10081613
processes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Histopathological Evaluation of Annona muricata in TAA-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

by
Morteta H. Al-Medhtiy
1,
Ahmed Aj. Jabbar
2,
Suhayla Hamad Shareef
3,4,*,
Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
5,
Abdullah R. Alzahrani
5 and
Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
6
1
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa 54003, Iraq
2
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Technical Health and Medical College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
3
Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq
4
Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq
5
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 77207, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2022, 10(8), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081613
Submission received: 29 June 2022 / Revised: 28 July 2022 / Accepted: 29 July 2022 / Published: 15 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Natural Plants)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This research in vivo assessed the impact of the ethanolic extract of Annona muricata (A. muricata) on the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats, gavaged precisely with two doses of A. muricata (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) with TAA, presented a substantial reduction in the liver index and hepatocyte propagation, with much lower cell injury. These groups showed meaningfully down-regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the liver and spleen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in liver parenchymal tissue. The liver homogenate displayed enhanced antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, along with a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The serum levels of bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were returned to normal and were similar to that of the normal control and silymarin with TAA-treated groups. Oral acute toxicity revealed no evidence of any toxic symbols or mortality in rats, indicating the safety of A. muricata. Therefore, the normal microanatomy of hepatocytes, the clampdown of PCNA, α-SMA, TGF-β, improved antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), and condensed MDA with repairs of liver biomarkers validate the hepatoprotective effect of A. muricata.

1. Introduction

There is an upsurge in liver fibrosis prevalence worldwide, which may be caused by hepatitis B virus infection, the hepatoxic effects of chemicals such as alcohol, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, medications, and environmental pollutants. Medicinal plants have been used conventionally for centuries for the treatment of liver disorders in humans. In the scientific literature, many studies have established the advantageous result of countless medicinal plants in protecting the liver, contrary to thioacetamide (TAA)-influenced damage in laboratory animals [1,2,3,4,5,6].
Annona muricata (Linn.) belongs to the Annonaceae family. It is a remedial plant that has been used as a natural therapy for diverse illnesses including liver diseases. A number of studies confirmed that Annona muricata leaves possess anti-ulcer [7], anti-cancer [8,9], anti-hypertensive [10], anti-diabetic [11], wound-healing [8], anti-bacterial [12], cytotoxic [13], and anti-proliferative activities [14]. The importance of A. muricata is likewise donated to its numerous applications in traditional remedies [15]. All parts of A. muricata, counting the bark, fruit seeds, leaves, and root are utilized in usual medications in the tropics [16]. Conventionally, the leaves are utilized for cystitis, diabetes, pains, asthma, cough, fever, sedative, toothache, high blood pressure, sleeplessness, liver complications, and as an anti-dysenteric and spasmolytic [16,17]. The leaves of A. muricata have been found to have substantial antioxidant properties [18]. Furthermore, the leaves established a distinguished defensive influence against acute as well as chronic inflammations in rats, through the clampdown of pro-inflammatory cytokines [19].
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruits comprise a mixture of flavonolignans, collectively recognized as silymarin. Silymarin is a flavonolignan that has been used recently as a hepatoprotective agent. Silymarin is used for the treatment of a variety of liver disorders categorized by degenerative necrosis and functional impairment [20]. Numerous studies by different scholars used silymarin as the usual drug for hepatoprotection against poisoning by thioacetamide [21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. Hepatotoxins primarily harm the liver cells wherever an additional amount of cytochrome P450 oxidases facilitate its modification to noxious intermediates, followed by an increase in reactive oxygen species, MDA, and pro-inflammatory cytokines [28]. A rise in free radicals harms proteins, adipocytes, and the DNA of nuclei [29]. TAA leads to hepatic cell injury after its breakdown to TAA sulphene and sulphone, by a serious trail that includes CYP4502E1-facilitated bio trans-development [30]. Some studies have proved that TAA is involved in the initiation of liver fibrosis [6,23,31,32,33,34]. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the histology and immunohistochemistry of the hepatoprotective effect of A. muricata against TAA-induced liver injuries in experimental rats.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Morals Declaration

This study was permitted through the Conscience Commission for Animal House Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia (Ethic No. PM 3 July 2020 MMA (a) (R)). All rats obtained humanitarian attention according to the principles described in the Guide for the Maintenance and Usage of Workroom Animals prearranged by the United States Nationwide College of Disciplines and made available by the Countrywide Institutions of Healthiness [35].

2.2. Thioacetamide

Thioacetamide (TAA) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland, and dissolved in sterile 10% Tween 20, mixing well until completely liquified. At that same time, 200 mg/kg of TAA was injected i.p. to rats three times per week for 2 months. The TAA-induced changes in both biological and morphological features were similar to that of human liver fibrosis [36].

2.3. Silymarin

Silymarin (International Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, USA) is a reference medication dissolved in sterile 10% Tween 20 for oral feeding to animals at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body mass daily for two months [37].

2.4. Plant Preparations and Extraction

Fresh leaves of the A. muricata plant were obtained from the garden of Rimba Ilmu and identified via contrast with the voucher sample at the Herbarium of Rimba Ilmu, Institute of Science Biology (Voucher No. KLU47978). The plant’s leaves were dried in shade and ground into fine powder. The leaf powder (500 g) was soaked in 2000 mL of 95% alcohol at 25 °C for three days. The combination was separated by using Whatman No. 1 paper and concentrated to dryness using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The excerpt was liquified in 10% Tween 20 and fed to animals at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg (5 mL/kg) once daily for two months based on the experimental proposal as reported by a previous study [2].

2.5. Experimental Animals for Liver Cirrhosis

Adult male rats (150–175 g/body weight) were acquired from the Experimental Animal House Unit and reserved in polypropylene cages (6 in each cage). Animals were allowed admission to water and normal laboratory pellets. Rats acclimatized under typical workroom circumstances for 5 days before starting the experiment.

2.6. Hepatoprotective Activity

Thirty healthy adult male rats were arbitrarily divided into 5 sets with 6 rats each.
Group 1 (normal healthy group) rats were fed by mouth with 10% Tween 20 daily and injected i.p. with distilled water 3 times per week for 2 months.
Group 2 (hepatotoxic group) rats were gavaged with 10% Tween 20 and injected i.p. with TAA (200 mg/kg) 3 times weekly for 2 months.
Group 3 (silymarin-fed group) rats were fed per os with silymarin (50 mg/kg) every day and injected i.p. with TAA (200 mg/kg) 3 times weekly for 2 months.
Group 4 and 5 (A. muricata fed groups) rats were fed po with the extract 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg day-to-day, respectively, and injected i.p. with TAA (200 mg/kg) 3 times weekly for 2 months [38].
The body masses of rats in entire groups were assessed every week. At the end of 2 months, the rats were fasted and sacrificed under general anesthesia using Ketamine and Xylazine [39]. Blood was collected from intracardial puncture for liver function markers. Part of the liver was placed in 10% buffered formalin for histology in addition to immunohistochemistry staining and the other part was homogenated for measurement of endogenous enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) levels.

2.7. Experimental Animals for Acute Toxicity Study

The examination of the safety of the plants prior to performing any experiment on their biological activity is highly suggested to avoid any unwanted adverse side effects. Male and female SD rats aged 5–7 weeks and with weights of 170–190 g was acquired from the Animal Experimental Unit. The rats were given normal rat pellets ad libitum and tap water. An acute toxic trial was practiced to fix a harmless dosage for the A. muricata plant. A total of 36 rats (18 males and 18 females) were allocated into 3 groups, categorized as vehicle (10% Tween 20), 2000 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg of A. muricata respectively. Experimental rats fasted overnight (allowed free access to water) prior to treatment. Animals were observed for 30 min and at 2, 5, 24, and 48 h for any toxic signs, abnormal behaviors, or death. Afterward, rats fasted overnight on the 14th day and were sacrificed on the 15th day using general anesthesia, Ketamine (30 mg/kg, 100 mg/mL), and Xylazine (3 mg/kg, 100 mg/mL) [39]. Gross necropsies and histopathology were performed on livers and kidneys, and blood biochemical parameters were measured following usual procedures as described by a previous study [40].

2.8. Gross Appearance of Liver

Livers were excised and promptly rinsed in cold phosphate buffer saline, blotted on filter paper, weighed using an electrical digital balance, and carefully inspected for any gross pathological changes by taking images [32].

2.9. Histopathology of Liver Tissue

Hepatic tissue slices were placed in freshly prepared 10% phosphate-buffered formalin (PBF) overnight for complete fixation, trimmed to small parts, re-fixed in PBF, and embedded in paraffin using a mechanical processing machine. Slices at 5 µm thickness were stained with H&E [39] and Masson trichrome stains [41] for histopathological assessment.

2.10. Immunohistochemical Staining

Poly-L-lysine-treated glass slides were used for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining methods, as previously described in detail [22,34].

2.11. Liver Tissue Homogenate for Endogenous Enzymes

A lobe of liver was rinsed instantly with cold PBS and normalized in cold PBS pH 7.2 by a Teflon homogenizer. The remaining tissues were divided by centrifuge at 3500 rpm for 15 min at −4 °C. Supernatants were analyzed for the activity assessment of SOD, CAT, and MDA levels (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) based on the manufacturer’s protocol (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) [42].

2.12. Biochemical Parameters

After two months, rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed under general anesthesia using Ketamine and Xylazine [40]. Blood was collected through an intracardiac puncture, placed in gel-activated tubes, centrifuged, and examined at the Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory of the University Malaya Hospital for liver biomarker parameters [43].

2.13. Statistics

Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) through post hoc assessment by Tukey multiple judgments in the PASW database (version 25) for Windows (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). The values were designated as mean ± S.E.M.; a result worth p < 0.05 was considered significant.

3. Results

3.1. Acute Toxicity Trial

Rats fed by A. muricata at a dose of 2 g/kg and 5 g/kg were observed for 2 weeks. Rats were continuously active and there were no significant signs of toxicity, atypical symbols, alteration of behavioral patterns, body mass deviations, or gross discovery noticed throughout the entire experiment. There was no mortality in both dosages towards the end of 14 days. A histopathological investigation of the liver and kidney and blood biochemical markers showed no substantial alterations among the various groups (Figure 1 and Table 1. Based on the findings of the current study, A. muricata was not toxic at either dosage.

3.2. Effect of A. muricata in Thioacetamide (TAA) Produced Liver Fibrosis

3.2.1. Body Weight, Liver Mass, and Liver Index

The weight of rats in the TAA control group was significantly lower and they showed increased liver bulk in contrast to the normal control group. Rats fed with silymarin or A. muricata expressively revealed improvements in body mass and a decline in their liver weight (Table 2).

3.2.2. Gross Appearance of Liver

The macroscopic appearance of the hepatotoxic (thioacetamide (TAA) control) liver presented coarse, uneven granular surface with micro-nodules. Silymarin and A. muricata-fed rats exhibited nearly smooth and even surfaces without micronodules (Figure 2). The normal control group had even and smooth-surfaced livers. Rats fed by silymarin or A. muricata remarkably enhanced the recovery of liver structure from impairment caused by TAA and protected the liver from additional corrosion.

3.3. Histopathological Examination of Liver Sections

The normal control group showed intact livers, and histological examination revealed ordinary cellular construction (Figure 2). However, the histology of the TAA control group disclosed severe liver injury as proved by the existence of inflammatory cell and mononuclear infiltrate, necrotic tissue, fibrosis and collagen production, the propagation of hepatic cells, bile ducts, and the vacuolation of cytoplasm. The regeneration of micro- and macro-nodules bound by fibrous connective tissues separated the liver into pseudo lobules (Figure 2).
A. muricata or silymarin-fed groups displayed significantly minor impairment in contrast to the widespread liver injuries initiated in the TAA control group. A. muricata or Silymarin prohibited inflammation, edema, mononuclear cell accumulation, necrotizing hepatocytes, and connective tissue fiber propagation which is produced by TAA.
Subsequently, liver architecture conserved their closely typical hepatic lobular construction. Outcomes verified the defensive roles of A. muricata or silymarin in contradiction to TAA-induced liver injury. A histopathology review of hepatic slices of rats nourished by A. muricata or silymarin exposed diminished grades of cirrhosis, nevertheless slighter necrotized regions, micronodules, and minor quantities of vacuoles in the cytoplasm and nucleic damage (Figure 2).

3.4. Immunohistochemistry Stain

The importance of A. muricata on cellular propagation and subsequent TAA-induced liver impairment was observed via the immunostaining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in hepatic and spleen sections using an anti-PCNA antibody. Liver or spleen cells of the normal control group exhibited no PCNA discoloration, representing that there is no occurrence of cell renewal. On the contrary, hepatic or spleen cells in the hepatotoxic group had over-expressed PCNA and a raised mitotic index, signifying dissemination to the restoration of extensive injuries of liver and spleen structures made by TAA intoxication. A. muricata or silymarin groups had reduced hepatocytes and spleen cell renewal compared to the hepatotoxic control rats, for example, designated by a reduction in PCNA staining appearance and a substantial decrease in mitotic index, signifying the lower degree of necrotized hepatocytes and spleen cell propagation than of apoptosis (Figure 3, Table 3).
Thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury and the importance of A. muricata were examined by the immunohistochemical staining of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression in the liver parenchyma utilizing specific antibodies. The normal control group showed the down-regulation of α-SMA staining, which indicates no occurrence of cell regeneration (Figure 4). On the contrary, the hepatotoxic control group had an outstanding α-SMA appearance signifying up-regulation of these proteins with a higher level of hepatocyte fibrosis. The hepatotoxic control group elevated the mitotic figure index significantly, suggesting the proliferation of the regeneration of widespread hepatic damage induced by TAA. Rats fed 500 mg/kg A. muricata extract had reduced hepatic cell revitalization in comparison to the hepatotoxic control group, as indicated by α-SMA and TGF-β1 appearance and a significant drop-off in the mitotic index. These results were comparatively similar to that of the silymarin-treated group. A. muricata resisted hepatocyte fibrosis by down-regulating α-SMA expression. Rats fed with 250 mg /kg A. muricata extracts, however, exhibited mild to moderate expressions of α-SMA and TGF-β1 within the hepatocytes with a significant decrease in the mitotic figure index, but not analogous to the silymarin-treated group. These results suggest that A. muricata had an estimable hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting the fibrosis of hepatocytes and ameliorating propagation.

3.5. Effect of A. muricata on Liver Antioxidant Enzyme and Oxidative Stress (Malondialdehyde (MDA)) Levels

Liver homogenates of the hepatotoxic group revealed pointedly condensed SOD and CAT activities in contrast to rats fed with A. muricata. A. muricata significantly restored the SOD and CAT activities by protecting the tissues from the hepatotoxic effects of TAA. However, MDA quantity upsurges in homogenized materials signify a subsidiary guide of lipid peroxidation. The MDA of liver tissue homogenate was significantly high in the TAA control group. However, the administration of this plant extract significantly decreased the level of MDA (Figure 5).

3.6. Effect of A. muricata on Biochemical Markers

The alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin were significantly elevated in the TAA control group compared to the silymarin or A. muricata groups. However, albumin and total protein were significantly lesser in the TAA control group compared to rats who received silymarin or A. muricata (Table 4). The levels of liver function biomarkers were significantly decreased by A. muricata or silymarin feeding.

4. Discussion

In the present study, an oral acute toxicity trial of A. muricata on experimental rats discovered that there was no mortality during the test in animals fed with A. muricata extract relative to the normal control group, approving the harmless plant extract. Correspondingly, many studies by different researchers using diverse plant extracts have exhibited its harmlessness, and no sign of toxicity was noticed [6,44,45,46,47,48].
In the hepatotoxic group, there was a significant decrease in body weight accompanied by increased liver weight (hepatomegaly) compared to the normal control. Improved liver mass/body heaviness proportions in the hepatotoxic group could be attributed to the buildup of adipocytes and deterioration in the liver cells. Similarly, decreased body weight and increased liver weightiness in the hepatotoxic group were previously reported by different studies [1,4,37]. In contrast, A. muricata-fed rats reduced their liver weight to almost normal ranges compared to the hepatotoxic group. The decrease in the liver/body heaviness ratio perceived in A. muricata feeding may be owed to a decrease in hyperlipidemia [49] or might be due to reduced inflammation [50]. With the consistency of the results of our study, several researchers who used various plant extracts demonstrated a decrease in liver weight or body weight ratios compared to the hepatotoxic group [1,2,36,51].
Thioacetamide (TAA) injection produced liver cirrhosis in rats. However, rats fed with A. muricata could expressively hasten the retrieval of liver injury and significantly avoid the effects of TAA toxicity. The findings of this study are also in line with previous studies reported by several researchers using different medicinal plants in contradiction to TAA-induced liver impairment in rats [38,52,53,54]. Results of the current study showed condensed collagen production synthesis in A. muricata feeding, for example, Masson’s trichrome stain. In agreement with the results of the present study, several studies which used different medicinal plant extracts showed a reduction in collagen fibers against TAA-induced liver cirrhosis [2,23,36,55].
The discovery of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using immune-histochemistry approaches the most collective means to understand the multiplying action of tissues. PCNA has lately been recognized using the polymerase S addition protein [56]. In this study, the normal liver and spleen control group or silymarin-fed group exhibited no significant PCNA discoloration, signifying the nonappearance of cell renewal. The over-regulation of PCNA appearance in hepatocytes or spleen cells was noticed in the hepatotoxic group, representing extensive propagation and probable efforts to restore tissue injury [37]. Alternatively, rats fed with silymarin or A. muricata showed significantly diminished cell proliferation quantities because of a decrease in PCNA staining.
In the TAA-induced hepatotoxic rats, TAA caused the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the stimulation of hepatic satellite cells (HSC), a major factor for the ECM in chronic liver cirrhosis and the up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The initiation of HSC comes with the cell propagation and upgrading of ECM production, and the occurrence of α-SMA in myofibroblasts. The results of the current study revealed that A. muricata supplementation caused the down-regulation of α-SMA compared to the hepatotoxic group, which showed a significant up-regulation of α-SMA. A. muricata significantly reduced the HSC activation by decreasing the rate of ROS production. Similar results have been reported on the efficiency of medicinal plants in the down-regulation of α-SMA in TAA-induced liver cirrhosis [33,57,58].
In the liver tissue homogenate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were meaningfully condensed in the hepatotoxic group in contrast to the normal control group. In the hepatotoxic group, both enzymes were architecturally deteriorating due to free radical-resultant liver impairment [59]. In the meantime, A. muricata notably raised the concentration of serum CAT and SOD, defending the liver from the harmful effects of free radicals compared to the hepatotoxic group. Similar results have been reported previously by several researchers [7,18,36,53]. Lipid peroxidation is a commonly harmful process [60]. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels elevated in tissue signify lipid peroxidation. A rise in MDA increases lipid peroxidation, causing injury to anti-oxidant protection apparatuses to avoid the development of extra free radicals [61]. The current investigation displayed that TAA produced a rise in MDA quantity, which was encouragingly reduced by A. muricata extract. Similar results have been earlier reported by previous studies [32,38]. Decreased hepatic SOD and CAT activities in the TAA control group may perhaps clarify increased MDA.
The hepatotoxic group was associated with a noticeable upsurge in blood markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin levels. The elevation in serum liver biomarkers reflects hepatocellular injury. These values were significantly reduced, to approximately close to normal values in A. muricata-fed groups. Comparable explanations of serum liver indicator enhancement by using different medicinal plants were formerly informed by previous studies [32,53]. The hepatoprotective action may be because of its effect on cell leakage and damage to the hepatic cell sheath. TAA is stated to hinder RNA’s drive from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, initiating casing injury, which results in an increase in serum liver indicators [38]
In our research, the total protein and total albumin quantities in serum were distinctly reduced in the hepatotoxic group. However, silymarin or A. muricata feeding groups bring these proteins back to a nearly normal level. Similarly, various researchers showed that rats who were treated with silymarin or several plant extracts showed normal levels of albumin and protein [27,31,37].

5. Conclusions

Based on the results of the present study, A. muricata revealed an expressively hepatoprotective effect in the inhibition of TAA-induced hepatic damage in rats, as shown by macroscopic appearance, histology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical liver parameters. A. muricata dramatically increased the serum activity of CAT and SOD and significantly attenuated hepatic MDA. The extracts of A. muricata effectively prevent TAA-induced liver cirrhosis by the marked downregulation of hepatic PCNA, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression. The defensive result of A. muricata against TAA-induced hepatotoxicity could be due to its capacity to avoid hepatocyte propagation, decrease oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and its antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A.A., S.H.S. and I.A.A.I.; data curation, M.A.A.; formal analysis, A.A.J.; investigation, S.H.S. and M.A.A.; methodology, S.H.S. and M.H.A.-M.; software, S.H.S. and A.R.A.; supervision, M.A.A.; visualization, M.H.A.-M. and S.H.S.; writing—original draft, M.A.A. and S.H.S.; writing—review and editing, M.A.A., S.H.S., A.A.J., I.A.A.I. and M.H.A.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University/Saudi Arabia, grant number 22UQU4331277DSR02.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data supporting the current study are available on request.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code: (22UQU4331277DSR02).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Bardi, D.A.; Halabi, M.F.; Abdullah, N.A.; Rouhollahi, E.; Hajrezaie, M.; Abdulla, M.A. In Vivo Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Zingiber officinale Rhizomes for Its Protective Effect against Liver Cirrhosis. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 2013, 918460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Kadir, F.A.; Kassim, N.M.; Abdulla, M.A.; Kamalidehghan, B.; Ahmadipour, F.; Yehye, W.A. PASS-predicted hepatoprotective activity of Caesalpinia sappan in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 301879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Alshawsh, M.A.; Abdulla, M.A.; Amin, Z.A. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Underlying Molecular Mechanism of Hepatoprotective Effect of Orthosiphon stamineus and Morinda citrifolia on Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. In Public Health Genomics; Karger: Basel, Switzerland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
  4. Azab, A.E.; Albasha, M.O. Hepatoprotective effect of some medicinal plants and herbs against hepatic disorders induced by hepatotoxic agents. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2018, 2, 8–23. [Google Scholar]
  5. Hamdy, S.M.; Shaaban, A.M.; El-Khayaht, Z.A.; Farrag, A.R.; El-Sayed, M. Therapeutic effect of Moringa oleifera pods extract and Raspberry ketone against Thioacetamide toxicity in male rats. Biochem. Lett. 2019, 14, 49–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Shareef, S.H.; Ibrahim, I.A.A.; Alzahrani, A.R.; Al-Medhtiy, M.H.; Abdulla, M.A. Hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extract of green tea against Thioacetamide-Induced liver injury in Sprague Dawley rats. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 29, 564–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Rouhollahi, E.; Karimian, H.; Fadaeinasab, M.; Abdulla, M.A.; Kadir, H.A. Gastroprotective activity of Annona muricata leaves against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats via Hsp70/Bax involvement. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 2014, 8, 2099. [Google Scholar]
  8. Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Rouhollahi, E.; Karimian, H.; Fadaeinasab, M.; Firoozinia, M.; Abdulla, M.A.; Kadir, H.A. The Chemopotential Effect of Annona muricata Leaves against Azoxymethane-Induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rats and the Apoptotic Effect of Acetogenin Annomuricin E in HT-29 Cells: A Bioassay-Guided Approach. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0122288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Yajid, A.I.; Ab Rahman, H.S.; Wong, M.P.K.; Zain, W.Z.W. Potential Benefits of Annona muricata in Combating Cancer: A Review. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 2018, 25, 5–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Djarot, P.; Badar, M. Formulation and Production of Granule from Annona Muricata Fruit Juice as Antihypertensive Instant Drink. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2017, 9, 18–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Damayanti, D.S.; Utomo, D.H.; Kusuma, C. Revealing the potency of Annona muricata leaves extract as FOXO1 inhibitor for diabetes mellitus treatment through computational study. Silico Pharmacol. 2017, 5, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Pai, B.M. Anti-microbial Efficacy of Soursop Leaf Extract ( Annona muricata ) on Oral Pathogens: An In-vitro Study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016, 10, ZC01–ZC04. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Rosdi, M.N.; Daud, N.N.; Zulkifli, R.M.; Yaakob, H. Annona muricata Linn leaves extract cytotoxicity effect on Capan-1cells. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 5, 45–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Sun, S.; Liu, J.; Sun, X.; Zhu, W.; Yang, F.; Felczak, L.; Dou, Q.P.; Zhou, K. Novel Annonaceous acetogenins from Graviola (Annona muricata) fruits with strong anti-proliferative activity. Tetrahedron Lett. 2017, 58, 1895–1899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Karimian, H.; Rouhollahi, E.; Paydar, M.; Fadaeinasab, M.; Kadir, H.A. Annona muricata leaves induce G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in human HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 156, 277–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Adewole, S.; Ojewole, J. Protective effects of Annona muricata linn. (Annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on serum lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2010, 6, 30–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. De Sousa, O.V.; Vieira, G.D.-V.; Pinho, J.D.J.R.G.D.; Yamamoto, C.H.; Alves, M.S. Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Annona muricata L. Leaves in Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2067–2078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. George, V.C.; Kumar, D.R.N.; Suresh, P.K.; Kumar, R.A. Antioxidant, DNA protective efficacy and HPLC analysis of Annona muricata (soursop) extracts. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 52, 2328–2335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Foong, C.P.; Hamid, R.A. Hamid, Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata leaves. Rev. Bras. De Farmacogn. 2012, 22, 1301–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Abenavoli, L.; Izzo, A.A.; Milić, N.; Cicala, C.; Santini, A.; Capasso, R. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases. Phytother. Res. 2018, 32, 2202–2213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Wong, W.-L.; Abdulla, M.A.; Chua, K.H.; Kuppusamy, U.R.; Tan, Y.S.; Sabaratnam, V. Hepatoprotective effects of Panus giganteus (Berk.) corner against thioacetamide-(TAA-) induced liver injury in rats. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 170303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Salama, S.M.; Abdulla, M.A.; AlRashdi, A.S.; Hadi, A.H.A. Mechanism of hepatoprotective effect of Boesenbergia rotunda in thioacetamide-induced liver damage in rats. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 157456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Salama, S.M.; Abdulla, M.A.; AlRashdi, A.S.; Ismail, S.; Alkiyumi, S.S.; Golbabapour, S. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa on thioacetamide induced liver cirrhosis in rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 13, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Rouhollahi, E.; Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Hajiaghaalipour, F.; Zahedifard, M.; Tayeby, F.; Awang, K.; Abdulla, M.A.; Mohamed, Z. Curcuma purpurascens BI. rhizome accelerates rat excisional wound healing: Involvement of Hsp70/Bax proteins, antioxidant defense, and angiogenesis activity. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 2015, 9, 5805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Bagherniya, M.; Nobili, V.; Blesso, C.N.; Sahebkar, A. Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A clinical review. Pharmacol. Res. 2018, 130, 213–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Kadir, F.A.; Kassim, N.M.; Abdulla, M.A.; Yehye, W.A. Corrigendum to “Hepatoprotective Role of Ethanolic Extract of Vitex negundo in Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Male Rats”. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 2018, 8464628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Mousa, A.A.; El-Gansh, H.A.I.; Eldaim, M.A.A.; Mohamed, M.A.E.-G.; Morsi, A.H.; El Sabagh, H.S. Protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves ethanolic extract against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via modulation of cellular antioxidant, apoptotic and inflammatory markers. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 32488–32504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Luster, M.I.; Simeonova, P.P.; Gallucci, R.M.; Matheson, J.M.; Yucesoy, B. Immunotoxicology: Role of inflammation in chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 2000, 22, 1143–1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Uskokovic-Markovic, S.; Milenković, M.; Topić, A.; Kotur-Stevuljević, J.; Stefanović, A.; Stankovic, J.A. Protective effects of tungstophosphoric acid and sodium tungstate on chemically induced liver necrosis in wistar rats. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 10, 340–349. [Google Scholar]
  30. Ramaiah, S.K.; Apte, U.; Mehendale, H.M. Cytochrome P4502E1 induction increases thioacetamide liver injury in diet-restricted rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2001, 29, 1088–1095. [Google Scholar]
  31. Kadir, F.A.; Othman, F.; Abdulla, M.A.; Hussan, F.; Hassandarvish, P. Effect of tinospora crispa on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2011, 43, 64–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Bardi, D.A.; Halabi, M.F.; Hassandarvish, P.; Rouhollahi, E.; Paydar, M.; Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Al-Wajeeh, N.S.; Ablat, A.; Abdullah, N.A.; Abdulla, M.A. Andrographis paniculata Leaf Extract Prevents Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e109424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Yang, H.Y.; Kim, K.S.; Lee, Y.H.; Park, J.H.; Kim, J.-H.; Lee, S.-Y.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kim, I.S.; Kacew, S.; Lee, B.M.; et al. Dendropanax morbifera Ameliorates Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis via TGF-β1/Smads Pathways. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2019, 15, 800–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Abood, W.N.; Bradosty, S.W.; Shaikh, F.K.; Salehen, N.; Farghadani, R.; Agha, N.F.S.; Al-Medhtiy, M.H.; Kamil, T.D.A.; Agha, A.S.; Abdulla, M.A. Garcinia mangostana peel extracts exhibit hepatoprotective activity against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. J. Funct. Foods 2020, 74, 104200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Council, N.R. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  36. Amin, Z.A.; Bilgen, M.; Alshawsh, M.A.; Ali, H.M.; Hadi, A.H.A.; Abdulla, M.A. Protective Role of Phyllanthus niruri Extract against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rat Model. Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 241583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Salama, S.M.; Bilgen, M.; Al Rashdi, A.S.; Abdulla, M.A. Efficacy ofBoesenbergia rotundaTreatment against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in a Rat Model. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 137083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Alshawsh, M.A.; Abdulla, M.A.; Ismail, S.; Amin, Z.A. Hepatoprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus extract on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2011, 2011, 103039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Farghadani, R.; Seifaddinipour, M.; Rajarajeswaran, J.; Abdulla, M.A.; Hashim, N.B.M.; Khaing, S.L.; Salehen, N.B. In vivo acute toxicity evaluation and in vitro molecular mechanism study of antiproliferative activity of a novel indole Schiff base β-diiminato manganeseIII complex in hormone-dependent and triple negative breast cancer cells. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Alsalahi, A.; Abdulla, M.A.; Al-Mamary, M.; Noordin, M.I.; Abdelwahab, S.I.; Alabsi, A.M.; Shwter, A.; Alshawsh, M.A. Toxicological Features of Catha edulis (Khat) on Livers and Kidneys of Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Subchronic Study. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 829401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Hajiaghaalipour, F.; Kanthimathi, M.S.; Abdulla, M.A.; Sanusi, J. The effect of Camellia sinensis on wound healing potential in an animal model. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 386734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Wasman, S.Q.; Mahmood, A.A.; Chua, L.S.; Alshawsh, M.; Hamdan, S. Antioxidant and gastroprotective activities of Andrographis paniculata (Hempedu Bumi) in Sprague Dawley rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2011, 49, 767–772. [Google Scholar]
  43. Alnajar, Z.A.A.; Abdulla, M.A.; Ali, H.M.; Alshawsh, M.A.; Hadi, A.H.A. Acute Toxicity Evaluation, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects of Melastoma malabathricum. Molecules 2012, 17, 3547–3559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Abdulla, M.; Al-Bayaty, F.H.; Younis, L.T.; Abu Hassan, M.I. Anti-ulcer activity of Centella asiatica leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 4, 1253–1259. [Google Scholar]
  45. Almagrami, A.A.; Alshawsh, M.A.; Saif-Ali, R.; Shwter, A.; Salem, S.D.; Abdulla, M.A. Evaluation of Chemopreventive Effects of Acanthus ilicifolius against Azoxymethane-Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci in the Rat Colon. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e96004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Karimian, H.; Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Fadaeinasab, M.; Golbabapour, S.; Razavi, M.; Hajrezaie, M.; Arya, A.; Abdulla, M.A.; Mohan, S.; Ali, H.M.; et al. Ferulago angulata activates intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells associated with G1 cell cycle arrest via involvement of p21/p. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 2014, 8, 1481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Hajrezaie, M.; Salehen, N.; Karimian, H.; Zahedifard, M.; Shams, K.; Al Batran, R.; Majid, N.A.; Khalifa, S.A.M.; Ali, H.M.; El-Seedi, H.; et al. Biochanin A Gastroprotective Effects in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Ulceration in Rats. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0121529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Saremi, K.; Rad, S.K.; Tayeby, F.; Abdulla, M.A.; Karimian, H.; Majid, N.A. Gastroprotective activity of a novel Schiff base derived dibromo substituted compound against ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions in rats. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2019, 20, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Kadnur, S.V.; Goyal, R.K. Beneficial effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe on fructose induced hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2005, 43, 1161–1164. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  50. Aoyama, T.; Inokuchi, S.; Brenner, D.A.; Seki, E. CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 2010, 52, 1390–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. El-Baz, F.K.; Salama, A.; Salama, R.A.A. Therapeutic Effect of Dunaliella salina Microalgae on Thioacetamide- (TAA-) Induced Hepatic Liver Fibrosis in Rats: Role of TGF-β and MMP9. BioMed Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 7028314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Moghadamtousi, S.Z.; Rouhollahi, E.; Hajrezaie, M.; Karimian, H.; Abdulla, M.A.; Kadir, H.A. Annona muricata leaves accelerate wound healing in rats via involvement of Hsp70 and antioxidant defence. Int. J. Surg. 2015, 18, 110–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Salama, S.M.; Ibrahim, I.A.A.; Shahzad, N.; Al-Ghamdi, S.; Ayoub, N.; AlRashdi, A.S.; Abdulla, M.A.; Salehen, N.; Bilgen, M. Hepatoprotectivity of Panduratin A against liver damage: In vivo demonstration with a rat model of cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide. APMIS 2018, 126, 710–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Ra, S.-H.; Shin, R.-H.; Ri, H.-C.; Ri, J.-H.; Ri, H.-C.; Ri, A.-J. Effect of lesimarin against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rat. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2019, 55, e17821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Kaur, S.; Sharma, D.; Singh, A.P.; Kaur, S. Amelioration of hepatic function, oxidative stress, and histopathologic damages by Cassia fistula L. fraction in thioacetamide-induced liver toxicity. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 29930–29945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Takasaki, Y. Anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody. Nihon rinsho. Jpn. J. Clin. Med. 2010, 68, 578–581. [Google Scholar]
  57. Younis, N.S.; Ghanim, A.M.; Elmorsy, M.A.; Metwaly, H.A. Taurine ameliorates thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats via modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 12296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Alkreathy, H.M.; Esmat, A. Lycorine Ameliorates Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats: Emphasis on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and STAT3 Inhibition Effects. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Georgieva, N.; Gadjeva, V.; Tolekova, A.; Georgieva, N.; Gadjeva, V. New isonicotinoylhydrazones with SSA protect against oxidative-hepatic injury of isoniazid. TJS 2004, 2, 37–43. [Google Scholar]
  60. Knight, T.R.; Fariss, M.W.; Farhood, A.; Jaeschke, H. Role of lipid peroxidation as a mechanism of liver injury after acetaminophen overdose in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 76, 229–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Tang, S.-P.; Mao, X.-L.; Chen, Y.-H.; Yan, L.-L.; Ye, L.-P.; Li, S.-W. Reactive Oxygen Species Induce Fatty Liver and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Inflammation and Cell Death. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 2029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Processes 10 01613 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of A. muricata extract on histological sections of the liver (1st column) and kidney (2nd column) from acute toxicity test in rats. (A,B) Normal control group, (C,D) rats fed with 2 g/kg of A. muricata extract, (E,F) rats fed with 5 g/kg of A. muricata extract. There is no significant alteration in the architecture of the livers and kidneys between the treated and control groups (Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, 20x).
Figure 1. Effect of A. muricata extract on histological sections of the liver (1st column) and kidney (2nd column) from acute toxicity test in rats. (A,B) Normal control group, (C,D) rats fed with 2 g/kg of A. muricata extract, (E,F) rats fed with 5 g/kg of A. muricata extract. There is no significant alteration in the architecture of the livers and kidneys between the treated and control groups (Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, 20x).
Processes 10 01613 g001
Processes 10 01613 g002 550
Figure 2. Influences of A. muricata extract on thioacetamide-induced liver injury in experimental rats. (A) Normal control group, (B) rats treated with thioacetamide (hepatotoxic group), (C) rats treated with thioacetamide + silymarin, (D) rats treated with thioacetamide + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, and (E) Rats treated with thioacetamide + 500 mg/kg A. muricata. (GA) Gross morphology, (H&E) Hematoxylin and Eosin stain 20x, (MT) Masson trichrome stain 20x.
Figure 2. Influences of A. muricata extract on thioacetamide-induced liver injury in experimental rats. (A) Normal control group, (B) rats treated with thioacetamide (hepatotoxic group), (C) rats treated with thioacetamide + silymarin, (D) rats treated with thioacetamide + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, and (E) Rats treated with thioacetamide + 500 mg/kg A. muricata. (GA) Gross morphology, (H&E) Hematoxylin and Eosin stain 20x, (MT) Masson trichrome stain 20x.
Processes 10 01613 g002
Processes 10 01613 g003 550
Figure 3. Immunohistochemistry stain (PCNA) of liver and spleen. Impacts of A. muricata extract on thioacetamide-induced liver and spleen injuries in experimental rats. (A) Normal control group, no PCNA staining (downregulation); (B) rats treated with thioacetamide (hepatotoxic group), PCNA expression hepatocyte nuclei (up-regulation); (C) rats treated with thioacetamide + silymarin, mild PCNA expression of hepatocytes nuclei (down-regulation); (D) rats treated with thioacetamide + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, mild to moderate expression PCNA-positive hepatocyte nuclei (down-regulation); and (E) rats treated with thioacetamide + 500 mg/kg A. muricata mild PCNA expression hepatocyte nuclei (down-regulation) (PCNA stain, magnification 40x).
Figure 3. Immunohistochemistry stain (PCNA) of liver and spleen. Impacts of A. muricata extract on thioacetamide-induced liver and spleen injuries in experimental rats. (A) Normal control group, no PCNA staining (downregulation); (B) rats treated with thioacetamide (hepatotoxic group), PCNA expression hepatocyte nuclei (up-regulation); (C) rats treated with thioacetamide + silymarin, mild PCNA expression of hepatocytes nuclei (down-regulation); (D) rats treated with thioacetamide + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, mild to moderate expression PCNA-positive hepatocyte nuclei (down-regulation); and (E) rats treated with thioacetamide + 500 mg/kg A. muricata mild PCNA expression hepatocyte nuclei (down-regulation) (PCNA stain, magnification 40x).
Processes 10 01613 g003
Processes 10 01613 g004 550
Figure 4. Immunohistochemistry: Effects of A. muricata extract on α-SMA staining in the liver. (A) Normal control group, no α-SMA expression (down-regulation); (B) rats treated with thioacetamide (hepatotoxic group), α-SMA expression of hepatocytes (up-regulation); (C) rats treated with thioacetamide + silymarin, mild α-SMA expression (down-regulation); (D) rats treated with thioacetamide + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, mild α-SMA expression (down-regulation), and (E) rats treated with thioacetamide + 500 mg/kg A. muricata, (down-regulation) (α-SMA stain, magnification 40x). TGF-β1 staining: (A) Normal control group, no TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation); (B) TAA-treated group, TGF-β1 expression of hepatocytes was seen (up-regulation); (C) TAA + Silymarin group, mild TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation), (D) TAA + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, mild TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation); (E) TAA + 500 mg/kg A. muricata, mild TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation) (TGF-β1 stain, magnification 40x).
Figure 4. Immunohistochemistry: Effects of A. muricata extract on α-SMA staining in the liver. (A) Normal control group, no α-SMA expression (down-regulation); (B) rats treated with thioacetamide (hepatotoxic group), α-SMA expression of hepatocytes (up-regulation); (C) rats treated with thioacetamide + silymarin, mild α-SMA expression (down-regulation); (D) rats treated with thioacetamide + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, mild α-SMA expression (down-regulation), and (E) rats treated with thioacetamide + 500 mg/kg A. muricata, (down-regulation) (α-SMA stain, magnification 40x). TGF-β1 staining: (A) Normal control group, no TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation); (B) TAA-treated group, TGF-β1 expression of hepatocytes was seen (up-regulation); (C) TAA + Silymarin group, mild TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation), (D) TAA + 250 mg/kg A. muricata, mild TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation); (E) TAA + 500 mg/kg A. muricata, mild TGF-β1 expression (down-regulation) (TGF-β1 stain, magnification 40x).
Processes 10 01613 g004
Processes 10 01613 g005 550
Figure 5. Effects of A. muricata extracts on antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) and MDA levels in the liver. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. Means among groups (n = 6 rate/group) show the significant differences examined using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons test. **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.005 above columns specify significant differences from the normal control group and above lines for the differences between treated groups. ns p > 0.05 denotes non-significant differences. a. Normal Control, b. TAA Control (200 mg/kg), c. Silymarin (50 mg/kg) + TAA, d. A. muricata (250 mg/kg) + TAA, e. A. muricata (500 mg/kg) + TAA.
Figure 5. Effects of A. muricata extracts on antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) and MDA levels in the liver. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. Means among groups (n = 6 rate/group) show the significant differences examined using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons test. **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.005 above columns specify significant differences from the normal control group and above lines for the differences between treated groups. ns p > 0.05 denotes non-significant differences. a. Normal Control, b. TAA Control (200 mg/kg), c. Silymarin (50 mg/kg) + TAA, d. A. muricata (250 mg/kg) + TAA, e. A. muricata (500 mg/kg) + TAA.
Processes 10 01613 g005
Table
Table 1. (A) Acute toxicity test: Influences of Annona muricata extract on liver biochemical markers in rats. (B) Acute toxicity test: Effects of Annona muricata extract on kidney biochemical parameters in rats.
Table 1. (A) Acute toxicity test: Influences of Annona muricata extract on liver biochemical markers in rats. (B) Acute toxicity test: Effects of Annona muricata extract on kidney biochemical parameters in rats.
(A)
Animal GroupsALP
(IU/L)		ALT
(IU/L)		AST
(IU/L)		T. Bilirubin
(µmol/L)		T. Protein
(g/L)		Albumin
(g/L)
Normal control
10% Tween 20		73 ± 2.89 a38 ± 2.36 b58 ± 2.36 c1.12 ± 0.23 d70 ± 3.22 a25 ± 1.41 e
A. muricata 2 g/kg68.16 ± 2.83 a40.16 ± 2.85 b61.16 ± 2.31 c1.15 ± 0.04 d68.20 ± 3.71 a23.34 ± 2.22 e
A. muricata 5 g/kg74 ± 3.40 a37 ± 1.78 b57 ± 1.75 c1.11 ± 0.02 d73.16 ± 2.31 a22.16 ± 2.29 e
(B)
Animal GroupsSodium
mmol/L		Potassium
mmol/L		Chloride
mmol/L		Urea
mmol/L		Creatinine
µmol/L
Normal control
10% Tween 20		140 ± 3.46 a4.9 ± 0.28 b105 ± 5.059 b4.16 ± 0.10 a40.83 ± 3.76 a
A. muricate 2 g/kg144.16 ± 3.65 a5.01 ± 3.65 b135.5 ± 46.98 a5.02 ± 0.32 a38.36 ± 2.95 a
A. muricate 5 g/kg139.16 ± 4.26 a5.12 ± 0.30 b98.16 ± 3.71 b4.93 ± 0.47 a40.63 ± 2.30 a
(A) Data were expressed as mean ± S.E.M There is no statistically important alteration between different groups. A similar letter within the same column means not significant at p < 0.05. (B) Values were stated as mean ± S.E.M. There are no statistically significant changes among diverse groups. Different letters within the same column are considered significant at p < 0.05.
Table
Table 2. Effect of A. muricata on body weight, liver weight, and liver index in TAA-induced liver injury in rats after 2 months.
Table 2. Effect of A. muricata on body weight, liver weight, and liver index in TAA-induced liver injury in rats after 2 months.
Animal GroupsBody Weight (g)Liver Weight (g)Liver Index (%) LW/BW%
Normal control335.17 ± 7.35 a10.15 ± 0.04 a33 ± 0.65 a
TAA control (200 mg/kg)167.91 ± 3.11 d12.53 ± 0.05 b14 ± 0.82 d
Silymarin (50 mg/kg) + TAA317.37 ± 5.53 b10.26 ± 0.08 a31 ± 0.63 b
A. muricata (250 mg/kg) + TAA245.31 ± 3.83 c10.31 ± 0.05 a24 ± 0.41 c
A. muricata (500 mg/kg) + TAA268 ± 4.30 c10.55 ± 0.03 a26 ± 0.55 c
Mean value ± SEM (n = 6). Values indicated by different superscripts within the same column are significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference test at a p < 0.05 significance level.
Table
Table 3. Effect of A. muricata on the PCNA staining of liver and spleen sections and the mitotic index of the liver.
Table 3. Effect of A. muricata on the PCNA staining of liver and spleen sections and the mitotic index of the liver.
Animal GroupsLiver PCNA StainLiver Mitotic IndexSpleen PCNA Stain
Normal Control0.000.000.00
TAA Control (200 mg/kg)31 ± 4.77 d78.16 ± 3.71 d82.16 ± 4.70 c
Silymarin (50 mg/kg) + TAA1 ± 0.63 a20.16 ± 2.31 a2.18 ± 0.95 a
A. muricata (250 mg/kg) + TAA2 ± 0.89 b33.16 ± 2.63 c18.5 ± 1.87 b
A. muricata (500 mg/kg) + TAA3.16 ± 1.47 c26.16 ± 1.47 b2.16 ± 0.98 a
Percentage of labeled hepatic cells per 1000 liver cells. Mean value ± SEM (n = 6). Values indicated by different superscripts within the same column are significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference test at p < 0.05 significance level. There are no statistically significant changes among diverse groups.
Table
Table 4. Effects of A. muricata extracts on liver biochemical parameters in the serum of TAA-induced liver cirrhosis in rats.
Table 4. Effects of A. muricata extracts on liver biochemical parameters in the serum of TAA-induced liver cirrhosis in rats.
Animal GroupsALP
IU/L		ALT
IU/L		AST
IU/L		T. Bilirubin
(µmol/L)		Protein
g/L		Albumin
g/L
Normal Control
(10% Tween 20)		72.33 ± 2.10 a39.2 ± 2.38 a62.15 ± 2.5 a12.05 ± 0.19 a69.54 ± 1.84 a24.27 ± 1.24 a
TAA control (200 mg/kg)251.2 ± 2.73 d174 ± 3.01 d254.0 ± 2.4 d5.04 ± 0.03 d42.90 ± 3.31 c14.81 ± 2.07 e
Silymarin (50 mg/kg) + TAA78.45 ± 1.0 a45.5 ± 1.21 a68.87 ± 1.6 a1.38 ± 0.07 b62.65 ± 1.62 b21.53 ± 2.04 b
A. muricata (250 mg/kg) + TAA96.75 ± 1.44 c83.42 ± 1.3 c87.66 ± 1.5 c2.32 ± 0.07 c58.89 ± 1.01 b16.56 ± 1.17 d
A. muricata (500 mg/kg) + TAA80.57 ± 2.13 b51.77 ± 2.5 b73.75 ± 2.0 b1.28 ± 0.7 b61.52 ± 1.9 b19.47 ± 0.99 c
Mean value ± SEM (n = 6). Values indicated by different superscripts within the same column are significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference test at a p < 0.05 significance level.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Al-Medhtiy, M.H.; Jabbar, A.A.; Shareef, S.H.; Ibrahim, I.A.A.; Alzahrani, A.R.; Abdulla, M.A. Histopathological Evaluation of Annona muricata in TAA-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Processes 2022, 10, 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081613

AMA Style

Al-Medhtiy MH, Jabbar AA, Shareef SH, Ibrahim IAA, Alzahrani AR, Abdulla MA. Histopathological Evaluation of Annona muricata in TAA-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Processes. 2022; 10(8):1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081613

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Medhtiy, Morteta H., Ahmed Aj. Jabbar, Suhayla Hamad Shareef, Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim, Abdullah R. Alzahrani, and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla. 2022. "Histopathological Evaluation of Annona muricata in TAA-Induced Liver Injury in Rats" Processes 10, no. 8: 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081613

APA Style

Al-Medhtiy, M. H., Jabbar, A. A., Shareef, S. H., Ibrahim, I. A. A., Alzahrani, A. R., & Abdulla, M. A. (2022). Histopathological Evaluation of Annona muricata in TAA-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Processes, 10(8), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081613

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop