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Volume 7
Issue 12
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Processes, Volume 7, Issue 12 (December 2019) – 105 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The University of Perugia, Department of Engineering is managing different activities in the field of biogas production through anaerobic digestion. The Department is coordinating a LIFE 2016 project named i-REXFO on waste food reduction and reuse. In addition to this, the University of Perugia has tested an incubation system coupled to an anaerobic digestion reactor to enhance biogas and methane production. This underlines even more the importance of pretreatment on feedstock to promote anaerobic digestion process intensification (intended as all the techniques which can increase process efficiency and sustainability).View this paper.
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19 pages, 4117 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Refrigeration Efficiency by Combining Reinforcement Learning with a Coarse Model
by Dapeng Zhang and Zhiwei Gao
Processes 2019, 7(12), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120967 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3198
Abstract
It is paramount to improve operational conversion efficiency in air-conditioning refrigeration. It is noticed that control efficiency for model-based methods highly relies on the accuracy of the mechanism model, and data-driven methods would face challenges using the limited collected data to identify the [...] Read more.
It is paramount to improve operational conversion efficiency in air-conditioning refrigeration. It is noticed that control efficiency for model-based methods highly relies on the accuracy of the mechanism model, and data-driven methods would face challenges using the limited collected data to identify the information beyond. In this study, a hybrid novel approach is presented, which is to integrate a data-driven method with a coarse model. Specifically, reinforcement learning is used to exploit/explore the conversion efficiency of the refrigeration, and a coarse model is utilized to evaluate the reward, by which the requirement of the model accuracy is reduced and the model information is better used. The proposed approach is implemented based on a hierarchical control strategy which is divided into a process level and a loop level. The simulation of a test bed shows the proposed approach can achieve better conversion efficiency of refrigeration than the conventional methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Condition Monitoring, Optimization and Control for Complex Industrial Processes)
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15 pages, 1425 KiB  
Article
Characterizing a Newly Designed Steel-Wool-Based Household Filter for Safe Drinking Water Provision: Hydraulic Conductivity and Efficiency for Pathogen Removal
by Raoul Tepong-Tsindé, Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé, Chicgoua Noubactep, Achille Nassi and Hans Ruppert
Processes 2019, 7(12), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120966 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7112
Abstract
This study characterizes the decrease of the hydraulic conductivity (permeability loss) of a metallic iron-based household water filter (Fe0 filter) for a duration of 12 months. A commercial steel wool (SW) is used as Fe0 source. The Fe0 unit containing [...] Read more.
This study characterizes the decrease of the hydraulic conductivity (permeability loss) of a metallic iron-based household water filter (Fe0 filter) for a duration of 12 months. A commercial steel wool (SW) is used as Fe0 source. The Fe0 unit containing 300 g of SW was sandwiched between two conventional biological sand filters (BSFs). The working solution was slightly turbid natural well water polluted with pathogens (total coliform = 1950 UFC mL−1) and contaminated with nitrate ([NO3−] = 24.0 mg L−1). The system was monitored twice per month for pH value, removal of nitrate, coliforms, and turbidity, the iron concentration, as well as the permeability loss. Results revealed a quantitative removal of coliform (>99%), nitrate (>99%) and turbidity (>96%). The whole column effluent depicted drinking water quality. The permeability loss after one year of operation was about 40%, and the filter was still producing 200 L of drinking water per day at a flow velocity of 12.5 L h−1. A progressive increase of the effluent pH value was also recorded from about 5.0 (influent) to 8.4 at the end of the experiment. The effluent iron concentration was constantly lower than 0.2 mg L−1, which is within the drinking-water quality standards. This study presents an affordable design that can be one-to-one translated into the real world to accelerate the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals for safe drinking water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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19 pages, 4050 KiB  
Review
Plant and Biomass Extraction and Valorisation under Hydrodynamic Cavitation
by Zhilin Wu, Daniele F. Ferreira, Daniele Crudo, Valentina Bosco, Livio Stevanato, Annalisa Costale and Giancarlo Cravotto
Processes 2019, 7(12), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120965 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8038
Abstract
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a green technology that has been successfully used to intensify a number of process. The cavitation phenomenon is responsible for many effects, including improvements in mass transfer rates and effective cell-wall rupture, leading to matrix disintegration. HC is a [...] Read more.
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a green technology that has been successfully used to intensify a number of process. The cavitation phenomenon is responsible for many effects, including improvements in mass transfer rates and effective cell-wall rupture, leading to matrix disintegration. HC is a promising strategy for extraction processes and provides the fast and efficient recovery of valuable compounds from plants and biomass with high quality. It is a simple method with high energy efficiency that shows great potential for large-scale operations. This review presents a general discussion of the mechanisms of HC, its advantages, different reactor configurations, its applications in the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants, lipids from algal biomass and delignification of lignocellulosic biomass, and a case study in which the HC extraction of basil leftovers is compared with that of other extraction methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Hydrodynamic Cavitation: An Emerging Class of Greener Processing Technologies)
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16 pages, 2332 KiB  
Article
An Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Pathogens from Historical Samples for Six Countries
by Karen Li, Joanna Zheng, Thomas Deng, James Peng, Dagmar Daniel, Qian Jia and Zuyi Huang
Processes 2019, 7(12), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120964 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3667
Abstract
The spread of antimicrobial resistance pathogens in humans has increasingly become an issue that threatens public health. While the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database has been collecting clinical isolate samples over time for various countries, few studies have been done to [...] Read more.
The spread of antimicrobial resistance pathogens in humans has increasingly become an issue that threatens public health. While the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database has been collecting clinical isolate samples over time for various countries, few studies have been done to identify genes and pathogens responsible for the antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings. This study conducted the first multivariate statistical analysis of the high-dimensional historical data from the NPDIB database for six different countries from majorly inhabited landmasses, including Australia, Brazil, China, South Africa, the UK, and the US. The similarities among different countries in terms of genes and pathogens were investigated to understand the potential avenues for antimicrobial-resistance gene spreading. The genes and pathogens that were closely involved in antimicrobial resistance were further studied temporally by plotting time profiles of their frequency to evaluate the trend of antimicrobial resistance. It was found that several of these significant genes (i.e., aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1, and qacEdelta1) are shared among all six countries studied. Based on the time profiles, a large number of genes and pathogens showed an increasing occurrence. The most shared pathogens responsible for carrying the most important genes in the six countries in the clinical setting were Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli and Shigella, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica. South Africa carried the least similar antimicrobial genes to the other countries in clinical isolates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data in Biology, Life Sciences and Healthcare)
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16 pages, 4321 KiB  
Article
Baicalein-Enriched Fraction Extracted from Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Leaves Exerts Antioxidant and Inhibitory Effects Against Glioblastoma Multiforme
by In Nee Kang, Nik Nur Hakimah Nik Salleh, Wan Jie Chung, Chong Yew Lee and Suat Cheng Tan
Processes 2019, 7(12), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120963 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4532
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant subtype of primary brain cancer. To date, standard clinical treatment for GBM is limited in effectiveness and could impose additional side effects. Recently, numerous bioactive compounds isolated from natural plants appear to have beneficial anti-cancer properties. [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant subtype of primary brain cancer. To date, standard clinical treatment for GBM is limited in effectiveness and could impose additional side effects. Recently, numerous bioactive compounds isolated from natural plants appear to have beneficial anti-cancer properties. Here, the GBM inhibitory effect of baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, was evaluated. Firstly, three solvents were used to extract the baicalein. We found that the binary extraction system, using a combination of petroleum ether and methanol (PM), yielded the highest amount of baicalein (15%) compared to the mono extraction system using methanol (13%) or aqueous (0.04%) only. In order to further enhance the baicalein yield in PM crude extract, it was subjected to an enrichment fractionation procedure, which successfully increased the baicalein by nearly two-fold from the initial crude extract (15%) to the enriched fraction 5 (F5) (29%). The enriched F5 not only showed significantly higher (~2.5-fold) antioxidant properties as compared to the crude extract, it was also found to significantly suppress GBM cell proliferation ~2.5-fold better than the crude extract. In conclusion, this study successfully optimized an extraction procedure for increased yield of baicalein metabolite from O. indicum leaves and enhanced its therapeutic potential for GBM treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Systems Biology and Natural Products)
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24 pages, 16606 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reaction Effects on a (Cu−CuO)/NaAlg Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Past a Stretching Curved Surface
by Naveed Ahmed, Fitnat Saba, Umar Khan, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din, El-Sayed M. Sherif and Ilyas Khan
Processes 2019, 7(12), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120962 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3159
Abstract
The boundary layer flow of sodium alginate ( NaAlg ) based ( Cu − CuO ) hybrid nanofluid, over a curved expanding surface, has been investigated. Heat and mass transport phenomena have also been analyzed. Moreover, the impacts of chemical reaction, magnetic field [...] Read more.
The boundary layer flow of sodium alginate ( NaAlg ) based ( Cu − CuO ) hybrid nanofluid, over a curved expanding surface, has been investigated. Heat and mass transport phenomena have also been analyzed. Moreover, the impacts of chemical reaction, magnetic field and nonlinear thermal radiation are also a part of this study. This arrangement has great practical relevance, especially in the polymer and chemical industries. We have extended the Bruggeman model to make it capable of capturing the thermal conductivity of ( Cu − CuO ) / NaAlg hybrid nanofluid. We have employed some suitable transformations to obtain the governing system of nonlinear ODEs. Runge − Kutta − Fehlberg algorithm, accompanied by a shooting technique, has been employed to solve the governing system numerically. The changes in the flow and heat transfer distribution, due to various parameters, have been captured and portrayed in the form of graphs. It has been found that the addition of the nanometer-sized materials, significantly boosts the thermal and heat transport properties of the host fluid, and these phenomena seem to be more prominent, in the case of ( Cu − CuO ) / NaAlg hybrid nanofluid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids)
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13 pages, 1878 KiB  
Article
Multi-Time-Scale Rolling Optimal Dispatch for Grid-Connected AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids
by Zhao Luo, Zhendong Zhu, Zhiyuan Zhang, Jinghui Qin, Hao Wang, Zeyong Gao and Zhichao Yang
Processes 2019, 7(12), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120961 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
In order to reduce the impact of the randomness and volatility of renewable energy on the economic operation of AC/DC hybrid microgrids, a multi-time-scale rolling optimization strategy is proposed for the grid-connected AC/DC hybrid microgrids. It considers the source-load uncertainty declined with time [...] Read more.
In order to reduce the impact of the randomness and volatility of renewable energy on the economic operation of AC/DC hybrid microgrids, a multi-time-scale rolling optimization strategy is proposed for the grid-connected AC/DC hybrid microgrids. It considers the source-load uncertainty declined with time scale reduction, and the scheduling cooperation problem of different units on different time scales. In this paper, we propose a three-time-scale optimal strategy of the day-ahead, intraday and real-time dispatching stage and a two-level rolling optimal strategy of the intraday and real-time stage, aiming at minimizing the operating cost. We added the power penalty cost in the rolling optimization model to limit the energy state of the energy storage system in the constraint, and improve the power correction and tracking effect of the rolling optimization. A typical-structure AC/DC hybrid microgrid is analyzed in this paper and the simulation results are shown to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed multi-time-scale rolling optimal dispatch. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Multi-Generation and Hybrid Energy Systems)
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10 pages, 2858 KiB  
Article
Process Modeling, Optimization, and Heat Integration of Ethanol Reforming Process for Syngas Production with High H2/CO Ratio
by Dong Xiang, Peng Li and Xiaoyou Yuan
Processes 2019, 7(12), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120960 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4302
Abstract
The process modeling, parameter optimization, and heat integration of reforming ethanol to hydrogen is conducted in this paper. Modeling results show that the optimum reaction pressure for ethanol steam reforming is 1 bar. When the 7.4:1 is selected as a moderate water/ethanol ratio, [...] Read more.
The process modeling, parameter optimization, and heat integration of reforming ethanol to hydrogen is conducted in this paper. Modeling results show that the optimum reaction pressure for ethanol steam reforming is 1 bar. When the 7.4:1 is selected as a moderate water/ethanol ratio, the optimum reaction temperature is about 755 °C. As for heat integration, the composite curve and optimum heat-exchange network are given out by pinch technology, of which adding a heat exchanger can reduce 10,833 kW of heating duty and 10,833 kW of cooling duty and make the energy saving reach about 57.4%. Another two heat-integration plans are proposed for the ethanol steam-reforming process, to further decrease the high-level heat duty. Finally, similar heat integration was also carried out for the oxidative steam reforming, and the system is autothermal when the oxygen/ethanol is about 0.5:1 on the basis of above steam-reforming process, while the hydrogen molar purity is decreased from 69% to 66%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Optimization and Control)
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19 pages, 9208 KiB  
Article
Investigating the In-Flow Characteristics of Multi-Operation Conditions of Cross-Flow Fan in Air Conditioning Systems
by Weijie Zhang, Jianping Yuan, Qiaorui Si and Yanxia Fu
Processes 2019, 7(12), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120959 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3592
Abstract
Cross-flow fans are widely used in numerous applications such as low-pressure ventilation, household appliances, laser instruments, and air-conditioning equipment. Cross-flow fans have superior characteristics, including simple structure, small size, stable airflow, high dynamic pressure coefficient, and low noise. In the present study, numerical [...] Read more.
Cross-flow fans are widely used in numerous applications such as low-pressure ventilation, household appliances, laser instruments, and air-conditioning equipment. Cross-flow fans have superior characteristics, including simple structure, small size, stable airflow, high dynamic pressure coefficient, and low noise. In the present study, numerical simulation and experimental research were carried out to study the unique secondary flow and eccentric vortex flow characteristics of the internal flow field in multi-operating conditions. To this end the vorticity and the circumferential pressure distribution in the air duct are obtained based on the performed experiments and the correlation between spectral characteristics of multiple operating conditions and the inflow state is established. The obtained results show that when the area of the airflow passage decreases while the area of the eccentric vortex area gradually increases, then the airflow of the cross-flow fan decreases, the outlet expands, and the flow pattern uniformity reduces. It was found that wakes form in the vicinity of the blade and the tail of the volute tongue, which generate pressure pulsation, and aerodynamic noise. The pressure distribution along the inner circumference shows that the total minimum pressure appears in the eccentric vortex near the volute tongue and the volute returns near the zone. Moreover, it was found that the total pressure near the eccentric vortex is significantly smaller than that of the main flow zone. As the flow rate decreases, the pressure pulsation amplitude of the eccentric vortex region significantly increases, while the static and total pressure pulsation amplitudes are gradually increased. Close to the eccentric vortex on the inner side of the blade in the volute tongue area, total pressure is low, total pressure on the outside of the blade is not affected, and pressure difference between the inner and outer sides is large. When the flow rate of the cross-flow fan is 0.4 Qd, there is no obvious peak at the harmonic frequency of the blade passage frequency. This shows that the aerodynamic noise is caused by the main unstable flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Digital and Other Processes)
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14 pages, 5208 KiB  
Article
Data Augmentation Applied to Machine Learning-Based Monitoring of a Pulp and Paper Process
by Andréa Pereira Parente, Maurício Bezerra de Souza Jr., Andrea Valdman and Rossana Odette Mattos Folly
Processes 2019, 7(12), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120958 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3917
Abstract
Industrial archived process data represent a convenient source of information for data-driven models, such as artificial neural network (ANN), that can be used for safety and efficiency improvement like early or even predictive fault detection and diagnosis (FDD). Nonetheless, most of the data [...] Read more.
Industrial archived process data represent a convenient source of information for data-driven models, such as artificial neural network (ANN), that can be used for safety and efficiency improvement like early or even predictive fault detection and diagnosis (FDD). Nonetheless, most of the data used for model generation are representative of the process nominal states and therefore are not enough for classification problems intended to determine abnormal process conditions. This work proposes the use of techniques to augment the original real data standards, dismissing the need for experiments that could jeopardize process safety. It uses the Monte Carlo technique to artificially increase the number of model inputs coupled to the nearest neighbor search (NNS) by geometric distances to consistently classify the generated patterns in normal or faulty statuses. Finally, a radial basis function neural network is trained with the augmented data. The methodology was validated by a study case in which 3381 pulp and paper industrial data points were expanded to monitor the formation of particles in a recovery boiler. Only 5.8% of the original process data were examples of faulty conditions, but the new expanded and balanced data collection leveraged the classification performance of the neural network, allowing its future use for monitoring purpose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process System Engineering-Brazil (PSE-BR))
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21 pages, 11200 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Periodic Magnetic Field Effect on 3D Natural Convection of MWCNT-Water/Nanofluid with Consideration of Aggregation
by Lioua Kolsi, Hakan F. Oztop, Kaouther Ghachem, Mohammed A. Almeshaal, Hussein A. Mohammed, Houman Babazadeh and Nidal Abu-Hamdeh
Processes 2019, 7(12), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120957 - 14 Dec 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3791
Abstract
In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the effect of a periodic magnetic field on three-dimensional free convection of MWCNT (Mutli-Walled Carbone Nanotubes)-water/nanofluid. Time-dependent governing equations are solved using the finite volume method under unsteady magnetic field oriented in the [...] Read more.
In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the effect of a periodic magnetic field on three-dimensional free convection of MWCNT (Mutli-Walled Carbone Nanotubes)-water/nanofluid. Time-dependent governing equations are solved using the finite volume method under unsteady magnetic field oriented in the x-direction for various Hartmann numbers, oscillation periods, and nanoparticle volume fractions. The aggregation effect is considered in the evaluation of the MWCNT-water/nanofluid thermophysical properties. It is found that oscillation period, the magnitude of the magnetic field, and adding nanoparticles have an important effect on heat transfer, temperature field, and flow structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids)
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11 pages, 2877 KiB  
Article
Exploitation of Wheat Straw Biorefinery Side Streams as Sustainable Substrates for Microorganisms: A Feasibility Study
by Stefan Beisl, Julian Quehenberger, Donya Kamravamanesh, Oliver Spadiut and Anton Friedl
Processes 2019, 7(12), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120956 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4320
Abstract
Lignocellulosic agricultural side products, like wheat straw, are widely seen as an important contribution to a future sustainable economy. However, optimization of biorefinery processes and exploitation of all side streams are crucial for an economically viable biorefinery. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic raw material, which [...] Read more.
Lignocellulosic agricultural side products, like wheat straw, are widely seen as an important contribution to a future sustainable economy. However, optimization of biorefinery processes and exploitation of all side streams are crucial for an economically viable biorefinery. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic raw material, which is necessary for further processing steps, can generate low-value side streams. In this feasibility study, side streams from a liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment of wheat straw were utilized for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and highly valuable tetraether lipids (TELs). Additional value created by these products can benefit the biorefinery’s economic operation. The utilized wheat straw was pretreated at 120 °C and 170 °C for up to two hours in laboratory and lab scale. The resulting side stream consists mainly of carbohydrates from hemicelluloses and fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid. In order to achieve a successful production of both products, an acetic acid separation via distillation was necessary. Subsequently, the acetic acid fraction was utilized for the PHB production using cyanobacteria. The carbohydrate-rich fraction was applied in the cultivation of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and resulted in the successful production of TELs. Both fractions achieved better fermentation yields compared to their corresponding reference media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Biomass Fractionation)
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22 pages, 2321 KiB  
Article
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation Based on Improved Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II
by Wei Liu, Fengming Luo, Yuanhong Liu and Wei Ding
Processes 2019, 7(12), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120955 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3417
Abstract
With the development of distributed generation technology, the problem of distributed generation (DG) planning become one of the important subjects. This paper proposes an Improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (INSGA-II) for solving the optimal siting and sizing of DG units. Firstly, the multi-objective [...] Read more.
With the development of distributed generation technology, the problem of distributed generation (DG) planning become one of the important subjects. This paper proposes an Improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (INSGA-II) for solving the optimal siting and sizing of DG units. Firstly, the multi-objective optimization model is established by considering the energy-saving benefit, line loss, and voltage deviation values. In addition, relay protection constraints are introduced on the basis of node voltage, branch current, and capacity constraints. Secondly, the violation constrained index and improved mutation operator are proposed to increase the population diversity of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II), and the uniformity of the solution set of the potential crowding distance improvement algorithm is introduced. In order to verify the performance of the proposed INSGA-II algorithm, NSGA-II and multiple objective particle swarm optimization algorithms are used to perform various examples in IEEE 33-, 69-, and 118-bus systems. The convergence metric and spacing metric are used as the performance evaluation criteria. Finally, static and dynamic distribution network planning with the integrated DG are performed separately. The results of the various experiments show the proposed algorithm is effective for the siting and sizing of DG units in a distribution network. Most importantly, it also can achieve desirable economic efficiency and safer voltage level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Condition Monitoring, Optimization and Control for Complex Industrial Processes)
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11 pages, 2199 KiB  
Article
The Copper(II) Ions Solvent Extraction with a New Compound: 2,6-Bis(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Diaminopyridine
by Daria Bożejewicz, Katarzyna Witt, Małgorzata A. Kaczorowska and Borys Ośmiałowski
Processes 2019, 7(12), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120954 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3497
Abstract
A new compound 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine (L) was used as an extractant for copper(II) ion recovery in a solvent extraction conducted at a temperature of 25 °C. The best results (99% recovery of copper(II) ions) were obtained when the aqueous phase contained 0.001 mol/dm3 [...] Read more.
A new compound 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine (L) was used as an extractant for copper(II) ion recovery in a solvent extraction conducted at a temperature of 25 °C. The best results (99% recovery of copper(II) ions) were obtained when the aqueous phase contained 0.001 mol/dm3 Cu(II) and 0.2 mol/dm3 NH3 (pH~5.8), while the organic phase was a 0.001 mol/dm3 chloroform solution of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine. Spectrophotometry studies were used to determine the dissociation constant of the tested compound and determine the stability constant of the complex of subjected compound with copper(II) ions. The high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and higher energy collisional dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (HCD MS/MS) methods have been applied for the confirmation of the structure of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine and to determine its complexation with Cu(II) in solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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12 pages, 501 KiB  
Review
Review of Anaerobic Digestion Modeling and Optimization Using Nature-Inspired Techniques
by Anjali Ramachandran, Rabee Rustum and Adebayo J. Adeloye
Processes 2019, 7(12), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120953 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7503
Abstract
Although it is a well-researched topic, the complexity, time for process stabilization, and economic factors related to anaerobic digestion call for simulation of the process offline with the help of computer models. Nature-inspired techniques are a recently developed branch of artificial intelligence wherein [...] Read more.
Although it is a well-researched topic, the complexity, time for process stabilization, and economic factors related to anaerobic digestion call for simulation of the process offline with the help of computer models. Nature-inspired techniques are a recently developed branch of artificial intelligence wherein knowledge is transferred from natural systems to engineered systems. For soft computing applications, nature-inspired techniques have several advantages, including scope for parallel computing, dynamic behavior, and self-organization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of such techniques and their application in anaerobic digestion modeling. We compiled and synthetized the literature on the applications of nature-inspired techniques applied to anaerobic digestion. These techniques provide a balance between diversity and speed of arrival at the optimal solution, which has stimulated their use in anaerobic digestion modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Anaerobic Digestion Processes)
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18 pages, 5856 KiB  
Article
Research on the Dynamic Behaviors of the Jet System of Adaptive Fire-Fighting Monitors
by Xiaoming Yuan, Xuan Zhu, Chu Wang, Lijie Zhang and Yong Zhu
Processes 2019, 7(12), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120952 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2925
Abstract
Based on the principles of nonlinear dynamics, a dynamic model of the jet system for adaptive fire-fighting monitors was established. The influence of nonlinear fluid spring force on the dynamic model was described by the Duffing equation. Results of numerical calculation indicate that [...] Read more.
Based on the principles of nonlinear dynamics, a dynamic model of the jet system for adaptive fire-fighting monitors was established. The influence of nonlinear fluid spring force on the dynamic model was described by the Duffing equation. Results of numerical calculation indicate that the nonlinear action of the fluid spring force leads to the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the jet system and fluid gas content, fluid pressure, excitation frequency, and excitation amplitude are the key factors affecting the dynamics of the jet system. When the excitation frequency is close to the natural frequency of the corresponding linear dynamic system, a sudden change in vibration amplitude occurs. The designed adaptive fire-fighting monitor had no multi-cycle, bifurcation, or chaos in the range of design parameters, which was consistent with the stroboscopic sampling results in the dynamic experiment of jet system. This research can provide a basis for the dynamic design and optimization of the adaptive fire-fighting monitor, and similar equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Flow Control Processes in Micro Scale)
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16 pages, 1875 KiB  
Article
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Measurements of Two Promising Tertiary Amines for CO2 Capture
by Diego D. D. Pinto, Znar Zahraee, Vanja Buvik, Ardi Hartono and Hanna K. Knuutila
Processes 2019, 7(12), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120951 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4192
Abstract
Post combustion CO2 capture is still a rather energy intense, and therefore expensive, process. Much of the current research for reducing the process energy requirements is focused on the regeneration section. A good description of the vapor liquid equilibrium of the solvent [...] Read more.
Post combustion CO2 capture is still a rather energy intense, and therefore expensive, process. Much of the current research for reducing the process energy requirements is focused on the regeneration section. A good description of the vapor liquid equilibrium of the solvent is necessary for the accurate representation of the process. 3-(Diethylamino)-1,2-propanediol (DEA-12-PD) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine (12-HEPP) have been proposed as potential components in solvent blends for the membrane contactor. However, there are few available experimental data for these two tertiary amines making difficult to accurate simulate such process. In this work, we provide experimental data on the pure component saturation pressure (383 to 443 K) and on VLE of aqueous solutions of these amines (313 to 373 K) in order to fill part of the data gap. The data were used to estimate model parameters used to represent the data. The saturation pressure was modeled using the Antoine equation and the deviation is calculated lower than 2%. The NRTL model was used in this work to calculate the activity coefficients in the aqueous systems. The deviations in pressure for the aqueous systems were lower than 5% in both systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas, Water and Solid Waste Treatment Technology)
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27 pages, 825 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review and Technical Guideline for Optimal Design and Operations of Fuel Cell-Based Cogeneration Systems
by Farah Ramadhani, Mohd Azlan Hussain and Hazlie Mokhlis
Processes 2019, 7(12), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120950 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5796
Abstract
The need for energy is increasing from year to year and has to be fulfilled by developing innovations in energy generation systems. Cogeneration is one of the matured technologies in energy generation, which has been implemented since the last decade. Cogeneration is defined [...] Read more.
The need for energy is increasing from year to year and has to be fulfilled by developing innovations in energy generation systems. Cogeneration is one of the matured technologies in energy generation, which has been implemented since the last decade. Cogeneration is defined as energy generation unit that simultaneously produced electricity and heat from a single primary fuel source. Currently, the implementation of this system has been spread over the world for stationary and mobile power generation in residential, industrial and transportation uses. On the other hand, fuel cells as an emerging energy conversion device are potential prime movers for this cogeneration system due to its high heat production and flexibility in its fuel usage. Even though the fuel cell-based cogeneration system has been popularly implemented in research and commercialization sectors, the review regarding this technology is still limited. Focusing on the optimal design of the fuel cell-based cogeneration system, this study attempts to provide a comprehensive review, guideline and future prospects of this technology. With an up-to-date literature list, this review study becomes an important source for researchers who are interested in developing this system for future implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Process Control of Fuel Cell Systems)
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11 pages, 2425 KiB  
Article
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of External Characteristics and Pressure Fluctuation of a Submersible Tubular Pumping System
by Yan Jin, Xiaoke He, Ye Zhang, Shanshan Zhou, Hongcheng Chen and Chao Liu
Processes 2019, 7(12), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120949 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2520
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of external flow characteristics and pressure fluctuation of a submersible tubular pumping system by using a combination of numerical simulation and experimental methods. The steady numerical simulation is used to predicted the hydraulic performance of the pumping system, [...] Read more.
This paper presents an investigation of external flow characteristics and pressure fluctuation of a submersible tubular pumping system by using a combination of numerical simulation and experimental methods. The steady numerical simulation is used to predicted the hydraulic performance of the pumping system, and the unsteady calculation is adopted to simulate the pressure fluctuation in different components of a submersible tubular pumping system. A test bench for a model test and pressure pulsation measurement is built to validate the numerical simulation. The results show that the performance curves of the calculation and experiment are in agreement with each other, especially in the high efficiency area, and the deviation is minor under small discharge and large discharge conditions. The pressure pulsation distributions of different flow components, such as the impeller outlet, middle of the guide vane, and guide vane outlet and bulb unit, are basically the same as the measurement data. For the monitoring points on the impeller and the wall of the guide vane especially, the main frequency and its amplitude matching degree are higher, while the pressure pulsation values on the wall of the bulb unit are quite different. The blade passing frequency and its multiples are important parameters for analysis of pressure pulsation; the strongest pressure fluctuation intensity appears in the impeller outlet, which is mainly caused by the rotor–stator interaction. The farther the measuring point from the impeller, the less the pressure pulsation is affected by the blade frequency. The frequency amplitudes decrease from the impeller exit to the bulb unit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Flow Control Processes in Micro Scale)
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9 pages, 2044 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Nanofibers—Mutual Relations between Mean Diameter of Electrospun Nanofibers and Solution Characteristics
by Petr Filip and Petra Peer
Processes 2019, 7(12), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120948 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4707
Abstract
The quality of electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibrous mats are subject to a variety of input parameters. In this study, three parameters were chosen: molecular weight of PEO (100, 300, 600, and 1000 kg/mol), PEO concentration (in distilled water), and shear viscosity of [...] Read more.
The quality of electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibrous mats are subject to a variety of input parameters. In this study, three parameters were chosen: molecular weight of PEO (100, 300, 600, and 1000 kg/mol), PEO concentration (in distilled water), and shear viscosity of PEO solution. Two relations free of any adjustable parameters were derived. The first, describing the initial stage of an electrospinning process expressing shear viscosity using PEO molecular weight and concentration. The second, expressing mean nanofiber diameter using concentration and PEO molecular weight. Based on these simple mathematical relations, it is possible to control the mean nanofiber diameter during an electrospinning process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Processing for Production of Nanostructured Thin Films)
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17 pages, 1905 KiB  
Article
Diffusion in Binary Aqueous Solutions of Alcohols by Molecular Simulation
by Alexander Klinov and Ivan Anashkin
Processes 2019, 7(12), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120947 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5413
Abstract
Based on the molecular dynamics method, the calculations for diffusion coefficients were carried out in binary aqueous solutions of three alcohols: ethanol, isopropanol, and tert-butanol. The intermolecular potential TIP4P/2005 was used for water; and five force fields were analyzed for the alcohols. The [...] Read more.
Based on the molecular dynamics method, the calculations for diffusion coefficients were carried out in binary aqueous solutions of three alcohols: ethanol, isopropanol, and tert-butanol. The intermolecular potential TIP4P/2005 was used for water; and five force fields were analyzed for the alcohols. The force fields providing the best accuracy of calculation were identified based on a comparison of the calculated self-diffusion coefficients of pure alcohols with the experimental data for internal (Einstein) diffusion coefficients of alcohols in solutions. The temperature and concentration dependences of the interdiffusion coefficients were determined using Darken’s Equation. Transport (Fickian) diffusion coefficients were calculated using a thermodynamic factor determined by the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) and Willson models. It was demonstrated that for adequate reproduction of the experimental data when calculating the transport diffusion coefficients, the thermodynamic factor has to be 0.64. Simple approximations were obtained, providing satisfactory accuracy in calculating the concentration and temperature dependences of the transport diffusion coefficients in the studied mixtures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermodynamics: Modeling and Simulation)
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10 pages, 5181 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Combustion Stability of Diesel/Ethanol Utilization by Blend and Dual Fuel
by Wojciech Tutak and Arkadiusz Jamrozik
Processes 2019, 7(12), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120946 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3194
Abstract
The aim of the work is a comparison of two combustion systems of fuels with different reactivity. The first is combustion of the fuel mixture and the second is combustion in a dual-fuel engine. Diesel fuel was burned with pure ethanol. Both methods [...] Read more.
The aim of the work is a comparison of two combustion systems of fuels with different reactivity. The first is combustion of the fuel mixture and the second is combustion in a dual-fuel engine. Diesel fuel was burned with pure ethanol. Both methods of co-firing fuels have both advantages and disadvantages. Attention was paid to the combustion stability aspect determined by COVIMEP as well as the probability density function of IMEP. It was analyzed also the spread of the maximum pressure value, the angle of the position of maximum pressure. The influence of ethanol on ignition delay time spread and end of combustion process was evaluated. The experimental investigation was conducted on 1-cylinder air cooled compression ignition engine. The test engine operated with constant rpm equal to 1500 rpm and constant angle of start of diesel fuel injection. The engine was operated with ethanol up to 50% of its energy fraction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Economic and Environment for Industrial Production Processes)
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21 pages, 2190 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of a Wall-Flow Particulate Filter Made of Biomorphic Silicon Carbide Able to Fit Different Fuel/Biofuel Inputs
by M. Pilar Orihuela, Onoufrios Haralampous, Ricardo Chacartegui, Miguel Torres García and Julián Martínez-Fernández
Processes 2019, 7(12), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120945 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3389
Abstract
To meet the increasingly strict emission limits imposed by regulations, internal combustion engines for transport applications require the urgent development of novel emission abatement systems. The introduction of biodiesel or other biofuels in the engine operation is considered to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [...] Read more.
To meet the increasingly strict emission limits imposed by regulations, internal combustion engines for transport applications require the urgent development of novel emission abatement systems. The introduction of biodiesel or other biofuels in the engine operation is considered to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, these alternative fuels can affect the performance of the post-combustion systems due to the variability they introduce in the exhaust particle distribution and their particular physical properties. Bioceramic materials made from vegetal waste are characterized by having an orthotropic hierarchical microstructure, which can be tailored in some way to optimize the filtration mechanisms as a function of the particle distribution of the combustion gases. Consequently, they can be good candidates to cope with the variability that new biofuel blends introduce in the engine operation. The objective of this work is to predict the filtration performance of a wall-flow particulate filter (DPF) made of biomorphic silicon carbide (bioSiC) with a systematic procedure that allows to eventually fit different fuel inputs. For this purpose; a well-validated DPF model available as commercial software has been chosen and adapted to the specific microstructural features of bioSiC. Fitting the specific filtration and permeability parameters of this biomaterial into the model; the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the filter are predicted with sufficient accuracy during the loading test. The results obtained through this study show the potential of this novel DPF substrate; the material/microstructural design of which can be adapted through the selection of an optimum precursor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production of Biofuels and Numerical Modeling of Chemical Combustion Systems)
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12 pages, 966 KiB  
Article
Empirical Bayes Prediction in a Sequential Sampling Plan Based on Loss Functions
by Khanittha Tinochai, Katechan Jampachaisri, Yupaporn Areepong and Saowanit Sukparungsee
Processes 2019, 7(12), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120944 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
The application of empirical Bayes for lot inspection in sequential sampling plans is usually conducted to estimate the proportion of defective items in the lot rather than for hypothesis testing of the variables’ process mean. In this paper, we propose the use of [...] Read more.
The application of empirical Bayes for lot inspection in sequential sampling plans is usually conducted to estimate the proportion of defective items in the lot rather than for hypothesis testing of the variables’ process mean. In this paper, we propose the use of empirical Bayes in a sequential sampling plan variables’ process mean testing under a squared error loss function and precautionary loss function, for which the prediction is performed to estimate a sequence of the mean when the data are normally distributed in the case of a known mean and unknown variance. The proposed plans are compared with the sequential sampling plan. The proposed techniques yielded smaller average sample number (ASN) and provided higher probability of acceptance (Pa) than the sequential sampling plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Process Control and Monitoring)
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11 pages, 2974 KiB  
Article
Fault Diagnosis of the Blocking Diesel Particulate Filter Based on Spectral Analysis
by Shuang-xi Liu and Ming Lü
Processes 2019, 7(12), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120943 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4150
Abstract
Diesel particulate filter is one of the most effective after-treatment techniques to reduce Particulate Matters (PM) emissions from a diesel engine, but the blocking Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) will seriously affect the engine performance, so it is necessary to study the fault diagnosis [...] Read more.
Diesel particulate filter is one of the most effective after-treatment techniques to reduce Particulate Matters (PM) emissions from a diesel engine, but the blocking Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) will seriously affect the engine performance, so it is necessary to study the fault diagnosis of blocking DPF. In this paper, a simulation model of an R425DOHC diesel engine with wall-flow ceramic DPF was established, and then the model was verified with experimental data. On this basis, the fault diagnosis of the blocking DPF was studied by using spectral analysis on instantaneous exhaust pressure. The results showed that both the pre-DPF mean exhaust pressure and the characteristic frequency amplitude of instantaneous exhaust pressure can be used as characteristic parameters of monitoring the blockage fault of DPF, but it is difficult to monitor DPF blockage directly by instantaneous exhaust pressure. In terms of sensitivity, the characteristic frequency amplitude of instantaneous exhaust pressure is more suitable as a characteristic parameter to monitor DPF blockage than mean exhaust pressure. This work can lay an important theoretical foundation for the on-board diagnosis of DPF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization for Control, Observation and Safety)
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19 pages, 1372 KiB  
Review
Colloids at Fluid Interfaces
by Armando Maestro and Eduardo Guzmán
Processes 2019, 7(12), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120942 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5312
Abstract
Over the last two decades, understanding of the attachment of colloids to fluid interfaces has attracted the interest of researchers from different fields. This is explained by considering the ubiquity of colloidal and interfacial systems in nature and technology. However, to date, the [...] Read more.
Over the last two decades, understanding of the attachment of colloids to fluid interfaces has attracted the interest of researchers from different fields. This is explained by considering the ubiquity of colloidal and interfacial systems in nature and technology. However, to date, the control and tuning of the assembly of colloids at fluid interfaces remain a challenge. This review discusses some of the most fundamental aspects governing the organization of colloidal objects at fluid interfaces, paying special attention to spherical particles. This requires a description of different physicochemical aspects, from the driving force involved in the assembly to its thermodynamic description, and from the interactions involved in the assembly to the dynamics and rheological behavior of particle-laden interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
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14 pages, 679 KiB  
Article
Multiple-Input Single-Output Control for Extending the Steady-State Operating Range—Use of Controllers with Different Setpoints
by Adriana Reyes-Lúa and Sigurd Skogestad
Processes 2019, 7(12), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120941 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5749
Abstract
This paper deals with a case when multiple inputs are needed to cover the steady-state operating range. The most common implementation is to use split range control with a single controller. However, this approach has some limitations. In this paper, we use multiple [...] Read more.
This paper deals with a case when multiple inputs are needed to cover the steady-state operating range. The most common implementation is to use split range control with a single controller. However, this approach has some limitations. In this paper, we use multiple controllers with different setpoints and demonstrate that this structure can be optimal in some cases when the cost of the input can be traded off against the penalty of deviating from the desired setpoint. We describe a procedure to find the optimal setpoint deviations. We illustrate our procedure in a case in which three inputs (cooling and two sources of heating) are used to control the temperature of a room with a PID-based control structure and without the need of online optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-time Process Optimization with Simple Control Structures, Economic MPC or Machine Learning)
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23 pages, 3028 KiB  
Review
Theoretical and Experimental Approaches Aimed at Drug Design Targeting Neurodegenerative Diseases
by Samuel Morales-Navarro, Luis Prent-Peñaloza, Yeray A. Rodríguez Núñez, Laura Sánchez-Aros, Oscar Forero-Doria, Wendy González, Nuria E. Campilllo, Miguel Reyes-Parada, Ana Martínez and David Ramírez
Processes 2019, 7(12), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120940 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5330
Abstract
In recent years, green chemistry has been strengthening, showing how basic and applied sciences advance globally, protecting the environment and human health. A clear example of this evolution is the synergy that now exists between theoretical and computational methods to design new drugs [...] Read more.
In recent years, green chemistry has been strengthening, showing how basic and applied sciences advance globally, protecting the environment and human health. A clear example of this evolution is the synergy that now exists between theoretical and computational methods to design new drugs in the most efficient possible way, using the minimum of reagents and obtaining the maximum yield. The development of compounds with potential therapeutic activity against multiple targets associated with neurodegenerative diseases/disorders (NDD) such as Alzheimer’s disease is a hot topic in medical chemistry, where different scientists from various disciplines collaborate to find safe, active, and effective drugs. NDD are a public health problem, affecting mainly the population over 60 years old. To generate significant progress in the pharmacological treatment of NDD, it is necessary to employ different experimental strategies of green chemistry, medical chemistry, and molecular biology, coupled with computational and theoretical approaches such as molecular simulations and chemoinformatics, all framed in the rational drug design targeting NDD. Here, we review how green chemistry and computational approaches have been used to develop new compounds with the potential application against NDD, as well as the challenges and new directions of the drug development multidisciplinary process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Sustainable Chemical Processes)
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21 pages, 3258 KiB  
Article
A Novel Hybrid Optimization Scheme on Connectivity Restoration Processes for Large Scale Industrial Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks
by Ying Zhang, Zheming Zhang and Bin Zhang
Processes 2019, 7(12), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120939 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2616
Abstract
In the wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) of industrial field monitoring, maintaining network connectivity with coverage perception plays a decisive role in many industrial process scenarios. The mobile actuator node is responsible for collecting data from the sensing nodes and performing diverse [...] Read more.
In the wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) of industrial field monitoring, maintaining network connectivity with coverage perception plays a decisive role in many industrial process scenarios. The mobile actuator node is responsible for collecting data from the sensing nodes and performing diverse specific collaborative operation tasks. However, the failure of the nodes usually causes coverage vulnerability and partition of the network. Urgent and time-sensitive applications expect a minimum coverage loss to complete an instant connectivity restoration. This paper presents a hybrid coverage perception-based connectivity restoration algorithm, which is designed to restore network connectivity with minimal coverage area loss. The algorithm uses a backup node, which is selected nearby the critical node, to ensure a timely restoration when the critical node encounters failure. In the process of backup node migration, the optimal destination will be reselected to maintain the best network coverage after network connectivity recovery. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified by some simulation experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Optimization and Control)
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22 pages, 3688 KiB  
Article
Optimal Tuning of Model Predictive Controller Weights Using Genetic Algorithm with Interactive Decision Tree for Industrial Cement Kiln Process
by Valarmathi Ramasamy, Rakesh Kumar Sidharthan, Ramkumar Kannan and Guruprasath Muralidharan
Processes 2019, 7(12), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120938 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5471
Abstract
Energy intense nature of cement kiln demands optimal operation to minimize the energy requirement. Optimal control of cement kiln is achieved by proper tuning of the model predictive controller (MPC), which is addressed in this work. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine [...] Read more.
Energy intense nature of cement kiln demands optimal operation to minimize the energy requirement. Optimal control of cement kiln is achieved by proper tuning of the model predictive controller (MPC), which is addressed in this work. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the MPC weights that minimize the overall energy utilization with reduced tracking error. Single objective function has been formulated using importance weighted performance metrics like energy utilization and integral absolute error in tracking the desired response. Importance weights are determined in specific to the control scenarios using an interactive decision tree (IDT). It interacts with the operator to detect the weaker metrics and raises the importance level for further improvement. The algorithm terminates after attending all the metrics with the consent from the operator. Five control scenarios that predominantly occur in industrial cement kiln have been considered in this study. It includes tracking, measured, and unmeasured disturbance rejection of pulse and Gaussian type noises. The results illustrate the minimized energy operation with the use of the proposed single objective function as compared with the multi-objective function-based GA tuning procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-time Process Optimization with Simple Control Structures, Economic MPC or Machine Learning)
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