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Article

The Effect of the Linking Unit on the Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Copper(II) Porphyrin Dimers Linked by Metal Ions

by
Jordan L. Appleton
,
Nolwenn Le Breton
,
Sylvie Choua
* and
Romain Ruppert
*
Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2024, 12(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12020044
Submission received: 18 December 2023 / Revised: 19 January 2024 / Accepted: 26 January 2024 / Published: 27 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials and Their Applications)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The syntheses of a series of copper(II) porphyrins and their dimers linked by palladium(II) or platinum(II) are reported. Their electronic properties and their magnetic properties were studied. In particular, the effect of the linking unit on these properties was evaluated. It was discovered that three factors influence the electronic and magnetic interactions between the two metalloporphyrins: the nature of the linking metal ion, the nature of the external coordination site of the porphyrin, and also the nature of the metal ion present in the central core of the aromatic macrocycle.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Macrocyclic compounds as ligands have been developed by inorganic chemists to encapsulate different metal ions with large binding constants. Aromatic macrocycles, particularly porphyrinoid compounds, have been prepared in recent decades due to their inspiring biological role in obtaining new molecules or even materials with interesting optical, electronic, or magnetic properties [1]. Their photophysical properties have been used for applications in photodynamic therapy or dye-sensitized solar cells [2,3,4,5,6]. For many biological applications, the extension of the aromatic core to improve the chromophores and/or the syntheses of larger oligoporphyrins for materials applications has led to a development of the synthetic methodologies used to prepare larger molecules and the analytical tools to study their properties [7,8]. The study of porphyrinoid dimers and even higher homologues was initiated in order to mimic the properties of natural systems like the photosynthetic reaction center (light harvesting and light conversion to chemical energy) [9]. These syntheses of porphyrinoid dimers led quite rapidly to the development of molecules designed to obtain new materials with interesting electronic and magnetic properties. Electronic delocalization over large areas was reached by conjugation between the aromatic subunits [10,11,12,13,14,15], and this approach was extremely successful, with the synthesis of chromophores reaching far into the infrared domain [16]. Some examples of porphyrin dimers are represented in Figure 1, with covalent linkages, conjugated or not, and triply fused to obtain the most efficient electronic delocalization. Similar molecules were developed to study the magnetic interactions between two paramagnetic centers separated by rather long distances [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Apart from porphyrin dimers, porphyrazines and phthalocyanines [25,26,27,28,29] were also modified to create compounds containing two paramagnetic metal ions. More recently, vanadyl porphyrins or vanadyl porphyrin dimers were proposed as potential species in the field of molecular quantum technologies. Such quantum technologies would be able to outperform classical computers in some specific tasks on account of the superposition state or entanglement. For these applications it is preferable to have spin centers connected both electronically and magnetically. Several vanadyl porphyrin dimers were studied recently and several of them presented interesting magnetic properties suitable for the development of two-qubit quantum gates [30,31,32,33,34,35]. The use of magnetic molecules for such applications appears to have merit as they are addressable objects of which the magnetic properties can be tuned. As the qubit is the fundamental component of the quantum computational device, a good understanding of its electronic and magnetic properties is of paramount importance.
In porphyrin dimers linked by metal ions, we have shown before that efficient electronic communication was present in these dimers [36]. Porphyrins bearing different external coordination sites conjugated with the aromatic core have been prepared and used to generate a series of dimers or higher oligomers linked by different metal ions, in solution and on surfaces [37,38,39]. More recently, copper(II) or vanadyl porphyrin dimers were studied in our group, and an anti-ferromagnetic coupling was observed using EPR spectroscopy [40,41]. In this report, we describe the syntheses of new copper(II) porphyrin dimers, the effect of the linking unit (the coordination site nature and the linking metal ion) on the electronic and magnetic interactions between the two moieties (see Figure 1). The study of these interactions (electronic and magnetic) between two distant paramagnetic sites is of primary importance to the development of new efficient two-qubit systems.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Syntheses of the Compounds

The starting porphyrins were prepared by using classical Lindsey conditions [42] in a stoichiometric manner (see Figure 2). The reaction of three equivalents of benzaldehyde 1, one equivalent of benzaldehyde 2, and four equivalents of pyrrole in the presence of boron trifluoride as a Lewis acid led after oxidation with chloranil to a mixture of porphyrin bases, easily separated using column chromatography. Subsequent metalation with nickel(II) of the isolated free base gave the nickel(II) porphyrin 3 in 20% yield. After hydrolysis of the ester function, an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction led to the extended nickel(II) porphyrin 4 in 79% yield. Then, 3 and 4 were obtained according to previously published synthetic pathways already reported in our group; the 1H and 13C NMR were identical to those of the already published porphyrins [43].
Nickel(II) porphyrin 4 was demetalated in a strong acidic medium (sulfuric acid and trifluoro acetic acid) and remetalated with copper(II) acetate to afford copper(II) porphyrin 5. The external enaminoketone coordination site was then created by reacting 5 with the Katritzky reagent to aminate the pyrrolic position next to the ketone [44]. Finally, the external coordination site was converted to the enaminothioketone by means of reaction with Lawesson’s reagent (see Figure 3) [45,46]. Copper(II) porphyrins 6 and 7 both had an external coordination site conjugated with the aromatic core of the macrocycle and were used to prepare porphyrin dimers linked by diamagnetic soft metal ions, in this study, palladium(II) and platinum(II).
These two copper(II) porphyrins were then reacted with two soft metal ions forming square planar complexes. Palladium(II) acetate and platinum(II) bis-acetylacetonate were the starting complexes used to generate porphyrin dimers 8, 9, 10, and 11 (see Figure 4). The formation of the palladium(II) linked dimers was straightforward in refluxing toluene. The formation of the platinum(II) linked dimers was much more tedious and necessitated four days in refluxing 1,2-dichlorobenzene to reach reasonable yields starting from 6 (enaminoketone external site). The reaction conditions proved to be less harsh when starting from copper(II) porphyrin 7, the soft enaminothioketone external site reacting much faster with the soft platinum(II) ion, with the dimer forming after 4 h at reflux.

2.2. Electronic Interactions—Electrochemical Studies

The electronic properties of porphyrins, “the pigments of life” [47,48], are well documented because their occurrence and involvement in redox processes in nature have prompted many chemists to study the electrochemistry of such natural compounds and of many synthetic aromatic macrocycles [49,50]. In the case of copper(II) porphyrins, two reversible oxidation steps and two reversible reduction steps were generally observed [49,50], with the electron uptake or release being located on the aromatic macrocycle. The copper(II) ion generally remains formally in the oxidation state +2, as demonstrated by EPR spectroscopy.
The electronic spectra of the copper(II) porphyrins 6 and 7 were already bathochromically shifted compared to other porphyrins due to the extension of the aromatic macrocycle. The lowest energy bands were located at 660 nm and 717 nm, respectively, for 6 and 7 (see Figure 5 and Figure 6, color curves). As observed earlier for other dimers [36], all bands of the new dimers were shifted to lower energies, the shift being even more pronounced in the case of the platinum(II) linkage (see Figure 5 for a comparison between compounds 6, 8, and 10). Moving from 4 d to 5 d metal ions as linkers will lead to greater electronic communication and hence to a larger bathochromic shift (33 nm and 71 nm for 8 and 10, respectively, with respect to 6). A similar modification of the electronic spectra was observed for the enaminothioketone series, once again on account of an increased orbital overlap between the linking unit and the metal ion. Bathochromic shifts of 20 nm and 80 nm were measured for dimers 9 and 11, respectively, compared to copper(II) porphyrin 7 (see Figure 6).
All compounds were studied by cyclic voltammetry; some results are summarized in Table 1, and a typical cyclic voltammetry is shown in Figure 7 (additional CVs can be found in Figures S8–S10). We had shown earlier that for these dimers linked by metal ions, the splitting of the redox processes occurred mainly on the oxidation side (see Figure 7 right). Generally, and contrarily to covalently conjugated dimers, on the reduction side, the reduction of the two copper(II) porphyrins took place at the same potentials in these dimers. With the exception of compound 7, which adsorbed quite strongly on the electrode, rendering potential determination difficult, all other compounds presented reversible electronic exchanges, allowing easy comparison between the redox steps.
The first oxidation potential was substantially lowered in dimers compared to the starting copper(II) porphyrin potentials, whereas the reduction potentials of the compounds were similar to the reduction potential of the monomer. Replacing the oxygen atom of the ketone with a sulfur atom increased markedly the splitting of the first oxidation waves, from a value of 140 mV to 237 mV in palladium(II) linked dimers and from 209 mV to 310 mV for the two platinum(II) linked dimers. “Significant splitting is a hallmark of strongly interacting ground-state redox centers and indicates that the resultant charge … is considerably delocalized over both porphyrin centers”: this was asserted by M. Therien in his seminal work in 1994. These splitting data can be compared to data reported for known covalently linked dimers. With one or two triple bonds as linking units between two zinc(II) porphyrins, Therien reported splitting values of 110 and 270 mV, respectively [12,51]. Later, for a triply fused copper(II) porphyrin dimer, the group of Osuka reported a value of 390 mV [52]. It should be emphasized that the splitting values measured for these copper(II) porphyrin dimers are significantly larger than the values reported earlier for nickel(II) porphyrin dimers linked by palladium(II) or platinum(II) ions. The splitting values reported for the two platinum linked dimers with the enaminothioketone external sites were 290 mV and 310 mV, respectively, for the nickel(II) and the copper(II) porphyrins [53]. The lower splitting values of the nickel(II) porphyrins porphyrin dimers are probably due to the non-planarity of the nickel(II) porphyrins, compared to more planar copper(II) porphyrins [54]. The electronic delocalization is hence favored in the copper(II) porphyrin dimers described in this report, showing that the linking metal ions, the nature of the external coordination site, and also the metalloporphyrin used are of primary importance for efficient communication between the two aromatic moieties. This phenomenon has already been established by Osuka [52]. With the exception of compound 7 (adsorption problems in electrochemical studies), the electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gap (the potential difference between the first oxidation and the first reduction) correlated well with the values obtained from the lowest energy band in the electronic spectra.
For these dimers, the communication between the two porphyrins was present in the HOMO orbitals (participation of the d orbitals of the linking metal ions), but not in the LUMO (absence of communication through d orbitals), thus explaining why the splitting solely occurs during oxidation. We have described this effect earlier for other porphyrin dimers [53]. The relative atomic contributions to the HOMO of the bridging metal ions in dimers were calculated earlier and varied from 4.6% (PdNO dimer) to 11.2% (PtNO dimer) and 13.5% (PtNS dimer) in our energy transfer studies of zinc porphyrin-free base porphyrin dyads [53]. Consequently, the energy transfer rate was higher in dimers with 5 d linkers compared to the energy transfer rate in dimers with 4 d linking ions. The splitting of the first oxidation waves would increase in the same order (8 < 10 < 9 < 11).

2.3. EPR Studies

The EPR spectrum of copper(II) porphyrin 6 is represented in Figure 8 and was similar to reported data for analogous compounds with different aromatic substituents [40]. The spectrum is characteristic of a copper(II) porphyrin with an almost axial shape and hyperfine coupling with one 63,65Cu (I = 3/2) and four 14N (I = 1). The unpaired electron of the copper metal ion is in a bonding orbital (dx2−y2), leading to good orbital overlap with the nitrogen atoms and, consequently, a well-resolved superhyperfine coupling interaction. The distance between two peaks is 17 G, which is around the expected value for hyperfine coupling with nitrogen atoms [55]. The simulated spectrum obtained by simulation using Easyspin [56] is presented in Figure 8 and was obtained using the parameters given in Table 2.
The EPR spectrum of 8 suggests there was a weak magnetic interaction between the two paramagnetic metals. This can be visualized by comparing the EPR spectra of 6 and 8, where the line broadening in the spectrum led to a loss of the hyperfine coupling and an intricate spectral pattern. The temperature variation also showed no spectral changes. The large distance between the two paramagnetic sites (~14 Å) impeded a strong J interaction, and the diamagnetic linking metal ion did not seem to act as a relay for magnetic communication [40]. The EPR spectrum can be analyzed as follows, where |J| < hv and the Hamiltonian described in Equation (1) can be used for the simulation.
H ^ = μ B ∑ i = 1 2 B g i C u S ^ i C u + ∑ i = 1 2 S ^ i C u A i C u I ^ i C u + S ^ 1 C u J S ^ 2 C u
The J interaction matrix comprises exchange and dipolar terms, each of which can be decomposed into isotropic, antisymmetric, and anisotropic components. Because our complex is almost perfectly centrosymmetric, we can use Moriya’s principles to ignore the antisymmetric term, which means that J may be expressed as the sum of the isotropic and anisotropic terms.
J = J i s o S 1 S 2 + S 1 D a n i s o S 2
Daniso is a symmetric traceless tensor that represents the sum of eventual anisotropic exchange terms as well as dipolar interactions.
The experimental EPR spectrum of 10 (Figure 9) was similar to that of 8, which was to be expected as they are both diamagnetic linkers, and there are few discrepancies between the two spectra. Superimposing the two spectra shows that the shape and line width were similar and, consequently, it can be assumed that the coupling in both the dimers was similar. The EPR parameters used for the simulation of the EPR spectrum of 10 are given in Table 2, and they are quite similar to the simulated parameters for 8, demonstrating that the linking metal ion was not the determining point for the isotropic exchange coupling path. This means that changing the diamagnetic linking metal ion has a weak effect on the magnetic properties.
As well as an increased electronic interaction (vide supra), an increased magnetic interaction for the enaminothioketone porphyrin dimers (9 and 11) compared to the enaminoketone porphyrin dimers (8 and 10) was also observed. Superimposing 10 and 11 showed differences (Figure 10), with a transition at high field (~350 mT) for 10. This transition was present for 11 at a higher field (~380 mT), implying a stronger J coupling between the two paramagnetic metals for 11 compared to 10, indicating differences in magnetic coupling on changing the external paramagnetic metal sites. The increased D value for the enaminothioketone simulated spectra compared to the enaminoketone spectra showed that an anisotropic exchange coupling was also occurring.
In contrast, comparing the EPR spectrum of 9 and 11 (Figure 11) shows that the transitions and line width were essentially the same, as seen for 8 and 10 (vide supra). This demonstrates once again that varying the external metal ion from Pd(II) to Pt(II) has minimal effect on the magnetic properties. However, varying the external coordination site from an enaminoketone to an enaminothioketone appears to increase the magnetic couplings between the two paramagnetic metal ions on account of a more efficient through-bond interaction.

3. Materials and Methods

All reagents and solvents were used as received on purchasing from commercial sources. 1-Bromo-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylbenzene, [57] 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, [58] methyl-2-formylbenzoate [59], and nickel(II) and free base enaminoketone porphyrin [43] were prepared following previously published procedures. Distillations were carried out using sodium/benzophenone ketyl for toluene and calcium hydride for dichloromethane. Standard Schlenk techniques were employed to carry out most of the experiments under inert atmosphere. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) silica gel (40–63 μm) was used for chromatographic separations.
A Bruker Avance 500 MHz spectrometer (Ettlingen, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with a cryoprobe was used to carry out 1H and 13C NMR in CDCl3 at 25 °C. Chemical shifts (δ (ppm)) are shown relative to TMS. A Cary 5000 UV/vis/NIR double-beam spectrometer was used to record UV-visible spectra in dichloromethane. A Bruker Daltonics MicroTOF was used to collect ESI MS and a Bruker Autoflex II TOF-TOF instrument in positive ionization mode with dithranol as a matrix was used to collect MALDI MS; these measurements were carried out by S. Coutin (Service de Spectrométrie de Masse, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg). Elemental analysis was carried out by the Service d’Analyses de l’Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (M. Heinrich, N. Bourgeois) using a ThermoFischer Scientific Flash2000. Electrochemical measurements were carried out using a glassy carbon working electrode with NBu4PF6 (0.1 M) as the electrolyte and ferrocenium/ferrocene (Fc+/Fc) couple as an internal reference in distilled dichloromethane. The three electrodes were connected to a computerized electrochemical device (Biologic SP-150).
An EMXplus spectrometer (Bruker Biospin GmbH), equipped with an ESR900 continuous flow cryostat controlled with an Oxford ITC503S apparatus (Oxford Instrument) and a high sensitivity resonator (4119 HSW) was used to record X-band continuous-wave EPR spectra. Samples were introduced into 4 mm outer diameter clear fused quartz tube (Wilmad-LabGlass). The modulation frequency and amplitude were, respectively, of 100 kHz and 0.4 mT. The Bruker strong pitch (g = 2.0028) was used to calibrate the g factor.
Compound 5: On demetallation of 4, the free-base porphyrin (140 mg, 0.18 mmol) and an excess of Cu(OAc)2 (85 mg, 0.47 mmol) were refluxed in toluene (50 mL) for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated, and the product was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; dichloromethane:cyclohexane 1:1) followed by precipitation to afford the titled product (141 mg. 0.17 mmol, 94%). MALDI-TOF: Calcd for C63H62N4OCu (M•+) 954.43; obsd 954.391.
Compound 6: compound 5 (173 mg, 0.181 mmol), 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole (304 mg, 3.62 mmol) and NaOH (724 mg, 18.1 mmol) were refluxed for 2 h in toluene:ethanol (8:2) under argon. Water (50 mL) was then added and the organic phase was washed with water and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was evaporated, and the porphyrin was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; dichloromethane:cyclohexane 2:1) to afford the titled product (161 mg, 0.167 mmol, 92%). HR-ESI: Calcd for C63H63N5OCu (M+) 968.4312; obsd 968.4323. Elemental analysis: calcd %N 7.22%C 78.03%H 6.55. obsd %N 7.15%C 77.68%H 6.60.
Compound 7: compound 6 (65 mg, 0.067 mmol) and Lawesson’s reagent (162 mg, 0.402 mmol) were heated to reflux in toluene for 2 h under argon. On cooling, the solvent was evaporated, and the product was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; cyclohexane:dichloromethane 1:1) to afford the titled product (57 mg, 0.058 mmol, 86%). MALDI-TOF: Calcd for C63H63N5OCu (M +H+) 985.42; obsd 985.447
Compound 8: compound 6 (35 mg, 0.036 mmol) and Pd(OAc)2 (4 mg, 0.018 mmol) were heated to reflux in toluene (20 mL) for 16 h under argon. On cooling, the solvent was evaporated, and the product was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; cyclohexane:dichloromethane 60:40) to afford the titled product as a brown solid (13 mg, 6.4 μmol, 36%). MALDI-TOF: Calcd for C126H124N10O2PdCu2 (M•+) 2040.75; obsd 2040.924.
Compound 10: compound 6 (10 mg, 0.01 mmol) and Pt(acac)2 (2 mg, 5.6 μmol) were heated to reflux in 1,2-dichlorobenzene for 4 days under argon. On cooling, the solvent was evaporated using trap-to-trap distillation, and the product was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; cyclohexane:dichloromethane 60:40) to afford the titled product as a brown solid (2 mg, 0.94 μmol, 18%). MALDI-TOF: Calcd for C126H124N10O2PdCu2 (M•+) 2132.62; obsd 2132.901.
Compound 9: compound 7 (15 mg, 0.016 mmol) and Pd(OAc)2 (2 mg, 8.6 μmol) were heated to reflux in toluene for 1 h under argon. On cooling, the solvent was evaporated, and the product was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; cyclohexane:dichloromethane 1:1) to afford the titled product (5 mg, 2.4 μmol, 57%). MALDI-TOF: Calcd for C126H124N10S2PdCu2 (M•+) 2072.71; obsd 2072.117.
Compound 11: compound 7 (8 mg, 8.4 umol) and Pt(acac)2 (1.8 mg, 4.6 μmol) were heated to reflux in 1,2-dichlorobenzene for 4 h under argon. On cooling, the solvent was evaporated using trap-to-trap distillation, and the product was purified using column chromatography (SiO2; cyclohexane:dichloromethane 1:1) to afford the titled product as a deep red solid (4 mg, 1.89 μmol, 45%). MALDI-TOF: Calcd for C126H124N10S2PtCu2 (M•+) 2161.77; obsd 2161.712.

4. Conclusions

This study showed that electronic interaction within porphyrin dimers can be modulated by changing the connecting metal ions between the two porphyrins, the nature of the external coordination site, and the metal ion in the porphyrin core. An increase in the electronic communication between the two porphyrin moieties could be observed on switching the external metal ion from Pd(II) to Pt(II) and/or switching the linking unit from an enaminoketone to an enaminothioketone. This could be evidenced by using electronic spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, it was possible to see small but measurable changes in the magnetic interactions between two paramagnetic centers separated by rather long distances close to 14 Å, on varying the linking moiety. Work in progress concerns magnetic interactions in homo- and hetero-dinuclear porphyrin dimers for potential uses in quantum information processing.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/inorganics12020044/s1, Figure S1: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 5 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S2: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 6 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S3: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 7 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S4: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 8 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S5: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 10 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S6: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 9 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S7: MALDI Mass spectroscopy of 11 (top) and a zoom of the spectrum (bottom); Figure S8: cyclic voltammetry of 8 in dichloromethane with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Arrow shows direction of the measurement; only the oxidation is shown to emphasise the splitting; Figure S9: cyclic voltammetry of 9 in dichloromethane with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Arrow shows direction of the measurement; only the oxidation is shown to emphasise the splitting; Figure S10: cyclic voltammetry of 11 in dichloromethane with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Arrow shows direction of the measurement; only the oxidation is shown to emphasise the splitting; Figure S11: X-band experimental EPR spectrum of porphyrin dimer 8 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 15 K and 50 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT; Figure S12: X-band experimental EPR spectra of 10 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 4 K and 50 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT; Figure S13: X-band experimental EPR spectrum of porphyrin dimer 9 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 50 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT and the corresponding simulation (red). Simulation parameters are given in Table 2; Figure S14: X-band experimental EPR spectra of 9 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 5 K and 50 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT; Figure S15: X-band experimental EPR spectra of 11 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 5 K and 50 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT; Figure S16: X-band experimental EPR spectrum of porphyrin dimer 10 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 50 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT and the corresponding simulation (red). Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.C. and R.R.; methodology, S.C. and R.R.; software, S.C., J.L.A. and N.L.B.; in-vestigation, J.L.A. and N.L.B.; writing—original draft preparation, R.R. and S.C.; writing—review and editing, J.L.A., N.L.B., S.C. and R.R.; supervision, S.C. and R.R.; project administration, R.R.; funding acquisition, R.R. and S.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the University of Strasbourg and the CNRS for continuous financial support. J.L.A. thanks the French Ministry of Research for his Ph.D. fellowship.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the University of Strasbourg and the CNRS for continuous financial support. J.L.A. thanks the French Ministry of Research for his Ph.D. fellowship.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Inorganics 12 00044 g001
Figure 1. Several examples of porphyrin dimers prepared to study electronic and/or magnetic interactions between the two covalently linked metalloporphyrins. Insert: copper(II) porphyrin dimers studied in this report.
Figure 1. Several examples of porphyrin dimers prepared to study electronic and/or magnetic interactions between the two covalently linked metalloporphyrins. Insert: copper(II) porphyrin dimers studied in this report.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g002
Figure 2. Synthesis of starting nickel(II) porphyrin 4: (i) BF3.Et2O, CH2Cl2; (ii) chloranil; (iii) Ni(acac)2, toluene, reflux; (iv) LiOH, dioxane:water (8:2), reflux 16 h; (v) oxalyl chloride, toluene; (vi) SnCl4, toluene RT, 30 min.
Figure 2. Synthesis of starting nickel(II) porphyrin 4: (i) BF3.Et2O, CH2Cl2; (ii) chloranil; (iii) Ni(acac)2, toluene, reflux; (iv) LiOH, dioxane:water (8:2), reflux 16 h; (v) oxalyl chloride, toluene; (vi) SnCl4, toluene RT, 30 min.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g003
Figure 3. Synthesis of the two copper(II) porphyrins 6 and 7. (i) H2SO4, CF3COOH; (ii) Cu(OAc)2.H2O, toluene, reflux; (iii) 4-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole, NaOH, toluene:ethanol (8:2), reflux; (iv) Lawesson’s reagent, toluene, reflux.
Figure 3. Synthesis of the two copper(II) porphyrins 6 and 7. (i) H2SO4, CF3COOH; (ii) Cu(OAc)2.H2O, toluene, reflux; (iii) 4-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole, NaOH, toluene:ethanol (8:2), reflux; (iv) Lawesson’s reagent, toluene, reflux.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g004
Figure 4. Syntheses of the copper(II) porphyrin dimers 8, 9, 10, and 11.
Figure 4. Syntheses of the copper(II) porphyrin dimers 8, 9, 10, and 11.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g005
Figure 5. Electronic spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 6 (black) and of porphyrin dimers 8 (blue) and 10 (red) linked, respectively, by palladium(II) or platinum(II).
Figure 5. Electronic spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 6 (black) and of porphyrin dimers 8 (blue) and 10 (red) linked, respectively, by palladium(II) or platinum(II).
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Figure 6. Electronic spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 7 (black) and of porphyrin dimers 9 (blue) and 11 (red) linked, respectively, by palladium(II) or platinum(II).
Figure 6. Electronic spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 7 (black) and of porphyrin dimers 9 (blue) and 11 (red) linked, respectively, by palladium(II) or platinum(II).
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Figure 7. Cyclic voltammetry of 6 (left) and 10 (right) in dichloromethane with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Arrow shows direction of the measurement.
Figure 7. Cyclic voltammetry of 6 (left) and 10 (right) in dichloromethane with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Arrow shows direction of the measurement.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g008
Figure 8. X-band experimental (black) and simulated (red) EPR spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 6 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 100 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.5 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.2 mT. Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.
Figure 8. X-band experimental (black) and simulated (red) EPR spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 6 (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) at 100 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.5 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.2 mT. Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g009
Figure 9. (Left): X-band experimental EPR spectrum of porphyrin dimer 8 (top) and 10 (bottom) (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) 50 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT. (Right): experimental (black) and simulation (red) of compound 8 at 15 K. Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.
Figure 9. (Left): X-band experimental EPR spectrum of porphyrin dimer 8 (top) and 10 (bottom) (10−4 M; CH2Cl2:CHCl3; 80:20) 50 K, recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT. (Right): experimental (black) and simulation (red) of compound 8 at 15 K. Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g010
Figure 10. X-band experimental EPR spectrum showing a superposition of 10 (black) and 11 (blue) (10−4 M; 80:20; CH2Cl2:CHCl3) at 50 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT.
Figure 10. X-band experimental EPR spectrum showing a superposition of 10 (black) and 11 (blue) (10−4 M; 80:20; CH2Cl2:CHCl3) at 50 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT.
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Inorganics 12 00044 g011
Figure 11. (Left): X-band experimental EPR spectrum of 9 (top) and 11 (bottom (10−4 M; 80:20; CH2Cl2:CHCl3) at 15 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT. (Right): experimental EPR spectrum of 11 at 50 K (black) and the corresponding simulation (red). Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.
Figure 11. (Left): X-band experimental EPR spectrum of 9 (top) and 11 (bottom (10−4 M; 80:20; CH2Cl2:CHCl3) at 15 K recorded with a microwave power of 0.1 mW and a modulation amplitude of 0.4 mT. (Right): experimental EPR spectrum of 11 at 50 K (black) and the corresponding simulation (red). Simulation parameters are given in Table 2.
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Table 1. Oxidation potentials of the porphyrin dimers obtained from cyclic voltammetric studies 1.
Table 1. Oxidation potentials of the porphyrin dimers obtained from cyclic voltammetric studies 1.
CompoundEOx1
(Volt)		EOx2
(Volt)		EOx3
(Volt)		EOx2–EOx1
(mV)
60.470.82--
80.290.430.77140
100.280.490.85209
7----
90.260.500.83237
110.230.540.90310
1 CH2Cl2, NBu4PF6, (0.1 M), 100 mV/s vs. Fc+/Fc, GC electrode.
Table 2. Best fit EPR parameters obtained for the simulation of the EPR spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 6 and of the four porphyrin dimers 8, 10, 9, and 11 linked by palladium(II) and platinum(II).
Table 2. Best fit EPR parameters obtained for the simulation of the EPR spectra of copper(II) porphyrin 6 and of the four porphyrin dimers 8, 10, 9, and 11 linked by palladium(II) and platinum(II).
Compound 6Dimer 8
PdNO		Dimer 10
PtNO		Dimer 9
PdNS		Dimer 11
PtNS
gx
(g strain)		2.061
(0.003)		2.061
(0.04)		2.061
(0.04)		2.061
(0.03)		2.061
(0.03)
gy
(g strain)		2.051
(0.0075)		2.061
(0.04)		2.061
(0.04)		2.061
(0.03)		2.061
(0.03)
gz
(g strain)		2.180
(0.001)		2.180
(0.07)		2.180
(0.07)		2.180
(0.05)		2.180
(0.05)
ACu (MHz)[135; 125; 600][130; 130; 600][130; 130; 600][130; 130; 600][130; 130; 600]
AN (MHz)49----
|J| (MHz)-700 ± 50700 ± 501500 ± 2001500 ± 200
D (MHz)-42 ± 542 ± 560 ± 560 ± 5
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Appleton, J.L.; Le Breton, N.; Choua, S.; Ruppert, R. The Effect of the Linking Unit on the Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Copper(II) Porphyrin Dimers Linked by Metal Ions. Inorganics 2024, 12, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12020044

AMA Style

Appleton JL, Le Breton N, Choua S, Ruppert R. The Effect of the Linking Unit on the Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Copper(II) Porphyrin Dimers Linked by Metal Ions. Inorganics. 2024; 12(2):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12020044

Chicago/Turabian Style

Appleton, Jordan L., Nolwenn Le Breton, Sylvie Choua, and Romain Ruppert. 2024. "The Effect of the Linking Unit on the Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Copper(II) Porphyrin Dimers Linked by Metal Ions" Inorganics 12, no. 2: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12020044

APA Style

Appleton, J. L., Le Breton, N., Choua, S., & Ruppert, R. (2024). The Effect of the Linking Unit on the Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Copper(II) Porphyrin Dimers Linked by Metal Ions. Inorganics, 12(2), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12020044

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