Journal Description
Inorganics
Inorganics
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on inorganic chemistry published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear) / CiteScore - Q2 (Inorganic Chemistry)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our authors say about Inorganics.
Impact Factor:
3.1 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Studies Toward Persilylation of π-Cyclopentadienyl Complexes of Fe and Ru. Molecular Structures of [Fe(C5H5){C5(SiMe2H)5}], [Fe(C5H5){C5Br3(SiMe3)2}] and [Fe(C5H5){C5Br2(SiMe3)3}]
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020042 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025
Abstract
Increasing the number of SiMe3 substituents on a cyclopentadienyl ring has, in addition to a stabilizing effect of unusual coordination geometries and oxidation states, the effect of increasing the solubility in unpolar solvents and increasing the volatility. Starting from pentabromoferrocene and pentabromo(pentamethyl)ruthenocene,
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Increasing the number of SiMe3 substituents on a cyclopentadienyl ring has, in addition to a stabilizing effect of unusual coordination geometries and oxidation states, the effect of increasing the solubility in unpolar solvents and increasing the volatility. Starting from pentabromoferrocene and pentabromo(pentamethyl)ruthenocene, we could achieve the introduction of up to five silyl (SiMe2H or SiMe3) groups to give [Fe(C5H5){C5(SiMe2R)5}], R = H, Me, and [Ru(C5Me5){C5(SiMe2H)5}]. However, yields were very low, and nearly all intermediate steps afforded mixtures of similar silyl-substituted compounds, which were difficult to separate. The crystal structures of [Fe(C5H5){C5(SiMe2H)5}] (13a), [Fe(C5H5){C5Br3(SiMe3)2}] (4b), and [Fe(C5H5){C5Br2(SiMe3)3}] (8b) were determined.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Germany)
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Pyridine vs. Thiazole in Cyclometalated N^C^N Ni(II) Complexes
by
Lukas Kletsch, Rose Jordan, Julian Strippel, David A. Vicic and Axel Klein
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020041 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025
Abstract
Six N^C^N cyclometalated Ni(II) complexes [Ni(N^C^N)Cl] or [Ni(N^C^N’)Br] with symmetric N^C^N or non-symmetric N^C^N’ ligands in which the peripheral N-groups were varied with pyridine (Py), 4-thiazole (4Tz), 2-thiazole (2Tz), and 2-benzothiazole (2Btz) complementing the previously reported complexes with di(2-pyridyl)phenide ligands [Ni(Py(Ph)Py)X] X =
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Six N^C^N cyclometalated Ni(II) complexes [Ni(N^C^N)Cl] or [Ni(N^C^N’)Br] with symmetric N^C^N or non-symmetric N^C^N’ ligands in which the peripheral N-groups were varied with pyridine (Py), 4-thiazole (4Tz), 2-thiazole (2Tz), and 2-benzothiazole (2Btz) complementing the previously reported complexes with di(2-pyridyl)phenide ligands [Ni(Py(Ph)Py)X] X = Cl or Br. The non-symmetric [Ni(N^C^N’)Br] complexes were synthesized from NiBr2 and N^CH^N’ protoligands through base-assisted nickelation, while the symmetric [Ni(N^C^N)Cl] complexes were received from the N^C(Cl)^N protoligands and [Ni(COD)2] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene). Introduction of 4Tz on both sides shifted the electrochemical gap ΔEexp = Eox–Ered and the long wavelength UV-vis absorption maxima of the complexes to higher energies, while 2Tz leads to a shift to lower energies. When introducing only one 4Tz or 2Tz as peripheral groups, the remaining PhPy moiety dominates the electronic properties and electrochemistry and photophysics are very similar to the Py(Ph)Py derivatives. In contrast to this, introduction of 2Btz shifts both values to lower energies, regardless of one or two 2Btz groups and the 2Btz moiety dominates the character of the frontier molecular orbitals of the complexes, as DFT calculations show. Long-wavelength UV-vis absorptions vary from 416 to 443 nm, and their energies correlate well with the first reduction potentials. Negishi-type C–C cross-coupling reactions gave total yields ranging from 1 to 60% and cross-coupling yields from 1 to 44%. The reactivities correlate roughly with the first reduction potentials. Facilitated reduction (E around –2 or higher) goes generally along with improved performance, making the thiazole-containing complexes interesting candidates for such catalysis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Organometallic Chemistry 2024)
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Unsymmetrical Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Ligands and Their Nickel(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity
by
Rodrigo Burón, David G. Calatayud, M. A. Mendiola and Elena López-Torres
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020040 - 29 Jan 2025
Abstract
The widespread use of organic dyes in industrial processes has led to a considerable release of these compounds into water systems, making the removal of organic contaminants from freshwater a pressing challenge. Photocatalysis, particularly through coordination compounds, presents a promising solution to this
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The widespread use of organic dyes in industrial processes has led to a considerable release of these compounds into water systems, making the removal of organic contaminants from freshwater a pressing challenge. Photocatalysis, particularly through coordination compounds, presents a promising solution to this problem. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of three novel dissymmetric bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands and their corresponding nickel(II) complexes, which have been extensively analyzed using various techniques. We evaluated the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by these nickel complexes, with results demonstrating that they exhibit superior efficiency compared to previously reported nickel-based complexes. Theoretical calculations reveal a correlation between the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and the energies of the involved orbitals. Additionally, with the growing demand for sustainable fuels that do not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, molecular hydrogen stands out as a promising candidate. Given the potential of bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, we performed preliminary experiments to assess the ability of these nickel complexes to function as photocatalysts for water splitting. The results show that the three nickel complexes successfully generate hydrogen under the tested conditions, although further optimization is necessary to improve hydrogen production efficiency.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”)
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Chiral Layered Zinc Phosphonates: Exfoliation and Chiroptical Properties
by
Zi-Xin Yang, Sheng-Fu Wu, Song-Song Bao, Xiu-Fang Ma, Tao Zheng and Li-Min Zheng
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020039 - 28 Jan 2025
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Chiral layered coordination polymers have attracted considerable attention not only because of their intriguing physicochemical properties but also because of their ability to exfoliate into chiral nanosheets. Chiral metal phosphonates with layered structures are of particular interest due to their relatively high thermal
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Chiral layered coordination polymers have attracted considerable attention not only because of their intriguing physicochemical properties but also because of their ability to exfoliate into chiral nanosheets. Chiral metal phosphonates with layered structures are of particular interest due to their relatively high thermal and water stabilities, but their corresponding nanosheets are rarely reported on. Herein, we report on a pair of enantiopure zinc phosphonates with the formula S- and R-Zn8(cyampH)8Cl8 (S-Zn, R-Zn), where S- and R-cyampH2 represent S- and R-(1-cyclohexylamino)methylphosphonic acids. They have layered structures in which the {ZnO3Cl} tetrahedra are connected by {PO3C} tetrahedra via corner-sharing. By doping analogous chromophore ligands S- and R-(1-naphthalenethylamino)methylphosphonic acid (S-, R-nempH2), we obtained compounds S- and R-Zn8(cyampH)8-n(nempH)nCl8 (S-, R-Zn-x%, x = 2, 4, 6), which exhibited obvious circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties. The bulk samples of S-Zn and S-Zn-4% were further subjected to exfoliation in acetone, resulting in chiral nanosheets of one–three-layer thicknesses.
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Open AccessReview
Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity of Copper(II) Complexes with Fluorine-Functionalized Schiff Bases: A Mini-Review
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María Esther Moreno-Narváez, Lucero González-Sebastián, Raúl Colorado-Peralta, Viviana Reyes-Márquez, Luz Ofelia Franco-Sandoval, Adriana Romo-Pérez, Jesús Antonio Cruz-Navarro, Ivone Vanessa Mañozca-Dosman, Alberto Aragón-Muriel and David Morales-Morales
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020038 - 26 Jan 2025
Abstract
In recent years, metallodrugs have emerged as captivating and promising compounds in the fields of cancer therapy and antimicrobial agents. While noble metals have shown remarkable biological activity, increasing interest lies in utilizing more abundant and cost-effective metals in medicinal chemistry. This is
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In recent years, metallodrugs have emerged as captivating and promising compounds in the fields of cancer therapy and antimicrobial agents. While noble metals have shown remarkable biological activity, increasing interest lies in utilizing more abundant and cost-effective metals in medicinal chemistry. This is primarily due to their pivotal role in biological processes and their lower cost compared to precious metals. Among these, copper(II) complexes have emerged with promising applications in medicine. Notably, copper compounds bearing Schiff bases stand out as innovative metallodrugs. They exhibit intriguing cytotoxic properties against a wide range of cancer cell lines, while also demonstrating inhibitory effects on prevalent bacterial and fungal strains. Nevertheless, research into Cu(II) complexes with Schiff bases remains of paramount interest. One strategic avenue to bolster their biological activity involves the introduction of fluorine groups into the ligands. This approach has demonstrated a significant augmentation in efficacy and selectivity, particularly in targeting cancer cells and microbial pathogens, because fluorine incorporation can improve metabolic stability and cellular uptake. This further reinforces the therapeutic potential of these metallodrugs. Thanks to these promising outcomes, research into the development of Cu(II) complexes with fluorinated Schiff bases is advancing significantly. This holds immense potential for progressing the field of medicinal chemistry, with the aim of addressing unmet clinical needs in both cancer therapy and antimicrobial treatment. This review comprehensively explores the latest advancements in Cu(II) complexes bearing fluorinated Schiff bases, encompassing diverse coordination modes. It delves into their scope and applications in cytotoxic evaluations, as well as their efficacy as antimicrobial and antifungal agents.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry)
Open AccessArticle
Hierarchically Porous Titanosilicate Hollow Spheres Containing TS-1 Zeolite Precursors for Oxidative Desulfurization
by
Yao Wang, Hongda Yu, Huan Wang and Tiehong Chen
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020037 - 25 Jan 2025
Abstract
The environmental and health impacts of sulfur compounds in fuel oil have prompted considerable research interest in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology. Tetrahedrally coordinated titanium has been demonstrated to exhibit excellent activity in the context of oxidative desulfurization processes. However, further improving the catalytic
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The environmental and health impacts of sulfur compounds in fuel oil have prompted considerable research interest in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology. Tetrahedrally coordinated titanium has been demonstrated to exhibit excellent activity in the context of oxidative desulfurization processes. However, further improving the catalytic property of the tetrahedrally coordinated titanium remains a challenging endeavor. In the context of ODS processes conducted at near room temperatures, the improvement of conversion remains a subject of considerable challenge. In this study, hierarchically porous titanosilicate hollow spheres were synthesized by using TS-1 zeolite precursors as Ti and Si sources to obtain the catalyst with only tetrahedrally coordinated titanium. The synthesized materials were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and nitrogen adsorption analysis. These techniques confirmed the formation of hollow spherical hierarchically porous structures with Ti species uniformly incorporated in tetrahedral coordination and the presence of five-member rings of TS-1 zeolite. As a result, the hierarchically porous titanosilicate hollow spheres demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in ODS, achieving complete dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal within 15 min and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 123 h−¹ at 30 °C.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Materials 2024)
Open AccessCommunication
Homo-Chromophores in Cu(I)(XXX), (X3 = N3, C3, Cl3, S3, P3, Br3, or I3) Derivatives—Structural Aspects
by
Milan Melník, Veronika Mikušová and Peter Mikuš
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020036 - 25 Jan 2025
Abstract
The structural aspects of homo-chromophores in Cu(I)(XXX) complexes, where X3 = N3, C3, Cl3, S3, P3, Br3, or I3, are analyzed in this study. These copper(I) derivatives crystallize
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The structural aspects of homo-chromophores in Cu(I)(XXX) complexes, where X3 = N3, C3, Cl3, S3, P3, Br3, or I3, are analyzed in this study. These copper(I) derivatives crystallize in five distinct crystal systems as follows: rhombohedral (1 example), trigonal (1 example), orthorhombic (4 examples), triclinic (5 examples), and monoclinic (15 examples). The angular distortion from regular trigonal geometry increases in the following order: Cu(ClClCl) < Cu(NNN) < Cu(PPP) < Cu(BrBrBr) < Cu(III) < Cu(CCC) < Cu(SSS). For Cu(I)(XX) complexes, the deviation from linear geometry increases in the order: Cu(SeSe) < Cu(SS) < Cu(OO) < Cu(ClCl) < Cu(NN) < Cu(CC) < Cu(PP) < Cu(BrBr). The structural parameters of Cu(I)(XXX) are examined, discussed, and compared with those of homonuclear Cu(I)(XX) complexes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Future Trends for Novel Copper Complexes)
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Preparation of a New Active Component 1,10-B10H8(S(C18H37)2)2 for Potentiometric Membranes for the Determination of Terbinafine Hydrochloride
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Eugeniy S. Turyshev, Alexey V. Golubev, Alexander Yu. Bykov, Konstantin Yu. Zhizhin and Nikolay T. Kuznetsov
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020035 - 24 Jan 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for the preparation of a new active component for ion-selective membranes, based on a di-substituted sulfonium derivative of the closo-decaborate anion at the apical vertices with the octadecylalkyl substituents 1,10-B10H8(S(C18H37
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This paper presents a methodology for the preparation of a new active component for ion-selective membranes, based on a di-substituted sulfonium derivative of the closo-decaborate anion at the apical vertices with the octadecylalkyl substituents 1,10-B10H8(S(C18H37)2)2. This approach is characterized by physicochemical methods of analysis (11B, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis). The compound obtained is used as an active component of a PVC membrane selective to terbinafine hydrochloride. The sensor developed is highly selective to the drug to be detected, has a linearity range of 4.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−2 and a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−8, and can detect terbinafine hydrochloride in the pH range of 3 to 6.
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(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)
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Structural and Magnetic Properties of Biogenic Nanomaterials Synthesized by Desulfovibrio sp. Strain A2
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Mikhail S. Platunov, Yuriy V. Knyazev, Olga P. Ikkert, Olga V. Karnachuk, Anton D. Nikolenko, Roman D. Svetogorov, Evgeny V. Khramov, Mikhail N. Volochaev and Andrey A. Dubrovskiy
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020034 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study explores the phase composition, local atomic structure, and magnetic properties of biogenic nanomaterials synthesized through microbially mediated biomineralization by the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio species strain A2 (Cupidesulfovibrio). Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption
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This study explores the phase composition, local atomic structure, and magnetic properties of biogenic nanomaterials synthesized through microbially mediated biomineralization by the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio species strain A2 (Cupidesulfovibrio). Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements, we identified a mixture of vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O) and sulfur-containing crystalline phases (α-sulfur). XRD analysis confirmed that the vivianite phase, with a monoclinic I2/m structure, constitutes 44% of the sample, while sulfur-containing phases (α-sulfur, Fddd) account for 56%, likely as a result of bacterial sulfate-reducing activity. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and EXAFS revealed the presence of multiple sulfur oxidation states, including elemental sulfur and sulfate (S6+), underscoring the role of sulfur in the sample’s structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy identified the presence of ferrihydrite nanoparticles with a blocking temperature of approximately 45 K. Magnetic measurements revealed significant coercivity (~2 kOe) at 4.2 K, attributed to the blocked ferrihydrite nanoparticles. The results provide new insights into the structural and magnetic properties of these microbially mediated biogenic nanomaterials, highlighting their potential applications in magnetic-based technologies.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Inorganic Synthesis)
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Magnetic and Thermoelectric Properties of Fe2CoGa Heusler Compounds
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Tetsuji Saito and Hayai Watanabe
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020033 - 23 Jan 2025
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The investigation of the properties of Heusler compounds is an important task that will pave the way for new applications in various fields related to magnetics and thermoelectrics. This study examines the magnetic and thermoelectric properties of Fe2CoGa Heusler compounds prepared
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The investigation of the properties of Heusler compounds is an important task that will pave the way for new applications in various fields related to magnetics and thermoelectrics. This study examines the magnetic and thermoelectric properties of Fe2CoGa Heusler compounds prepared by casting and subsequent annealing. The Fe2CoGa Heusler compound was found to be ferromagnetic, with a large saturation magnetization of 110 emu/g and a high Curie temperature of 1011 K. The Fe2CoGa Heusler compound was a good thermoelectric material, with a negative Seebeck coefficient of −44 μV/K, a low electrical resistivity of 0.60 μΩm, and a high-power factor of 3000 μW/mK2 at room temperature. The maximum power factor of 3230 μW/mK2 for the Fe2CoGa Heusler compound was obtained at 400 K. In order to improve the magnetic and thermoelectric properties of the Fe2CoGa Heusler compound, Fe2-xCo1+xGa (x = 0–1) Heusler compounds were also prepared by casting and subsequent annealing. In the Fe2-xCo1+xGa (x = 0–1) Heusler compounds, the saturation magnetization slightly decreased, but the Curie temperature increased with increasing Co content (x). As regards the thermoelectric properties, the electrical resistivity of the Fe2-xCo1+xGa (x = 0.25–1) Heusler compounds was smaller than that of the Fe2CoGa Heusler compound. The Seebeck coefficient and power factor of the Fe1.75Co1.25Ga Heusler compound were more significant than those of the Fe2CoGa Heusler compound. An increase in the Co content of the Fe2CoGa Heusler compound did not improve the saturation magnetization but improved the Curie temperature and thermoelectric properties of the Fe2CoGa Heusler compound. The Fe1.75Co1.25Ga Heusler compound exhibited a high-power factor value of over 4000 μW/mK2, which was comparable to that of the Bi2Te3 compound.
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Open AccessArticle
Insights into Contribution of Active Ceria Supports to Pt-Based Catalysts: Doping Effect (Zr; Pr; Tb) on Catalytic Properties for Glycerol Selective Oxidation
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Matías G. Rinaudo, Maria del Pilar Yeste, Hilario Vidal, José M. Gatica, Luis E. Cadús and Maria R. Morales
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020032 - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
How important is the support during the rational design of a catalyst? Herein, doped ceria (Zr; Pr and Tb) was used as an active support to prepare Pt catalysts (0.5 wt%) for glycerol selective oxidation. A thorough characterization of achieved catalytic systems showed
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How important is the support during the rational design of a catalyst? Herein, doped ceria (Zr; Pr and Tb) was used as an active support to prepare Pt catalysts (0.5 wt%) for glycerol selective oxidation. A thorough characterization of achieved catalytic systems showed that the nature of doping elements led to different physicochemical properties. The presence of surface Pr3+ and Tb3+ not only increased oxygen vacancies but also electron mobility, modifying the oxidation state of platinum particles. The redox properties of the catalyst were also affected, achieving a close interaction between the support and metal particles even in the form of Pt-O-Pr(Tb) solid solutions. Furthermore, the combination of medium-sized metal particle dispersion, strong metal–support interaction and a synergy between the amount of oxygen vacancies and Pt0, observed in the Pt/CeTb catalyst, led to a high turnover frequency (TOF) and increased selectivity to glyceric acid. Thus, the present study reveals how a simple structural modification of active supports, such as cerium oxide, by means of doping elements is capable of improving the catalytic performance during glycerol selective oxidation, avoiding the cumbersome methods of synthesis and activation treatments.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Catalysts: Design, Synthesis and Applications)
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Heterostructure Based of Ti-TiO2(NW)/rGO Hybrid Materials for Electrochemical Applications
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Mina-Ionela Morariu (Popescu), Mircea Nicolaescu, Corina Orha, Carmen Lăzău, Narcis Duteanu and Cornelia Bandas
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020031 - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study investigated a hybrid electrode based on titanium/titanium dioxide nanowires/reduced graphene oxide (Ti-TiO2(NW)/rGO) that was developed in two stages. The Ti-TiO2(NW)/rGO was obtained by hydrothermal treatment in a mixed solution of H2O2 and melamine for
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This study investigated a hybrid electrode based on titanium/titanium dioxide nanowires/reduced graphene oxide (Ti-TiO2(NW)/rGO) that was developed in two stages. The Ti-TiO2(NW)/rGO was obtained by hydrothermal treatment in a mixed solution of H2O2 and melamine for Ti-TiO2 support, followed by a simple spin-coating deposition method and thermal oxidation in a controlled atmosphere of nitrogen gas (99%). The as-prepared structures of electrodes were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the electrochemical behavior was assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a 1M HNO3-supporting electrolyte and in the presence of 4 mM K4Fe(CN)6 3H2O to determine the electroactive surface area and apparent diffusion coefficient of the hybrid electrode. The development of the Ti-TiO2(NW)/rGO hybrid electrode provides a sensitive method for photo-electrooxidation of doxorubicin due to exploiting the synergistic and remarkable properties of the nanowires of TiO2 and of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layer on the electrode surface.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Design of Transition Metal Oxides for Energy Storage and Catalytic Application)
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Electrochemical Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxaldehyde Using Mn(III)–Schiff Base Catalysts
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Uxía Barreiro-Sisto, Sandra Fernández-Fariña, María Isabel Fernández-García, Ana M. González-Noya, Isabel Velo-Heleno and Marcelino Maneiro
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020030 - 22 Jan 2025
Abstract
2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF) is one of the most promising biomass-based building blocks for the synthesis of biobased polymers. DFF can be obtained from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a fructose derivate, and it is a key molecule in the sequence of reactions of furan chemistry to develop
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2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF) is one of the most promising biomass-based building blocks for the synthesis of biobased polymers. DFF can be obtained from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a fructose derivate, and it is a key molecule in the sequence of reactions of furan chemistry to develop biobased plastics. In this frame, four manganese(III)–Schiff base complexes 1–4 have been obtained. The general formula for the complexes, MnLn(OCN)(H2O/CH3OH)m (Ln being the Schiff base ligands L1–L4, formed as the result of the condensation of different substituted hydroxybenzaldehydes with diverse diamines, and m = 1–3), has been confirmed by characterization through different analytical and spectroscopic techniques. X-ray crystallographic studies for 1 and 2 showed tetragonally distorted octahedral structures, where the Schiff base was placed in the equatorial coordination positions of the Mn(III) ion. Complexes 1 and 2 behaved as efficient catalysts in the oxidation of HMF to DFF in an electrolytic reaction at pH 8.5, with phosphate buffer at room temperature, with conversion rates of 70–80%. On the other hand, complexes 3 and 4, where the axial position was sterically less accessible, yielded only an 11% conversion of HMF to DFF. The results indicate that a correct selection of metal complexes allows the development of a new efficient way to obtain DFF.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”)
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Aluminum-Nitride-Based Semiconductors: Growth Processes, Ferroelectric Properties, and Performance Enhancements
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Luyi Wang, Jinhong Cheng, Ke Qu, Qingfeng Zhu, Bobo Tian and Zhenzhong Yang
Inorganics 2025, 13(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13020029 - 21 Jan 2025
Abstract
Aluminum nitride (AlN)-based ferroelectric films offer significant advantages, including compatibility with CMOS back-end processes, potential for sustainable miniaturization, and intrinsic stability in the ferroelectric phase. As promising emerging materials, they have attracted considerable attention for their broad application potential in nonvolatile ferroelectric memories.
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Aluminum nitride (AlN)-based ferroelectric films offer significant advantages, including compatibility with CMOS back-end processes, potential for sustainable miniaturization, and intrinsic stability in the ferroelectric phase. As promising emerging materials, they have attracted considerable attention for their broad application potential in nonvolatile ferroelectric memories. However, several key scientific and technological challenges remain, including the preparation of single-crystal materials, epitaxial growth, and doping, which hinder their progress in critical ferroelectric devices. To accelerate their development, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms, such as growth dynamics and ferroelectric properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the preparation methods of AlN-based ferroelectric films, covering AlN, Al1−xScxN, Al1−xBxN, YxAl1−xN, and ScxAlyGa1−x−yN. We systematically analyze the similarities, differences, advantages, and limitations of various growth techniques. Furthermore, the ferroelectric properties of AlN and its doped variants are summarized and compared. Strategies for enhancing the ferroelectric performance of AlN-based films are discussed, with a focus on coercive field regulation under stress, suppression of leakage current, fatigue mechanism, and long-term stability. Then, a brief overview of the wide range of applications of AlN-based thin films in electronic and photonic devices is presented. Finally, the challenges associated with the commercialization of AlN-based ferroelectrics are presented, and critical issues for future research are outlined. By synthesizing insights on growth methods, ferroelectric properties, enhancement strategies, and applications, this review aims to facilitate the advancement and practical application of AlN-based ferroelectric materials and devices.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Design of Transition Metal Oxides for Energy Storage and Catalytic Application)
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Open AccessReview
Cyclodextrins’ Internal Cavity Hydration: Insights from Theory and Experiment
by
Silvia Angelova, Stiliyana Pereva, Todor Dudev and Tony Spassov
Inorganics 2025, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13010028 - 20 Jan 2025
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In this short review, recent findings from both theory and experiment regarding the process of hydration of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins are summarized and critically assessed. Key important questions are addressed, including: What factors govern the number of water molecules entrapped in the
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In this short review, recent findings from both theory and experiment regarding the process of hydration of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins are summarized and critically assessed. Key important questions are addressed, including: What factors govern the number of water molecules entrapped in the internal cavity of the host macrocycle? What is the driving force behind this process? What are the “hot spots” for water entrapment inside the host cavity? What is the underlying mechanism of water hydration and dehydration of cyclodextrins? What is the role of the confined water cluster in determining the outcome of the host–guest complexation between cyclodextrins and molecules of inorganic/organic nature? To what extent does water hydration affect the crystalline structure of the cavitand?
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EtIDip (EtIPr)—Synthesis, Characterisation and Reactivity of a Robust, Backbone-Modified N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Group 13 Element Complexes
by
Huanhuan Dong, Albert Martinez-Segura, Riley W. Kelehan, Connor Bourne, Aidan P. McKay, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin, David B. Cordes and Andreas Stasch
Inorganics 2025, 13(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13010027 - 17 Jan 2025
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of the stable imidazol-2-ylidene EtIDip (EtIPr), {EtCN(Dip)}2C:, Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, as a chemically robust alternative to IDip (IPr), {HCN(Dip)}2C:. The N-heterocyclic
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We report the synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of the stable imidazol-2-ylidene EtIDip (EtIPr), {EtCN(Dip)}2C:, Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, as a chemically robust alternative to IDip (IPr), {HCN(Dip)}2C:. The N-heterocyclic carbene EtIDip could be further converted to the oxidised species [EtIDipCl]Cl, EtIDipF2, EtIDipO, and EtIDipSe, and the group 13 element complexes EtIDipEX3, with E = B, X = Br; E = Al, X = I; E = Ga, X = I; E = Al, X = H. The properties of the EtIDip and IDip ligands are compared and the molecular structures of (DipNCEt)2, [EtIDipH]Cl, [EtIDipH]I, EtIDip, [EtIDipCl]Cl, EtIDipF2, EtIDipO, EtIDipBBr3, EtIDipAlI3, EtIDipGaI3, and EtIDipAlH3 have been determined.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Applications of Sterically Demanding Ligands in Main Group Chemistry)
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Research of Sulfur-Containing Metal Complexes
by
Yanting Yang, Danqin Li and Mei Luo
Inorganics 2025, 13(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13010026 - 17 Jan 2025
Abstract
In this experiment, the excellent coordination ability of sulfur-containing ligands was utilized. Diphenylacetyl disulfide and 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone were selected as ligands, and Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and ZnCl2 were reacted under one-pot
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In this experiment, the excellent coordination ability of sulfur-containing ligands was utilized. Diphenylacetyl disulfide and 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone were selected as ligands, and Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and ZnCl2 were reacted under one-pot conditions to synthesize three mononuclear complexes: [C4H18CuO12S2](I), [C12H18N4NiO11S](II) and [C24H24Cl2N4O4S2Zn](III). Complex (I) belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pbca, while complexes (II) and (III) belong to the monoclinic crystal system with space groups P21/n and P2/n. The crystal structure of the complex was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The structure of the complex was analyzed using infrared Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the thermal stability and composition of the complex were detected via thermogravimetry (TGA). In terms of application, the biological activity of complexes (I)–(III) in human cancer cell lines (lung cancer A549, liver cancer SMMC-7721, breast cancer MDA-MB-231, and colon cancer SW480) was tested using the MTS method. The results showed that complex (II) had a good inhibitory effect on breast cancer MDA-MB-231.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands: Structure and Biological Evaluation)
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Tetrazenyl-, Imido-, and Azidoaluminate Derivatives of a Sterically Demanding Bis-Silazide Ligand
by
Han-Ying Liu, Ryan J. Schwamm, Jakub Kenar, Mary F. Mahon and Michael S. Hill
Inorganics 2025, 13(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13010025 - 16 Jan 2025
Abstract
The potassium alumanyl [{SiNDipp}AlK]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) reacts with organic azides via reductive N2 elimination. With the less sterically encumbered azides
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The potassium alumanyl [{SiNDipp}AlK]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) reacts with organic azides via reductive N2 elimination. With the less sterically encumbered azides PhN3 and C10H15N3 (1-azidoadamantane), the putative initially formed aluminium imide undergoes facile [2 + 3] cycloaddition to provide the tetrazenylaluminates [{SiNDipp}Al-κ2-N,N′-({N(R)}2N2)]K (R = Ph, C10H15). In contrast, each Al(I) centre of [{SiNDipp}AlK]2 only reacts with a single equivalent of 2,4,6-Me3C6H2N3 to provide the imidoaluminate [{SiNDipp}AlN(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(K∙C6H6)], which crystallises as a monomer and displays a short Al-N distance of 1.7040(13) Å. Attempts to synthesise the azide [{SiNDipp}AlN3] by reaction of [{SiNDipp}AlI] with an excess of KN3 resulted in exclusive formation of the bis(azido)aluminate [{SiNDipp}Al(N3)2K], which crystallises as an infinite 1-dimensional polymer propagated by μ-(1,3)-N3 bridging interactions between the potassium cations and azide anions. Although the THF-adducted azide [{SiNDipp}AlN3(THF)] may be synthesised and characterised by more stringent control of the reaction stoichiometry, the synthetic viability of this route remains compromised by competitive generation of [{SiNDipp}Al(N3)2K].
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Applications of Sterically Demanding Ligands in Main Group Chemistry)
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High-Coercivity Ferrimagnet Co₂FeO₂BO₃: XMCD Insights into Charge-Ordering and Cation Distribution
by
Mikhail S. Platunov
Inorganics 2025, 13(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13010024 - 15 Jan 2025
Abstract
The multi-sublattice ferrimagnet Co2FeO2BO3, a prominent example of lanthanide-free magnets, was the subject of element-selective studies using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) observations at the L- and K- X-ray absorption edges. Research findings indicate that
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The multi-sublattice ferrimagnet Co2FeO2BO3, a prominent example of lanthanide-free magnets, was the subject of element-selective studies using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) observations at the L- and K- X-ray absorption edges. Research findings indicate that the distinct magnetic characteristics of Co2FeO2BO3, namely its remarkable high coercivity (which surpasses 7 Tesla at low temperatures), originate from an atypical arrangement of magnetic ions in the crystal structure (sp.gr. Pbam). The antiferromagnetic nature of the Co2+-O-Fe3+ exchange interaction was confirmed by identifying the spin and orbital contributions to the total magnetization from Co (mL = 0.27 ± 0.1 μB/ion and meffS = 0.53 ± 0.1 μB/ion) and Fe (mL = 0.05 ± 0.1 μB/ion and meffS = 0.80 ± 0.1 μB/ion) ions through element-selective XMCD analysis. Additionally, the research explicitly revealed that the strong magnetic anisotropy is a result of the significant unquenched orbital magnetic moment of Co, a feature that is also present in the related compound Co3O2BO3. A complex magnetic structure in Co2FeO2BO3, with infinite Co²⁺O6 layers in the bc-plane and strong antiferromagnetic coupling through Fe3⁺ ions, is suggested by element-selective hysteresis data, which revealed that Co²⁺ ions contribute both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic components to the total magnetization. The findings underline the suitability of Co2FeO2BO3 for applications in extreme environments, such as low temperatures and high magnetic fields, where its unique magnetic topology and anisotropy can be harnessed for advanced technologies, including materials for space exploration and quantum devices. This XMCD study opens the door to the production of novel high-coercivity, lanthanide-free magnetic materials by showing that targeted substitution at specific crystallographic sites can significantly enhance the magnetic properties of such materials.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Materials for Applications in Extreme Environments)
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The Homopolyatomic Sulfur Cation [S20]2+
by
Janis Derendorf, Lara Heiderich, Carsten Jenne and Marc C. Nierstenhöfer
Inorganics 2025, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13010023 - 15 Jan 2025
Abstract
Homopolyatomic cations of the main group elements and of the element sulfur, in particular, are used as tutorial examples to teach structure and bonding in inorganic chemistry. So far, the cations [S4]2+, [S8]2+, [S19
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Homopolyatomic cations of the main group elements and of the element sulfur, in particular, are used as tutorial examples to teach structure and bonding in inorganic chemistry. So far, the cations [S4]2+, [S8]2+, [S19]2+, [S5]•+, and [S8]•+ are known experimentally. In this report, the generation and crystal structure determination of the salt Na2[S20]2[B12Cl12]3, containing the new homopolyatomic sulfur cation [S20]2+, is reported. The structure of the latter cation consists of two seven-membered homocycles, which are bridged by a six-membered sulfur chain. This structure is strongly related to that of [S19]2+. The heptasulfur rings show pronounced bond alternation. Comparison with the experimental structures of [S7X]+ (X = I, Br) and the application of quantum chemical calculations show unambiguously that the observed structural features are intrinsic properties of the cationic cyclo-heptasulfur moieties. The latter can occupy different conformations, which only slightly differ in energy. Charge delocalization and negative hyperconjugation contribute to the stability of the observed structures. The discovery of the [S20]2+ cation fits well into range of known homopolyatomic sulfur cations, which can be classified by their averaged oxidation state of sulfur.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Germany)
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