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Inorganics
Volume 7
Issue 2
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Inorganics, Volume 7, Issue 2 (February 2019) – 13 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The cover represents the building of metallodrugs using a combination of gold or silver metals together with several ligands, such as amidophosphines functionalized with a thiophene moiety, a relevant heterocycle with important biological properties, and a sugar thiolate which could enhance cellular uptake. Their cytotoxicity is displayed in the graphic showing that the thiolate gold species displays the higher activity in all cell lines. By M. Concepción Gimeno. View this paper.
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14 pages, 2429 KiB  
Article
Mono- and Hexanuclear Zinc Halide Complexes with Soft Thiopyridazine Based Scorpionate Ligands
by Michael Tüchler, Melanie Ramböck, Simon Glanzer, Klaus Zangger, Ferdinand Belaj and Nadia C. Mösch-Zanetti
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020024 - 19 Feb 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3483
Abstract
Scorpionate ligands with three soft sulfur donor sites have become very important in coordination chemistry. Despite its ability to form highly electrophilic species, electron-deficient thiopyridazines have rarely been used, whereas the chemistry of electron-rich thioheterocycles has been explored rather intensively. Here, the unusual [...] Read more.
Scorpionate ligands with three soft sulfur donor sites have become very important in coordination chemistry. Despite its ability to form highly electrophilic species, electron-deficient thiopyridazines have rarely been used, whereas the chemistry of electron-rich thioheterocycles has been explored rather intensively. Here, the unusual chemical behavior of a thiopyridazine (6-tert-butylpyridazine-3-thione, HtBuPn) based scorpionate ligand towards zinc is reported. Thus, the reaction of zinc halides with tris(6-tert-butyl-3-thiopyridazinyl)borate Na[TntBu] leads to the formation of discrete torus-shaped hexameric zinc complexes [TntBuZnX]6 (X = Br, I) with uncommonly long zinc halide bonds. In contrast, reaction of the sterically more demanding ligand K[TnMe,tBu] leads to decomposition, forming Zn(HPnMe,tBu)2X2 (X = Br, I). The latter can be prepared independently by reaction of the respective zinc halides and two equiv of HPnMe,tBu. The bromide compound was used as precursor which further reacts with K[TnMe,tBu] forming the mononuclear complex [TnMe,tBu]ZnBr(HPnMe,tBu). The molecular structures of all compounds were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Characterization in solution was performed by means of 1H, 13C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy which revealed the hexameric constitution of [TntBuZnBr]6 to be predominant. In contrast, [TnMe,tBu]ZnBr(HPnMe,tBu) was found to be dynamic in solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Boron Based Ligands)
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5 pages, 1426 KiB  
Communication
Fast Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Wells-Dawson-Type 18-Tungsto-2-Phosphate [P2W18O62]6−
by Vamangi M. Pandya, Ali Haider, Hafiz M. Qasim, Ali S. Mougharbel, Ulrich Kortz and Sachin A. Joshi
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020023 - 15 Feb 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4049
Abstract
We report on a fast microwave-assisted synthetic procedure of the Wells-Dawson-type 18-tungsto-2-phosphate [P2W18O62]6− with a 35% yield in 24 h, rather than a week using conventional heating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyoxometalate Chemistry)
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10 pages, 2775 KiB  
Article
Molecularly Engineered Lithium–Chromium Alkoxide for Selective Synthesis of LiCrO2 and Li2CrO4 Nanomaterials
by Olusola Ojelere, David Graf and Sanjay Mathur
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020022 - 14 Feb 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5226
Abstract
Achieving control over the phase-selective synthesis of mixed metal oxide materials remains a challenge to the synthetic chemist due to diffusion-driven growth, which necessitates the search for new compounds with pre-existent chemical bonds between the phase-forming elements. We report here a simple solvothermal [...] Read more.
Achieving control over the phase-selective synthesis of mixed metal oxide materials remains a challenge to the synthetic chemist due to diffusion-driven growth, which necessitates the search for new compounds with pre-existent chemical bonds between the phase-forming elements. We report here a simple solvothermal process to fabricate LiCrO2 and Li2CrO4 nanoparticles from bimetallic single-source precursors, demonstrating the distinctive influence of molecular design and calcination conditions on the resulting nanomaterials. The chemical identity of [Li2Cr(OtBu)4Cl(THF)2] (1) and [LiCr(OtBu)2(PyCH=COCF3)2(THF)2] (2) was unambiguously established in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing the formation of a coordination polymeric chain in compound 1, whereas electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) studies revealed a monomeric structure in solution. TEM analysis of synthesized LiCrO2 nanoparticles showed nearly uniform particles size of approximately 20 nm. The sensitivity of the LiCrO2 phase towards oxidation was investigated by X-ray diffraction, revealing the formation of the stable Li2CrO4 after calcination in air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides)
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14 pages, 2694 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Trithia-Borinane Complexes Stabilized in Diruthenium Core: [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BR}] (R = H or SMe)
by Koushik Saha, Urminder Kaur, Rosmita Borthakur and Sundargopal Ghosh
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020021 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3727
Abstract
The thermolysis of arachno-1 [(Cp*Ru)2(B3H8)(CS2H)] in the presence of tellurium powder yielded a series of ruthenium trithia-borinane complexes: [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BH}] 2, [...] Read more.
The thermolysis of arachno-1 [(Cp*Ru)2(B3H8)(CS2H)] in the presence of tellurium powder yielded a series of ruthenium trithia-borinane complexes: [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BH}] 2, [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3B(SMe)}] 3, and [(Cp*Ru)2(η1-S)(η1-CS){(CH2)2S3BH}] 4. Compounds 2–4 were considered as ruthenium trithia-borinane complexes, where the central six-membered ring {C2BS3} adopted a boat conformation. Compounds 2–4 were similar to our recently reported ruthenium diborinane complex [(Cp*Ru){(η2-SCHS)CH2S2(BH2)2}]. Unlike diborinane, where the central six-membered ring {CB2S3} adopted a chair conformation, compounds 2–4 adopted a boat conformation. In an attempt to convert arachno-1 into a closo or nido cluster, we pyrolyzed it in toluene. Interestingly, the reaction led to the isolation of a capped butterfly cluster, [(Cp*Ru)2(B3H5)(CS2H2)] 5. All the compounds were characterized by 1H, 11B{1H}, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of complexes 2, 3, and 5 were also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Boron Based Ligands)
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11 pages, 1445 KiB  
Article
Modelling the (Essential) Role of Proton Transport by Electrolyte Bases for Electrochemical Water Oxidation at Near-Neutral pH
by Holger Dau and Chiara Pasquini
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020020 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5616
Abstract
The oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) in the near-neutral pH-regime is of high interest, e.g., for coupling of OER and CO2-reduction in the production of non-fossil fuels. A simple model is proposed that assumes equal proton activities in the catalyst film and the [...] Read more.
The oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) in the near-neutral pH-regime is of high interest, e.g., for coupling of OER and CO2-reduction in the production of non-fossil fuels. A simple model is proposed that assumes equal proton activities in the catalyst film and the near-surface electrolyte. Equations are derived that describe the limitations relating to proton transport mediated by fluxes of molecular “buffer bases” in the electrolyte. The model explains (1) the need for buffer bases in near-neutral OER and (2) the pH dependence of the catalytic current at high overpotentials. The latter is determined by the concentration of unprotonated buffer bases times an effective diffusion constant, which can be estimated for simple cell geometries from tabulated diffusion coefficients. The model predicts (3) a macroscopic region of increased pH close to the OER electrode and at intermediate overpotentials, (4) a Tafel slope that depends on the reciprocal buffer capacity; both predictions are awaiting experimental verification. The suggested first-order model captures and predicts major trends of OER in the near-neutral pH, without accounting for proton-transport limitations at the catalyst–electrolyte interface and within the catalyst material, but the full quantitative agreement may require refinements. The suggested model also may be applicable to further electrocatalytic processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water Oxidation Catalysis)
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18 pages, 1150 KiB  
Article
A Simple Model for Halogen Bond Interaction Energies
by Robert A. Shaw and J. Grant Hill
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020019 - 10 Feb 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5038
Abstract
Halogen bonds are prevalent in many areas of chemistry, physics, and biology. We present a statistical model for the interaction energies of halogen-bonded systems at equilibrium based on high-accuracy ab initio benchmark calculations for a range of complexes. Remarkably, the resulting model requires [...] Read more.
Halogen bonds are prevalent in many areas of chemistry, physics, and biology. We present a statistical model for the interaction energies of halogen-bonded systems at equilibrium based on high-accuracy ab initio benchmark calculations for a range of complexes. Remarkably, the resulting model requires only two fitted parameters, X and B—one for each molecule—and optionally the equilibrium separation, R e , between them, taking the simple form E = X B / R e n . For n = 4 , it gives negligible root-mean-squared deviations of 0.14 and 0.28 kcal mol − 1 over separate fitting and validation data sets of 60 and 74 systems, respectively. The simple model is shown to outperform some of the best density functionals for non-covalent interactions, once parameters are available, at essentially zero computational cost. Additionally, we demonstrate how it can be transferred to completely new, much larger complexes and still achieve accuracy within 0.5 kcal mol − 1 . Using a principal component analysis and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, we further show how the model can be used to predict the physical nature of a halogen bond, providing an efficient way to gain insight into the behavior of halogen-bonded systems. This means that the model can be used to highlight cases where induction or dispersion significantly affect the underlying nature of the interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Halogen Bonding: Fundamentals and Applications)
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21 pages, 5728 KiB  
Review
Smart MRI Agents for Detecting Extracellular Events In Vivo: Progress and Challenges
by Daniel Parrott, W. Shirangi Fernando and Andre F. Martins
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020018 - 9 Feb 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5698
Abstract
Many elegant inorganic designs have been developed to aid medical imaging. We know better now how to improve imaging due to the enormous efforts made by scientists in probe design and other fundamental sciences, including inorganic chemistry, physiochemistry, analytical chemistry, and biomedical engineering. [...] Read more.
Many elegant inorganic designs have been developed to aid medical imaging. We know better now how to improve imaging due to the enormous efforts made by scientists in probe design and other fundamental sciences, including inorganic chemistry, physiochemistry, analytical chemistry, and biomedical engineering. However, despite several years being invested in the development of diagnostic probes, only a few examples have shown applicability in MRI in vivo. In this short review, we aim to show the reader the latest advances in the application of inorganic agents in preclinical MRI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MRI Contrast Agents)
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20 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Hydrocarbon Oxidation Properties of N-Heterocycle-Sulfonated Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes
by Susanta Hazra, Bruno G. M. Rocha, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Anirban Karmakar and Armando J. L. Pombeiro
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020017 - 6 Feb 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3830
Abstract
Reaction of the o-[(o-hydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]benzenesulfonic acid (H2L) (1) with CuCl2·2H2O in the presence of pyridine (py) leads to [Cu(L)(py)(EtOH)] (2) which, upon further reaction with 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy), pyrazine (pyr), or piperazine [...] Read more.
Reaction of the o-[(o-hydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]benzenesulfonic acid (H2L) (1) with CuCl2·2H2O in the presence of pyridine (py) leads to [Cu(L)(py)(EtOH)] (2) which, upon further reaction with 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy), pyrazine (pyr), or piperazine (pip), forms [Cu(L)(bipy)]·MeOH (3), [Cu2(L)2(μ-pyr)(MeOH)2] (4), or [Cu2(L)2(μ-pip)(MeOH)2] (5), respectively. The Schiff base (1) and the metal complexes (2–5) are stabilized by a number of non-covalent interactions to form interesting H-bonded multidimensional polymeric networks (except 3), such as zigzag 1D chain (in 1), linear 1D chain (in 2), hacksaw double chain 1D (in 4) and 2D motifs (in 5). These copper(II) complexes (2–5) catalyze the peroxidative oxidation of cyclic hydrocarbons (cyclooctane, cyclohexane, and cyclohexene) to the corresponding products (alcohol and ketone from alkane; alcohols, ketone, and epoxide from alkene), under mild conditions. For the oxidation of cyclooctane with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, used as a model reaction, the best yields were generally achieved for complex 3 in the absence of any promoter (20%) or in the presence of py or HNO3 (26% or 30%, respectively), whereas 2 displayed the highest catalytic activity in the presence of HNO3 (35%). While the catalytic reactions were significantly faster with py, the best product yields were achieved with the acidic additive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Binuclear Complexes)
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9 pages, 2388 KiB  
Article
Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles for Loading and Delivery of Suramin
by Nikola Ž. Knežević, Sanja Djordjević, Vesna Kojić and Djordje Janaćković
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020016 - 5 Feb 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3698
Abstract
Suramin (SUR) is a known drug for treating parasitic infections though research studies and some clinical trials have shown its applicability for a plethora of other diseases. Herein we report on a novel SUR nanocarrier for the drug delivery to cells. We synthesized [...] Read more.
Suramin (SUR) is a known drug for treating parasitic infections though research studies and some clinical trials have shown its applicability for a plethora of other diseases. Herein we report on a novel SUR nanocarrier for the drug delivery to cells. We synthesized periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with spherical morphology, having mean diameter of 240 nm and high surface area (778 m2/g). The material’s surface is modified with an amine-containing organic moiety N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (DA), followed by surface attachment with the drug. The rate of SUR release in physiological condition was low, though in vitro experiments on MRC-5 cell line demonstrate effective delivery of the drug to the cells and low toxicity of the materials without the adsorbed drug. These results are promising for opening new treatment strategies with SUR-bearing nanocarriers, with high efficiency and low adverse effects on healthy tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy)
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19 pages, 2359 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Electrochemistry and Electro-Catalytic Properties of the Manganese-Containing Polyoxotungstate, [(Mn(H2O)3)2(H2W12O42)]6−
by Anne-Lucie Teillout, Pedro de Oliveira, Jérôme Marrot, Robertha C. Howell, Neus Vilà, Alain Walcarius and Israël M. Mbomekallé
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020015 - 2 Feb 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4396
Abstract
We present the synthesis and structural characterization of the manganese-containing polyoxotungstate, [(Mn(H2O)3)2(H2W12O42)]6− (1), obtained by reaction of MnCl2 with six equivalents of Na2WO4 in [...] Read more.
We present the synthesis and structural characterization of the manganese-containing polyoxotungstate, [(Mn(H2O)3)2(H2W12O42)]6− (1), obtained by reaction of MnCl2 with six equivalents of Na2WO4 in the presence of Zn(CH3COO)2 in acetate medium (pH 4.7). This has been assessed by various techniques (FTIR, TGA, UV-Visible, XPS, elemental analysis, single crystal X-ray and electrochemistry). Single-crystal X-ray analyses showed that, in the solid state, 1 forms a 2-D network in which [H2W12O42]10− fragments are linked in pairs via Mn2+ ions, leading to linear chains of the form [(Mn(H2O)3)2(H2W12O42)]n6n−. The connection between chains occurs also via Mn2+ ions which bind [H2W12O42]10− fragments belonging to two adjacent chains, forming an infinite 2-D network. A complete electrochemical study was done in aqueous solution where 1 is stable in the pH range 1 to 6. This complex undergoes multiple electron-transfer processes that lead to the electro-generation of manganese high oxidation state species that catalyse water electro-oxidation. 1 is also effective in the electro-catalytic reduction of nitrite and dioxygen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyoxometalate Chemistry)
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20 pages, 2287 KiB  
Review
Tracing the Pathways of Waters and Protons in Photosystem II and Cytochrome c Oxidase
by Divya Kaur, Xiuhong Cai, Umesh Khaniya, Yingying Zhang, Junjun Mao, Manoj Mandal and Marilyn R. Gunner
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020014 - 31 Jan 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5837
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) uses water as the terminal electron donor, producing oxygen in the Mn4CaO5 oxygen evolving complex (OEC), while cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces O2 to water in its heme–Cu binuclear center (BNC). Each protein is oriented in [...] Read more.
Photosystem II (PSII) uses water as the terminal electron donor, producing oxygen in the Mn4CaO5 oxygen evolving complex (OEC), while cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces O2 to water in its heme–Cu binuclear center (BNC). Each protein is oriented in the membrane to add to the proton gradient. The OEC, which releases protons, is located near the P-side (positive, at low-pH) of the membrane. In contrast, the BNC is in the middle of CcO, so the protons needed for O2 reduction must be transferred from the N-side (negative, at high pH). In addition, CcO pumps protons from N- to P-side, coupled to the O2 reduction chemistry, to store additional energy. Thus, proton transfers are directly coupled to the OEC and BNC redox chemistry, as well as needed for CcO proton pumping. The simulations that study the changes in proton affinity of the redox active sites and the surrounding protein at different states of the reaction cycle, as well as the changes in hydration that modulate proton transfer paths, are described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water Oxidation Catalysis)
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13 pages, 2098 KiB  
Article
Cytotoxic Gold(I) Complexes with Amidophosphine Ligands Containing Thiophene Moieties
by Helen Goitia, M. Dolores Villacampa, Antonio Laguna and M. Concepción Gimeno
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020013 - 29 Jan 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4633
Abstract
A new phosphine ligand bearing a thiophene moiety, C4H3SNHCOCH2CH2PPh2 (L), has been prepared by reaction of the aminophosphine Ph2PCH2CH2NH2 with thiophenecarbonylchloride in the presence of [...] Read more.
A new phosphine ligand bearing a thiophene moiety, C4H3SNHCOCH2CH2PPh2 (L), has been prepared by reaction of the aminophosphine Ph2PCH2CH2NH2 with thiophenecarbonylchloride in the presence of triethylamine. The coordination behavior towards gold(I), gold(III) and silver(I) species has been studied and several metal compounds of different stoichiometry have been achieved, such as [AuL2]OTf, [AuXL] (X = Cl, C6F5), [Au(C6F5)3L], [AgL2]OTf or [Ag(OTf)L]. Additionally, the reactivity of the chloride gold(I) species with biologically relevant thiolates was explored, thus obtaining the neutral thiolate compounds [AuL(SR)] (SR = 2-thiocitosine, 2-thiolpyridine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thionicotinic acid, 2,3,4,6-tetra-6-acetyl-1-thiol-β-d-glucopyranosato or thiopurine). The antitumor activity of the compounds was measured by the MTT method in several cancer cells and the complexes exhibit excellent cytotoxic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unconventional Anticancer Metallodrugs and Strategies to Improve their Pharmacological Profile)
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17 pages, 2624 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Assets Toward Biomolecules and Cytotoxicity of New Oxindolimine-Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes
by Maurício Cavicchioli, Aline Monteiro Lino Zaballa, Queite Antonia de Paula, Marcela Bach Prieto, Carla Columbano Oliveira, Patrizia Civitareale, Maria Rosa Ciriolo and Ana Maria Da Costa Ferreira
Inorganics 2019, 7(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7020012 - 26 Jan 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4238
Abstract
A new oxindolimine ligand derived from isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole was synthesized, leading to two novel complexes after metalation with copper(II) perchlorate or zinc(II) chloride, [Cu(isambz)2](ClO4)2 (complex 1) and [Zn(isambz)Cl2 [...] Read more.
A new oxindolimine ligand derived from isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole was synthesized, leading to two novel complexes after metalation with copper(II) perchlorate or zinc(II) chloride, [Cu(isambz)2](ClO4)2 (complex 1) and [Zn(isambz)Cl2] (complex 2). This new ligand was designed as a more lipophilic compound, in a series of oxindolimine–metal complexes with antitumor properties, having DNA, mitochondria, and some proteins, such as CDK1 kinase and topoisomerase IB, as key targets. The new complexes had their reactivity to human serum albumin (HSA) and DNA, and their cytotoxicity toward tumor cells investigated. The binding to CT-DNA was monitored by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and fluorescence measurements using ethidium bromide in a competitive assay. Consequent DNA cleavage was verified by gel electrophoresis with complex 1, in nmolar concentrations, with formation of linear DNA (form III) after 60 min incubation at 37 °C, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which acts as a reducing agent. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, monitored by spin trapping EPR. Interaction with HSA lead to α-helix structure disturbance, and formation of a stable radical species (HSA–Tyr·) and carbonyl groups in the protein. Despite showing oxidative ability to damage vital biomolecules such as HSA and DNA, these new complexes showed moderate cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells, similarly to previous compounds in this series. These results confirm DNA as an important target for these compounds, and additionally indicate that oxidative damage is not the leading mechanism responsible for their cytotoxicity. Additionally, this work emphasizes the importance of ligand characteristics and of speciation in activity of metal complexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unconventional Anticancer Metallodrugs and Strategies to Improve their Pharmacological Profile)
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