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Dentistry Journal
Volume 13
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Dent. J., Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 44 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Gender differences have been shown in periodontal disease where men had higher incidence than women. Previous findings suggest that obesity increases the incidence of periodontal disease, where elevation in oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines production are key elements in the progression of vascular injury. Few studies have shown that obesity alone could drive periodontal inflammation in rodents without induction of periodontitis experimentally and there is controversy in the literature regarding the relative susceptibility of males vs. females to obesity-induced vascular injury. We investigated gender differences in obesity-induced periodontal inflammation in the current study and found that obesity increases systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and periodontal inflammation with no apparent sex differences, however, these changes were not enough to induce periodontitis. View this paper
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19 pages, 8178 KiB  
Article
Immediate Patient Satisfaction with Dental Esthetics After Endodontic and Prosthodontic Treatment of Dental Dyschromia
by Adrian Jantea, Sorin Gheorghe Mihali, Dan Lolos, Anca Tudor, Roxana Oancea and Liliana Porojan
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010044 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 549
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with the esthetic outcomes of combined endodontic and prosthetic treatments for devitalized or dyschromic teeth, a condition influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that present a growing concern in modern dentistry. Methods: A total [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with the esthetic outcomes of combined endodontic and prosthetic treatments for devitalized or dyschromic teeth, a condition influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that present a growing concern in modern dentistry. Methods: A total of 104 patients, including 43 men and 61 women, underwent treatment using lithium disilicate restorations for esthetic zones and zirconium oxide restorations for regions with higher occlusal demands. Patient satisfaction was evaluated through a post-treatment questionnaire, classifying responses as either “satisfied” or “dissatisfied”. Dissatisfied participants were further asked to specify their concerns. Results: The study revealed a high satisfaction rate of 93%. Dissatisfaction was slightly more prevalent among women than men, but this difference was statistically insignificant. The primary reasons for dissatisfaction included darker restoration color, chipping, and gingival recessions. Conclusions: Combined endodontic and prosthetic treatments, utilizing lithium disilicate and zirconium oxide restorations, achieved high levels of patient satisfaction. Nevertheless, addressing specific issues, such as color matching and gingival health, could enhance outcomes further. Full article
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18 pages, 4027 KiB  
Article
Practical Implications in Contemporary Dental Aesthetics—Shade Selection Assessment Using Intraoral Scanners
by Alice Arina Ciocan Pendefunda, Cristina Gena Dascalu, Sebastian Bahrim, Cristina Iordache, Odette Luca and Magda-Ecaterina Antohe
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010043 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Aesthetics is a challenging aspect to restore for both dentists and dental technicians. One of the characteristics of aesthetic restoration is the shade. The purpose of the study is to assess the accuracy of the shade selection feature of intraoral scanners (CEREC [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Aesthetics is a challenging aspect to restore for both dentists and dental technicians. One of the characteristics of aesthetic restoration is the shade. The purpose of the study is to assess the accuracy of the shade selection feature of intraoral scanners (CEREC Omnican, 3Shape TRIOS) in comparison with an already established method—the VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer (VE)—and test if there is any significant difference between the three devices. Methods: To conduct this in vitro study, the VITA Classical shade guide was used. The intraoral scanners would not be able to scan the VITA Classical as it is, hence, a study model (SM) was fabricated. To be able to test the accuracy of the intraoral scanners (IOSs) in detecting the dental color, a spectrophotometer had to be included in the study, as it was shown that it is the most accurate instrument for this purpose. Therefore, for the current study, the VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) was selected. Results: The accuracy of the three devices when measuring the shade of the study model was calculated as a percentage. When comparing the primary results of the VE and the results obtained by the Omnicam and TRIOS, the latter is the most accurate (26.67%), whereas the other two scored 20%. The study also revealed the limitations of the instrumental devices that were used. Conclusions: First, both the VE and IOSs obtained unexpectedly low accuracy results. Possibly, the material VC is made of influenced the final accuracy values, but in practice, on a daily basis, dental materials represent a factor that cannot really be controlled. Full article
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14 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Clinical Outcomes and Complication Rates of Endodontically Treated Teeth with Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Retrospective Study
by Sarah Aloqayli, Hanin Alsalhi and Ali Alenezi
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010042 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 487
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Endodontically treated teeth (ETT) often have significant structural damage and require multiple reinforcing methods during the reconstruction process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complication rates of ETT with and without a post. Methods: The study investigated [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Endodontically treated teeth (ETT) often have significant structural damage and require multiple reinforcing methods during the reconstruction process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complication rates of ETT with and without a post. Methods: The study investigated various clinical factors, including technical complications as well as biological complications. All patients who had previously received fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) were subjected to clinical and radiographical examinations during their follow-up visits. Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed to determine the cumulative survival rate, and life table survival analyses of FDPs in the presence of complications were performed. Results: A total of 287 ETT were evaluated in this study, in which 219 were placed in females and 68 in males, with an average follow-up time of 82.4 months. There were no significant differences between ETT with a post and ETT without a post regarding the complication rates. The complication rates of the FDPs without a post revealed a survival rate of 58% after 5 years, 44% after 10 years, and 29% after 15 years. On the other hand, the complication rates of the FDPs with a post revealed survival rates of 50%, 30%, and 21% after 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed no significant differences in the complication rates, regardless of the existing of the posts (p = 0.830). Conclusions: ETT restored with FDPs with or without a post can show similar complication rates in a long-term evaluation. Furthermore, the types of final restoration may not have an effect on the complication rate with ETT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontics and Restorative Sciences: 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 10270 KiB  
Article
Does the Type of Resin Luting Material Affect the Bonding of CAD/CAM Materials to Dentin?
by Burcu Dikici, Elif Türkeş Başaran and Esra Can
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010041 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 411
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of composite-based (Cerasmart), polymer-infiltrated (Vita Enamic), and feldspathic (Cerec) CAD/CAM blocks luted to dentin using a dual-cure resin cement (LinkForce), as well as micro-hybrid (G-aenial) and flowable composites (G-aenial Universal Flo), and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of composite-based (Cerasmart), polymer-infiltrated (Vita Enamic), and feldspathic (Cerec) CAD/CAM blocks luted to dentin using a dual-cure resin cement (LinkForce), as well as micro-hybrid (G-aenial) and flowable composites (G-aenial Universal Flo), and evaluate the microhardness (HV) of luting materials through the CAD/CAM blocks. Methods: Cerasmart, Enamic, and Cerec were luted to dentin using three luting materials; LinkForce, G-aenial, and Universal Flo (n = 5). For HV, 117 disk-shaped specimens from LinkForce, G-aenial, and Universal Flo (n = 13) were polymerized through 3 mm thick CAD/CAM. Thirty-nine light-cured specimens without CAD/CAM were used as control. Following 24 h storage, the µTBS and HV were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Results: The µTBS to dentin and HV were significantly influenced by the type of luting material and CAD/CAM material. With all the CAD/CAM materials, LinkForce and Universal Flo exhibited a significantly similar µTBS to that of dentin (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, all the HV values of the luting materials decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Heavily filled flowable composites exhibit a bonding effectiveness similar to that of dual-cure resin cements. All the luting materials showed similar HV when polymerized through the polymer-infiltrated CAD/CAM material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Design and Innovative Treatment Approach)
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12 pages, 539 KiB  
Systematic Review
Clear Aligner Treatment: Indications, Advantages, and Adverse Effects—A Systematic Review
by Clara Rasborg Hartogsohn and Liselotte Sonnesen
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010040 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Clear aligner treatment (CAT) has gained interest among clinicians as well as among patients. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature regarding current viewpoints on indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and adverse effects in CAT. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Clear aligner treatment (CAT) has gained interest among clinicians as well as among patients. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature regarding current viewpoints on indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and adverse effects in CAT. Methods: A search was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases, yielding 18 studies eligible for inclusion. Results: Current indications for CAT are mild to moderate malocclusions. Severe malocclusions with impactions or severe craniofacial skeletal deviations are contraindications. The advantages were oral hygiene and oral health as the most common, and disadvantages of CAT have been noted by several studies, including CAT still being inferior to fixed appliance treatment (FAT) in all orthodontic movements. Adverse effects were potential health risks due to microplastics and a decrease in condyle bone volume. Conclusions: No firm conclusions can be drawn regarding indications for CAT except for mild to moderate malocclusion. Severe malocclusions with impactions or severe craniofacial skeletal deviations are considered contraindications. In more complex cases, CAT is still considered inferior to FAT, although CAT contains advantages. There are disadvantages in CAT which clinicians should consider when choosing a type of orthodontic appliance for treating specific malocclusions. Only a few adverse effects in CAT were presented by the included studies. More high-quality research is needed regarding indications and contraindications for CAT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Dentistry)
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13 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Posterior Class II Composite Restoration Location and Techniques on Marginal Sealing
by Mishel Haddad, Diva Lugassy, Mohana Barhum, Tamar Brosh and Shlomo Matalon
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010039 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 575
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The success of treatment and prevention for secondary caries hinges significantly on the techniques employed in Class II composite restoration. Additionally, the location of the restored tooth within the oral cavity has emerged as a potential factor determining the quality of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The success of treatment and prevention for secondary caries hinges significantly on the techniques employed in Class II composite restoration. Additionally, the location of the restored tooth within the oral cavity has emerged as a potential factor determining the quality of the restoration. A comprehensive understanding of these interrelated variables is crucial for advancing the efficacy and durability of dental composite restorations. The aim of this study was to assess how various restoration techniques and the specific location of the tooth restoration in the oral cavity affect marginal sealing, verified by the gap created in the tooth–restoration interface. Methods: Sixty extracted human teeth that had been indicated for orthodontic extraction were collected and embedded into a custom-made holder that was located in one of the four quadrants of a laboratory phantom head. Class II resin composite restorations, using flowable and packable composites, were performed on all teeth using two techniques: Pre-cure and Co-cure. The aging of the restored teeth was conducted using cyclic loading and thermocycling. After aging, the teeth were examined under a scanning electron microscope to measure the gap within the tooth–composite interface. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used to assess the data distribution. Unpaired T-tests were employed to compare the mean gaps between the Pre-cure and Co-cure techniques. Additionally, unpaired T-tests were utilized to compare the mean gaps between the mesial and distal parts of the teeth. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the mean gaps among the four quadrants. The statistical significance was set at p = 0.05. Results: No significant difference in the gaps between the Pre-cure and Co-cure techniques was found (p = 0.212). The tooth’s location did not generally affect the restoration’s gap interface (p = 0.136). Conclusions: Flowable composites aid in restoring the deep margins of Class II composite restoration. Thus, the potential for further microleakage is similar for both the Pre-cure and Co-cure restoration techniques. The marginal seal of Class II composite restorations is effective when using both Pre-cure and Co-cure techniques, and the restoration site within the oral cavity does not significantly influence the tooth–composite interface seal. Full article
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20 pages, 295 KiB  
Review
Green Dentistry: State of the Art and Possible Development Proposals
by Stefano Speroni and Elisabetta Polizzi
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010038 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 750
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this narrative literature review was to highlight all dental procedures attributable to sectoral waste and to consider possible alternatives in line with the concept of sustainable development. Methods: An extensive search of electronic databases, including the Cochrane [...] Read more.
Objectives: The objective of this narrative literature review was to highlight all dental procedures attributable to sectoral waste and to consider possible alternatives in line with the concept of sustainable development. Methods: An extensive search of electronic databases, including the Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Search words included ‘Green Dentistry’, ‘Dental Pollution’, ‘Pollutants and Dentistry’, ‘Disinfectants and Dentistry’, and ‘High-tech Dentistry’. All of them allowed an assessment of the impact of dental practice on the external environment, and new frontiers currently applied or possibly applicable for green dentistry were included in the study. Non-full-text papers, animal studies, studies in languages other than English, and studies not related to the topic under consideration were excluded. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 76 papers were selected for the study. The topics analyzed were the impact of dental practice on the outdoor environment, currently applied and potentially applicable principles of green dentistry, and the ‘Four Rs’ model (Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle). Conclusions: With the limitations of the present study, the concept of green dentistry could be applicable provided that the measures already taken to reduce indoor and outdoor risk factors are continued and improved. Full article
18 pages, 797 KiB  
Review
Advanced Lasers and Their Applications in Dentistry
by Olivia Lili Zhang, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, Ollie Yiru Yu, Kenneth Luk, John Yun Niu and Chun Hung Chu
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010037 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 911
Abstract
The development of laser technology has revolutionized dentistry, offering complementary and alternative approaches to traditional techniques. Lasers have been successfully integrated into various dental procedures, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient care. Several types of lasers can increase the acid resistance of enamel, thus [...] Read more.
The development of laser technology has revolutionized dentistry, offering complementary and alternative approaches to traditional techniques. Lasers have been successfully integrated into various dental procedures, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient care. Several types of lasers can increase the acid resistance of enamel, thus preventing caries. Laser fluorescence has been utilized for the pre-operative diagnosis of dental caries, enabling early detection and effective treatment planning. The therapeutic application of lasers in caries treatment aligns with the contemporary philosophy of minimally invasive procedures. Clinicians can use laser Doppler flowmetry as a supplementary tool for pulp vitality testing by detecting pulpal blood flow. Lasers are also employed in various pulp-related interventions, such as managing dentine hypersensitivity and performing root canal therapy. These procedures benefit from the precision and reduced invasiveness provided by laser technology. Furthermore, laser fluorescence serves as an additional tool for subgingival calculus detection. High-power and low-power lasers are used in both nonsurgical and surgical therapies to treat periodontal and peri-implant diseases, oral mucosa conditions, and even cancer based on their specific properties. Lasers are also utilized to accelerate bone regeneration, promote adhesive strength, and remove ceramic brackets. In summary, laser technology has significantly impacted contemporary dentistry by facilitating early diagnosis, minimally invasive treatments, and precise operative procedures, ultimately improving patient outcomes and expanding the scope of dental practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photobiomodulation and Its Application in Dentistry)
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19 pages, 3086 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between the Salivary Microbiome and Oral Malodor Metabolites in Older Thai Individuals with Periodontitis and the Cytotoxic Effects of Malodor Compounds on Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma (HSC-4) Cells
by Witsanu Srila, Kritsana Sripilai, Thunwa Binlateh, Peungchaleoy Thammanichanon, Watcharaphol Tiskratok, Parinya Noisa and Paiboon Jitprasertwong
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010036 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 549
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Halitosis is primarily caused by the activity of oral microorganisms. In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic approaches to investigate the differences in salivary microbiota and metabolite profiles between individuals with halitosis and periodontitis and healthy controls. Additionally, we [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Halitosis is primarily caused by the activity of oral microorganisms. In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic approaches to investigate the differences in salivary microbiota and metabolite profiles between individuals with halitosis and periodontitis and healthy controls. Additionally, we expanded the study to examine how oral malodorous compounds interact with human oral squamous carcinoma (HSC-4) cells. Methods: Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) to identify metabolites. We then assessed the correlations between the microbiota and metabolites. Furthermore, the impact of oral malodorous substances on HSC-4 cells was investigated by evaluating apoptosis, antioxidant activity, and inflammatory properties. Results: The microbiota and metabolite profiles showed significant differences between the halitosis with periodontitis group and the periodontally healthy group. The halitosis with periodontitis group exhibited significantly higher relative abundances of eight genera: Tannerella, Selenomonas, Bacteroides, Filifactor, Phocaeicola, Fretibacterium, Eubacterium saphenum, and Desulfobulbus. In contrast, the periodontally healthy group showed significantly higher relative abundances of Family XIII UCG-001, Haemophilus, and Streptobacillus. Two metabolites, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indole and 10,11-dihydro-12R-hydroxy-leukotriene E4, were significantly higher in individuals with halitosis and periodontitis. In the treatment of HSC-4 cells with metabolites, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) did not show significant effects while indole appeared to induce cell death in HSC-4 cells by triggering apoptotic pathways. Additionally, both indole and DMS affected the inflammatory and antioxidant properties of HSC-4 cells. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the mechanisms of halitosis by exploring the correlations between microbiota and metabolite profiles. Furthermore, oral metabolites were shown to impact the cellular response of HSC-4 cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oral Hygiene, Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases)
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18 pages, 1811 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Effect of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) on Dental Implants Survival—A Systematic Review
by Sebahat Kaya, Christian Walter, Aya Khamis, Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt, Stefanie Zimmer, Lorena Cascant Ortolano, Keyvan Sagheb, Bilal Al-Nawas and Eik Schiegnitz
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010035 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Objectives: This research is purposed to synthesize the existing evidence on implant survival rates in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and assess potential risk factors associated with peri-implant disease. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane [...] Read more.
Objectives: This research is purposed to synthesize the existing evidence on implant survival rates in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and assess potential risk factors associated with peri-implant disease. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, including studies published between 2012 and 2023. Results: The review of studies related to oral lichen planus (OLP) revealed an implant survival rate of 99.3% (50% to 100%) with a mean follow-up of 40.1 months. One retrospective study focused on patients with leukoplakia and erythroplakia, but did not provide data on implant survival; however, it reported the presence of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in the vicinity of dental implants. Data from a patient with proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) indicated a 100% implant survival rate, while patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) showed an implant survival rate of 97.67%. For all other entities of OPMD no articles could be found. Conclusions: With the exception of OLP, there is a limited number of studies or none on all other entities of OPMD. The available literature indicates no impact of OLP on implant survival rates and does not support OLP as a risk factor for peri-implant disease. For the other entities of OPMD, no conclusion regarding implant survival or peri-implant disease risk factors can be drawn due to a lack of studies. To validate the results and evaluate OPMD on peri-implant tissue, large-scale prospective studies for all types of OPMD, especially for leukoplakia and erythroplakia, are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Oral Cancer and Dental Implants)
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10 pages, 1332 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Rapid Salivary C-Reactive Protein Test to Assess Early Changes in Malignancy in the Oral Cavity and Its Utility in Screening for Oral Cancer
by Vathsala Patil, Ravindranath Vineetha, Komal Smriti, Kalyana Chakravarthy Pentapati, Srikanth Gadicherla and Carnelio Sunitha
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010034 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The present study aimed to test the efficacy of the chair-side rapid salivary C-reactive protein assay kit in differentiating oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer from normal mucosa using whole salivary samples. Methods: In this study, unstimulated saliva samples of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The present study aimed to test the efficacy of the chair-side rapid salivary C-reactive protein assay kit in differentiating oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer from normal mucosa using whole salivary samples. Methods: In this study, unstimulated saliva samples of cases (OPMDs and oral cancer) and controls (systemically healthy subjects) were used to detect CRP levels using a novel colorimetric, quantitative rapid assay kit. Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with a post hoc Dunn’s test were applied to determine the difference in the mean and SD values between the case and control groups. ROC analysis was performed to identify the positive and negative likelihood ratios. Results: The mean calculated salivary CRP level in the oral cancer group was 4.21 ng/mL, in the OPMD group it was 2.51 ng/mL and in the healthy controls it was 0.7 ng/mL. Post hoc tests showed that the salivary CRP levels were significantly higher in the oral cancer and OPMD groups than in the controls. Conclusions: The present study showed that the novel rapid salivary test kit could significantly differentiate between the salivary CRP values of cases and controls but there was no significant difference between the OPMD and malignancy groups. It also showed higher sensitivity values, confirming the efficacy of this kit as a screening tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Oral Cancer and Dental Implants)
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13 pages, 1059 KiB  
Article
Multiple Sessions of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Improve Periodontal Outcomes in Patients with Down Syndrome: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial
by Rafael Ferreira, Sebastião Luiz Aguiar Greghi, Adriana Campos Passanezi Sant’Ana, Mariana Schutzer Ragghianti Zangrando and Carla Andreotti Damante
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010033 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 681
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) often present with severe periodontal disease at a young age. Adjuvant treatments to scaling and root planing (SRP), such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), may benefit this population. This study evaluated the effectiveness of aPDT as an [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) often present with severe periodontal disease at a young age. Adjuvant treatments to scaling and root planing (SRP), such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), may benefit this population. This study evaluated the effectiveness of aPDT as an adjunct to SRP in individuals with DS. A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial was conducted with 37 individuals with DS. Methods: The test group (aPDT; n = 18) received SRP + aPDT, while the control group (C group; n = 19) received SRP only. For aPDT, a red laser (658 nm; 0.1 W; 2229 J/cm2; 40 s sweeping with optical fiber) combined with methylene blue (MB) (100 µg/mL) was applied across repeated sessions (on days 3, 7, and 14). Clinical parameters, such as plaque index (PI), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP), were recorded at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. Statistical analyses were performed using parametric and non-parametric tests (p < 0.05). Results: Both treatments promoted improvements in all clinical periodontal parameters (p < 0.05). The aPDT group showed a statistically significant reduction in CAL at 3 months (aPDT = 4.58 mm vs. C = 4.72 mm; p < 0.05) and 12 months (aPDT = 4.59 mm vs. C = 4.84 mm; p < 0.05). Conclusions: aPDT improved periodontal health in the long term through a stable gain in attachment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Dentistry: The Current Status and Developments)
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14 pages, 4645 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effectiveness of Space Maintainers in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by MDolores Casaña-Ruiz, Juan Ignacio Aura-Tormos, Laura Marques-Martinez, Esther Garcia-Miralles and Marcelino Perez-Bermejo
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010032 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 730
Abstract
Background: Evaluating the effectiveness and survival rates of space maintainers is crucial for optimal pediatric dental care. The present study’s goal is to evaluate the survival rate of different types of space maintainers—removable, fixed with a metal base, or fixed with a resin [...] Read more.
Background: Evaluating the effectiveness and survival rates of space maintainers is crucial for optimal pediatric dental care. The present study’s goal is to evaluate the survival rate of different types of space maintainers—removable, fixed with a metal base, or fixed with a resin base—indicated for children as a consequence of premature loss of primary teeth. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA recommendations and was previously registered in PROSPERO under registration number: CRD42024534183. The search was performed in five different databases PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science. This was supplemented by a manual database search. From the initial electronic search of the five databases, 72 articles were identified after removing duplicates. After reading the titles and abstracts, 46 articles were excluded, leaving a total of 26 studies. Upon reading the full texts, 15 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, resulting in a total of 11 articles included in the systematic review. Results: The total number of patients treated in the studies was 479, with four observational studies and seven randomized clinical trials. Fixed space maintainers, such as band and loop (BL) or lingual arch (LA), are preferred due to their long-term stability and lower risk of loss. In contrast, removable maintainers, such as Hawley plates, are suitable temporarily but require more patient cooperation and may be less tolerated. Conclusions: Space maintainers help prevent the migration of adjacent teeth and the need for more invasive orthodontic treatments in the future. Additionally, they contribute to adequate masticatory function and speech development. Full article
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13 pages, 1049 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Dentist–Patient Communication in Quality Dental Care
by Jasmine Cheuk Ying Ho, Hollis Haotian Chai, Bella Weijia Luo, Edward Chin Man Lo, Michelle Zeping Huang and Chun Hung Chu
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010031 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 706
Abstract
Dentist–patient communication is at the core of providing quality dental care. This study aims to review the importance, challenges, strategies, and training of dentist–patient communication. The World Dental Federation (FDI) emphasizes the importance of effective communication between oral healthcare providers and patients as [...] Read more.
Dentist–patient communication is at the core of providing quality dental care. This study aims to review the importance, challenges, strategies, and training of dentist–patient communication. The World Dental Federation (FDI) emphasizes the importance of effective communication between oral healthcare providers and patients as a critical component of high-quality care. Effective dentist–patient communication allows dentists to accurately and effectively pass on essential medical information to patients. It improves the dentist’s efficiency, boosts self-confidence, reduces occupational stress, and minimizes the risks of complaint or litigation. Moreover, it alleviates dental anxiety and fear, helps build trust between dentists and patients, addresses patients’ needs and preferences, increases patients’ adherence to improved treatment outcomes, and ultimately leads to enhanced patient satisfaction. Nonetheless, it has been widely acknowledged that dentists universally encounter the repercussions arising from suboptimal communication strategies. Time constraints, difficulties in establishing rapport, the oral-health illiteracy of the patients, the poor communication skills of the dentists, dentists’ perceptions, and language barriers often hinder dentist–patient communication. Dentists should take the patient-centered approach as a premise and acquire verbal and non-verbal communication skills to overcome these communication barriers. The patient-centered approach comprises the understanding of patients’ illness, shared decision-making, and intervention with mindfulness of the patient’s own pace. Simple, succinct, and jargon-free language should be used in verbal communication. Proper body postures and gestures are fundamental for showing positive attitudes towards patients. Communication training for dental students should involve a structured pedagogical approach that includes didactic instruction, role-playing exercises, patient interviewing, and ongoing assessments. Key components of effective communication skills training in dental education include motivational interviewing, open-ended questioning, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries to enhance patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Preventive Dentistry and Public Health)
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13 pages, 218 KiB  
Article
Conceptual Knowledge of Oral Health Among Primary School Teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia—A Cross Sectional Survey
by Sanjeev. B. Khanagar, Rayan Albar, Abdullah Alghamdi, Sultan Alshamrani and Yousif Alhussain
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010030 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
Background/Objectives: School teachers need to have a better understanding of oral health aspects as schools serve as an effective environment for learning. Educators hold a significant position in conveying the importance they attribute to oral health in their lives. According to the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: School teachers need to have a better understanding of oral health aspects as schools serve as an effective environment for learning. Educators hold a significant position in conveying the importance they attribute to oral health in their lives. According to the World Health Organization, school teachers should include oral health promotion activities to evaluate students’ oral health, track injuries, illnesses, and absenteeism related to oral health, advocate oral health prevention, and serve as role models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the conceptual understanding of oral health among primary school teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data for this study were collected from 404 primary school teachers using a structured and pre-validated comprehensive measure of oral health knowledge (CMOHK) questionnaire. Results: The distribution of CMOHK scores indicated that 247 (61.2%) participants demonstrated good conceptual knowledge, 95 (23.5%) participants exhibited fair knowledge, and 62 (15.3%) participants were classified as having poor knowledge. The male group exhibited lower values for the CMOHK score in comparison with the female group; however, these findings were not statistically significant. The findings indicated that the group of government school teachers exhibited higher values for the dependent variable CMOHK score compared to their private school counterparts. Conclusions: The average CMOHK score observed in this study is regarded as fair. It is crucial for school teachers to possess strong oral health knowledge, as they significantly influence the oral health knowledge and behaviors of children. Full article
13 pages, 1002 KiB  
Article
Nutritional Profiles and Factors Associated with the Intake of Certain Food Types in Patients Undergoing Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Nehasha Pradhan, Mai Murase, Masako Akiyama, Hiroko Tani, Yuka I. Sumita and Noriyuki Wakabayashi
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010029 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 464
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is a significant concern for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, as treatment often impairs mastication, causes dysphagia, and alters taste and smell, leading to reduced food intake and a diminished quality of life. Thus, this study aims to compare nutritional [...] Read more.
Background: Malnutrition is a significant concern for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, as treatment often impairs mastication, causes dysphagia, and alters taste and smell, leading to reduced food intake and a diminished quality of life. Thus, this study aims to compare nutritional intake in HNC survivors using maxillofacial prostheses (MFPs) to healthy reference values and identify the factors influencing their dietary intake. Methods: The study included 56 patients treated for HNC undergoing rehabilitation with comfortable definitive dentures for over a month at the Maxillofacial Prosthetics Clinic of Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital. Data were gathered on the demographics, clinical characteristics, malnutrition risk using a malnutrition universal screening tool, dietary intake consistency via a functional oral intake scale, swallowing difficulties with eating assessment tool-10, and nutrient intake through a Brief-type Self-administered Dietary History Questionnaire. Patients’ nutrient intakes were compared to the reference values from the BDHQ ad hoc computer algorithm based on the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. Factors such as maximum mouth opening and the number of functional teeth were also assessed together with the aforementioned factors. Results: There were significant differences between the patient values and reference values, with lower intakes of total dietary fiber, carbohydrates, and β-carotene, while higher intakes of calcium, fats, and certain vitamins were noted in the patients. Food intake consistency, swallowing difficulties, and mouth opening significantly influenced green vegetable intake, whereas sex and the number of functional teeth impacted cereal intake. Conclusions: The HNC survivors were rehabilitated with MFP; however, their nutritional intake differed from that of healthy subjects. The significance of swallowing rehabilitation, appropriate food preparation, exercises to enhance mouth opening, and the preservation of functional teeth has been emphasized as critical factors influencing diet in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors. Additionally, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to nutritional care for these individuals is underscored. Full article
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23 pages, 1220 KiB  
Article
Knowledge, Awareness, and Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Students of Biomedical Faculties: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Bruno Špiljak, Luka Šimunović, Ana Marija Miličević, Marko Granić, Lana Bergman and Jasminka Peršec
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010028 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 604
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on physical, mental, and social aspects of life worldwide. This study aimed to explore and compare differences in knowledge, awareness, behavior, and the psychological impact of the pandemic among students of biomedical faculties [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on physical, mental, and social aspects of life worldwide. This study aimed to explore and compare differences in knowledge, awareness, behavior, and the psychological impact of the pandemic among students of biomedical faculties at the University of Zagreb. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 27 November 2020 and 19 January 2021 involving 518 students from the School of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed, assessing participants’ knowledge about SARS-CoV-2, information sources, attitudes, and psychological responses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests. Results: The median knowledge score was 61.54%, with senior and female students demonstrating significantly more knowledge (p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). Students who consulted the scientific literature and official websites had higher knowledge levels (p < 0.001). Most participants used media and social networks for pandemic information, while scientific sources were underutilized. Psychological impacts were evident, with 46.3% expressing fear about the future and 25% reporting anxiety if they were to be infected. Additionally, those who engaged with the scientific literature were more likely to accept vaccination and showed lower levels of COVID-19 stigma. A majority (64.5%) believed that the media exaggerated the pandemic’s risks. Conclusions: Biomedical students demonstrated moderate knowledge about COVID-19, with a clear link between scientific literacy and more informed, less stigmatizing attitudes. This study underscores the importance of reliable information sources in shaping public health awareness and highlights the need for further education on COVID-19 symptoms and preventive measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Education: Innovation and Challenge)
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15 pages, 2282 KiB  
Review
Malocclusion and Its Relationship with Sound Speech Disorders in Deciduous and Mixed Dentition: A Scoping Review
by Mariangela Aprile, Alessio Verdecchia, Claudia Dettori and Enrico Spinas
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010027 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Objectives: The intricate relationship between malocclusions and speech sound disorders (SSDs) is yet to be fully understood. This is particularly true for pediatric patients during the deciduous and mixed dentition stages. Employing a methodical scoping review approach, this study scrutinizes the recent literature [...] Read more.
Objectives: The intricate relationship between malocclusions and speech sound disorders (SSDs) is yet to be fully understood. This is particularly true for pediatric patients during the deciduous and mixed dentition stages. Employing a methodical scoping review approach, this study scrutinizes the recent literature to elucidate how these dental misalignments impact speech articulation and phonetic clarity. Methods: The present scoping review has been conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The selected articles have been found using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library; the scope was limited to studies describing cases of patients in the deciduous or mixed dentition stage and the presence of both malocclusion and SSDs. Results: Out of the 1880 articles found, 44 passed the initial screening and 12 met the eligibility criteria and have been included in this review. Conclusions: The analysis reveals that while there is a consensus on the influence of malocclusions on speech production, the extent and specific nature of these effects vary across studies. anterior open bite is frequently associated with speech disorders, affecting phonemes by altering airflow and tongue placement. The review highlights the need for multidisciplinary approaches for effective treatment and calls for further investigation into the causative relationships between malocclusions and SSDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research Topics in Orthodontics)
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11 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
Regional Epidemiological Study on the Dental Status of the First Permanent Molar in Romanian Schoolchildren
by Liana Beresescu, Gabriela Felicia Beresescu, Daniela Esian, Alexandru Vlasa, Csilla Benedek, Raluca Sabau and Alexandra Mihaela Stoica
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010026 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dental caries remains a significant public health challenge in Romania, with recent studies reporting a prevalence of 40% in children’s permanent teeth, with 90% of cases untreated. This study aimed to evaluate the dental status of the first permanent molars in children [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dental caries remains a significant public health challenge in Romania, with recent studies reporting a prevalence of 40% in children’s permanent teeth, with 90% of cases untreated. This study aimed to evaluate the dental status of the first permanent molars in children aged 11–12 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months at the Integrated Center for Dental Medicine in Târgu Mureș and two private clinics in Transylvania. A total of 516 children, aged 11–12 years, were examined using the ICDAS II classification. Data on carious lesions and dental treatments performed were collected. Results: Of the 2064 first permanent molars examined, 57.99% had carious lesions, fillings, or extractions, while 41.28% were free from caries. Among the affected molars, 41.71% had untreated caries, 9.30% were filled, and 6.25% were sealed. Boys showed a significantly higher prevalence of advanced lesions (ICDAS 4–6) compared to girls. Caries predominantly affected the pits and fissures (87.46%). Conclusions: This study reveals a high prevalence of carious lesions in first permanent molars and a low rate of treatment. The findings emphasize the need for improved oral health education, increased access to dental care, and the development of national strategies to prevent and treat dental caries in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Care in Paediatric Dentistry Volume 2)
11 pages, 241 KiB  
Review
How to Deal with Pulpitis: An Overview of New Approaches
by Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Wojciech Niemczyk, Katarzyna Janik, Anna Zawilska, Małgorzata Kępa and Marta Tanasiewicz
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010025 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 599
Abstract
Background: Traditional root canal therapy (RCT) effectively removes diseased or necrotic pulp tissue and replaces it with inorganic materials. Regenerative endodontics is an alternative to conventional RCT by using biologically based approaches to restore the pulp–dentin complex. This review explores emerging techniques, including [...] Read more.
Background: Traditional root canal therapy (RCT) effectively removes diseased or necrotic pulp tissue and replaces it with inorganic materials. Regenerative endodontics is an alternative to conventional RCT by using biologically based approaches to restore the pulp–dentin complex. This review explores emerging techniques, including autogenic and allogenic pulp transplantation, platelet-rich fibrin, human amniotic membrane scaffolds, specialized pro-resolving mediators, nanofibrous and bioceramic scaffolds, injectable hydrogels, dentin matrix proteins, and cell-homing strategies. These methods utilize stem cells, growth factors, and biomaterials to regenerate vascularized, functional pulp tissue. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to identify studies published between 2010 and 2023. In vitro, animal, and clinical studies focusing on innovative regenerative endodontic techniques were analyzed. Conclusions: Although regenerative endodontics demonstrates great potential, challenges remain in standardizing protocols, addressing biological variability, and achieving consistent clinical outcomes. Future research must focus on refining these techniques to ensure their safety, efficacy, and accessibility in routine practice. By addressing current limitations, regenerative endodontics could redefine the management of pulpitis, offering biologically based treatments that enhance tooth vitality, structural integrity, and long-term prognosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontics and Restorative Sciences: 2nd Edition)
13 pages, 3200 KiB  
Article
Socket Sealing Using Free Gingival Grafts: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Ralitsa Yotsova
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010024 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Background: Post-extraction ridge resorption is an inevitable phenomenon that cannot be eliminated but is significantly reduced using additional surgical techniques known as socket preservation. They aim to create favorable conditions for implant placement and prosthetic restoration. This study aims to assess the effect [...] Read more.
Background: Post-extraction ridge resorption is an inevitable phenomenon that cannot be eliminated but is significantly reduced using additional surgical techniques known as socket preservation. They aim to create favorable conditions for implant placement and prosthetic restoration. This study aims to assess the effect of socket sealing (SS) with free gingival grafts on the vertical resorption of socket walls at the premolar and molar regions over 3 months. Methods: This randomized two-arm controlled trial with parallel groups (1:1 allocation) was conducted at the Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University-Varna, Bulgaria, from 27 June 2022 to 20 April 2023. Forty patients aged 30–65 were equally and randomly allocated to the SS or the control groups. Atraumatic tooth extraction was performed. In the control group, the socket was left on secondary wound healing. In the SS group, the socket orifice was “sealed” with an FGG harvested from the hard palate or maxillary tuberosity. Results: Data analysis demonstrated that SS with an FGG is a successful method for reducing the post-extraction resorption of the socket walls. In addition, this study confirms that the thickness of the buccal wall is a significant factor in its vertical resorption. Conclusions: Socket sealing with an FGG is a valuable method that eliminates the need for flap reflection and compensates for the soft tissue deficit when immediate implant placement or bone augmentation is required. Further research is necessary to determine the role of different factors influencing bone resorption and compare the effect of different socket preservation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Tissue Reconstruction in Dentistry)
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10 pages, 943 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Association Between Third Molar Agenesis and Carabelli Traits: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Isabela Ribeiro Madalena, Heloisa Guimarães Resende, Ariane Beatriz Blancato, Maria Angélica Hueb de Menezes-Oliveira, Flares Baratto-Filho, Poliana Ferreira Santos, Camila Paiva Perin, Thais Vilalba Paniagua Machado do Nascimento, Peter Proff, Christian Kirschneck, César Penazzo Lepri and Erika Calvano Küchler
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010023 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 413
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dental agenesis is the congenital absence of at least one tooth and has been associated with several other developmental dental conditions, such as morphological dental alterations and Carabelli trait. This study sought to investigate whether third molar agenesis is associated with Carabelli [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dental agenesis is the congenital absence of at least one tooth and has been associated with several other developmental dental conditions, such as morphological dental alterations and Carabelli trait. This study sought to investigate whether third molar agenesis is associated with Carabelli traits in permanent molars. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that used a convenience sample obtained from the orthodontic records of German patients. Patients with syndromes, oral clefts, congenital alterations including dental agenesis (except agenesis of third molars), and severe cases of bruxism with a loss of tooth tissue were excluded. Teeth with cavitated lesions of dental caries, occlusal wear, restorations, and evident dental deformities were not included in the evaluation. The Carabelli trait was evaluated in the permanent maxillary molars. The Carabelli trait was classified according to its expression for each tooth as either absent, negative, and positive expressions. Third molar agenesis was evaluated only in patients older than 10 years old (based on when initial tooth formation should be visible in the panoramic radiographs). The two-sided Chi-squared test was used to investigate the association between the conditions, using an alpha of 5% (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 155 patients (74 females and 81 males) were investigated; 39 had third molar agenesis and 75 had the Carabelli trait. There was no statistical significance difference between patients with third molar agenesis and those with Carabelli traits in relation to sex (p > 0.05). The Carabelli trait was more common in first molars than in second molars. There was no statistical significant association between third molar agenesis and Carabelli traits (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Third molar agenesis was not associated with the Carabelli trait in the permanent molars in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities)
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10 pages, 861 KiB  
Article
Can Viewing Modality Affect Frontal Mandibular Bone Height Measurement? A Comparison Between 3D Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Viewer and Printed Portable Document Format Cone Beam Computer Tomography Reports
by Michael Solomonov, Yoav Shapinko, Ella Lalum, Joe Ben Itzhak, Sapir Argaman, Matan Schottig, Amit Halpern, Nirit Yavnai and Idan Stiklaru
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010022 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1191
Abstract
Objectives: Buccal cortical bone dimensions are crucial in dental radiology, as they impact orthodontic treatment outcomes. Changes in alveolar bone dimensions can result in malocclusion and require interdisciplinary approaches for correction. The accurate quantification of buccal bone dimensions is crucial for appropriate treatment [...] Read more.
Objectives: Buccal cortical bone dimensions are crucial in dental radiology, as they impact orthodontic treatment outcomes. Changes in alveolar bone dimensions can result in malocclusion and require interdisciplinary approaches for correction. The accurate quantification of buccal bone dimensions is crucial for appropriate treatment planning and avoiding medico-legal issues. This study aimed to compare buccal bone height measurements between three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) data and portable document format (PDF) cone beam computer topography reports for mandibular frontal teeth, testing the hypothesis of no difference in values between the two modalities. Methods: Each of the five observers performed a total of 720 height measurements (360 by DICOM and 360 by PDF), yielding a total of 3600 measurements overall. Results: Compared with the DICOM format, using PDF files was associated with a significantly greater rate of inability to carry out the measurements (8.8% vs. 3%, respectively, p < 0.001, chi-square). The average buccal bone height measured in the DICOM was 11.51 mm, which was significantly greater than the 10.35 mm measured in the PDF (p < 0.001). The mean height measured by the DICOM was consistently greater than that measured by the PDF, with highly significant differences in the findings of four of the examiners (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Viewing modality significantly affected the height of the buccal bone in the frontal mandibular area. Compared with the generated PDF reports, the 3D DICOM viewer performed better than the printed PDF and enabled more measurements in the target area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Endodontics)
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15 pages, 2069 KiB  
Systematic Review
Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Treating Moderate to Deep Periodontal Pockets in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by João Victor Soares Rodrigues, Mariella Boaretti Deroide, Wilton Mitsunari Takeshita, Valdir Gouveia Garcia, Rafael Scaf de Molon and Leticia Helena Theodoro
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010021 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 820
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis share a significant, bidirectional relationship. Diabetes raises the risk of periodontitis and influences its severity, impacting tissue repair and bone metabolism. Conversely, periodontal inflammation can disrupt glycemic control, further complicating this interlinked relationship. This systematic review aimed to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis share a significant, bidirectional relationship. Diabetes raises the risk of periodontitis and influences its severity, impacting tissue repair and bone metabolism. Conversely, periodontal inflammation can disrupt glycemic control, further complicating this interlinked relationship. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to subgingival instrumentation (SI) in the treatment of periodontal pockets with a probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 5 mm in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and periodontitis. Methods: Using the PICOS framework, this review addressed the following question: “How does aPDT as an adjunct to SI compare to SI alone in treating periodontal pockets with PPD ≥ 5 mm in individuals with DM2 and periodontitis?” Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to December 2024. Randomized clinical trials evaluating periodontal status and HbA1c levels in patients with DM2 undergoing periodontal therapy and experiencing SI were included. Patients who received adjunctive aPDT were compared to a control group that received SI alone. A meta-analysis was conducted illustrating treatment effects across groups. Results: After screening 117 studies based on titles and abstracts, three and four studies met the eligibility criteria for quantitative and qualitative analyses, respectively. The principal periodontal parameters assessed included PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Forest plots for PD, BOP, PI, and CAL at baseline, three months, and six months revealed no statistically significant differences between the SI+aPDT group and the SI-only group. Glycated hemoglobin across treatment groups was not different. Conclusions: The combination of aPDT with SI provides limited clinical benefits in treating periodontal pockets with a PPD ≥ 5 mm in diabetic patients with periodontitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Dentistry: The Current Status and Developments)
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10 pages, 259 KiB  
Article
Knowledge, Practices, and Attitudes Towards Silver Diamine Fluoride Therapy Among Dentists and Students in Southeastern Spain
by Clara Serna-Muñoz, Marina Lucas-Porras, Yolanda Martínez-Beneyto, Amparo Pérez-Silva, Francisco Javier Ibañez-López and Antonio José Ortiz-Ruiz
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010020 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has increased in recent years for the management of caries lesions in children and adults. The aim of this study is to determine the level of knowledge and the attitude of Spanish dentists (GDPs) and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has increased in recent years for the management of caries lesions in children and adults. The aim of this study is to determine the level of knowledge and the attitude of Spanish dentists (GDPs) and final-year dental students (DSs) regarding the use of SDF. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (questionnaire) was carried out aimed at final-year dental students (DSs) (n = 43) and registered dentists (GDPs) (n = 1050) in the autonomous community of the region of Murcia (Spain). Results: the response rates were GDPs 7.7% (n = 81) and DSs 84.5% (n = 38). Only 20.98% of GDP respondents reported having been trained on SDF versus 100% of DSs. Significant differences were observed between the groups (p < 0.05). While 94.7% of the students were aware of the indications for the use of SDF, only 56.8% of the general dentists reported it. Similarly, for hypersensitivity treatment, 71.1% of the students were informed versus 40.7% of the general dentists, and indications for paediatric patients, 100% for the DS group and 59.3% in GDPs. In adult patients, indications vary from GDPs’ (50%) to DSs’ (25.9%) responses. About 94.7% of DSs know the advantages of use and only 50.6% of GDPs. Both groups showed reluctance to use SDF in esthetic zones, with greater acceptance in non-esthetic areas (p < 0.05). In practice, fewer GDPs (27.16%) and DSs (23.68%) had applied SDF, reflecting a gap between knowledge and implementation. Conclusions: Dental students had a significantly higher level of knowledge, a situation that evidences the high level of education and training in the curricular guides of the universities. Full article
18 pages, 5491 KiB  
Article
Impact of Collagenated and Non-Collagenated Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral on Schneiderian Membrane Integrity in Rabbits
by Rihito Yamada, Samuel Porfirio Xavier, Yasushi Nakajima, Erick Ricardo Silva, Daniele Botticelli, Yuki Teranishi and Shunsuke Baba
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010019 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Background: This investigation focused on the influence of collagen on the integrity of the Schneiderian membrane during maxillary sinus augmentation in a rabbit model. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between membrane integrity and bone regeneration in augmented maxillary [...] Read more.
Background: This investigation focused on the influence of collagen on the integrity of the Schneiderian membrane during maxillary sinus augmentation in a rabbit model. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between membrane integrity and bone regeneration in augmented maxillary sinuses using collagenated and non-collagenated grafts, through detailed histological and histomorphometric analyses. Methods: In this forward-looking, randomized, split-mouth design, bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation was conducted on 12 rabbits. One sinus was filled with deproteinized bovine bone material (DBBM) as the grafting material (non-collagenated; control), while a combination of DBBM particles integrated with 10% porcine-derived type I collagen was used in the contralateral sinus (collagenated; test). Histological analyses were carried out following healing periods of 2 and 12 weeks. Results: At the 2-week time point, six sites of thinned mucosa (<40 µm) and no perforations were observed in the collagenated group, while twenty-one thinned mucosa sites (p = 0.027 between test and control) and two perforations (p = 0.175 between test and control) were found in the non-collagenated group. After 12 weeks of healing, the number of sites with thinned mucosa was 20 in the collagenated group and 19 in the non-collagenated group, with four perforations observed in each group. These perforations were distributed across three sinuses in the collagenated group and two sinuses in the non-collagenated group. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups. Conclusions: The addition of 10% collagen to deproteinized bovine bone mineral initially provided protection against mucosal thinning and perforation after 2 weeks of healing. However, by week 12, this protective effect diminished, resulting in similar rates of mucosal thinning and perforations in both groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Trends in Maxillary Sinus Management: Perspectives in Oral Surgery)
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12 pages, 4678 KiB  
Case Report
Advancing Orthodontic Aesthetics: Exploring the Potential of Injectable Composite Resin Techniques for Enhanced Smile Transformations
by Davide Spadoni, Cristina Valeri, Vincenzo Quinzi, Ute Schneider Moser and Giuseppe Marzo
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010018 - 30 Dec 2024
Viewed by 612
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The injection moulding technique (IMT) is a minimally invasive restorative treatment. This technique enables the application of thin, flowable composite layers into a stable, transparent silicone index that serves as a mould. Due to the fluid properties of the composite, it efficiently [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The injection moulding technique (IMT) is a minimally invasive restorative treatment. This technique enables the application of thin, flowable composite layers into a stable, transparent silicone index that serves as a mould. Due to the fluid properties of the composite, it efficiently fills the silicone tray and seamlessly integrates with the tooth structure, often obviating tooth preparation and preserving overall tooth integrity. The procedure employs the etch-and-rinse protocol and is highly reproducible. Minimally invasive restorative techniques are particularly relevant following orthodontic treatment, where minor tooth adjustments are often required to achieve optimal aesthetics and function. Integrating orthodontic and restorative treatments is pivotal for long-term success, especially in complex interdisciplinary cases. Methods: This retrospective study describes the application of conservative restoration using the IMT in two pediatric patients (12.6 years old and 12.3 years old) to restore maxillary lateral incisors before and after orthodontic treatment. The technique provides a viable option for temporary composite restorations until the patients are suitable candidates for permanent all-ceramic veneers. Results: The injectable technique is ideal for minimal diastemas, small interdental spaces, or retruded teeth. The cases presented, involving irregular tooth sizes and morphologies, demonstrate the suitability of the IMT in scenarios requiring an additive approach. This technique effectively addresses such irregularities without necessitating invasive preparation. Conclusions: The IMT is a valuable tool for pediatric patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, both at its initiation and completion. The technique assists orthodontists in finalising treatment by addressing Bolton index discrepancies and correcting tooth shape anomalies. Additionally, a digital workflow reduces clinical sessions, as thermo-printed retainers can be delivered during the same appointment as the IMT, providing economic and organisational benefits. This approach underscores the utility of the IMT in enhancing treatment efficiency and outcomes in orthodontic–restorative care. Full article
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9 pages, 425 KiB  
Article
Comparative in Vitro Study on the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Endodontic Sealers Against Common Oral Pathogens
by Csaba Dudás, Zsuzsanna Bardocz-Veres, Anita Iulia Gyulai, Silvia Izabella Pop, Melinda Székely, Bernadette Kerekes-Máthé and Mónika Kovács
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010017 - 30 Dec 2024
Viewed by 606
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Microorganisms are the leading cause of infections in the root canal system, contributing to the failure of endodontic treatments. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of four different endodontic sealers: Endomethasone N (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fossés, France), Sealapex [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Microorganisms are the leading cause of infections in the root canal system, contributing to the failure of endodontic treatments. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of four different endodontic sealers: Endomethasone N (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fossés, France), Sealapex (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA), AH Plus Jet (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). Methods: The sealers were tested against common oral pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans, using the agar diffusion method. Inhibition zones were measured at 24, 48, and 72 h to assess antimicrobial efficacy. Results: The results showed that Endomethasone was the most effective sealer against all tested microorganisms, demonstrating consistent inhibition across all time intervals. MTA Fillapex also exhibited a significant antimicrobial effect, particularly against Streptococcus mutans, with its efficacy increasing over time. AH Plus Jet displayed limited effectiveness, showing significant results only against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Overall, this study confirms the superior antimicrobial performance of Endomethasone, while the other materials, particularly MTA Fillapex and Sealapex, also showed notable effects in experimental conditions. The antimicrobial activity of all materials, except AH Plus Jet, increased over the 72-h period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontics and Restorative Sciences: 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 400 KiB  
Review
Air Particle Abrasion in Dentistry: An Overview of Effects on Dentin Adhesion and Bond Strength
by Andreea Kui, Smaranda Buduru, Anca Labuneț, Sorina Sava, Dalia Pop, Iris Bara and Marius Negucioiu
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010016 - 29 Dec 2024
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Air particle abrasion (APA) is a common surface preparation method in dentistry, particularly for improving bond strength to dentin. This review evaluates the influence of APA on dentin adhesion. Methods: A systematic literature search from 2018 to 2023 was conducted according [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Air particle abrasion (APA) is a common surface preparation method in dentistry, particularly for improving bond strength to dentin. This review evaluates the influence of APA on dentin adhesion. Methods: A systematic literature search from 2018 to 2023 was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles investigating the effects of APA on dentin adhesion using different particle types, sizes and adhesive systems were included. Data extraction included particle size, air pressure, outcomes tested and failure modes. Results: Fourteen primary studies met the criteria. Bioactive glass showed higher bond strength and more cohesive failures than alumina. Alumina particles (50 μm) bonded effectively in etch-and-rinse adhesive systems but failed more often in self-etch systems. Silica-modified alumina and mixed abrasive systems showed improvements in bonding performance. Optimal APA parameters were identified as 50 μm particle size, 60 psi (4 bar) air pressure and 5 s exposure time. Longer exposure times provided no additional benefit. Self-etch systems showed reduced bond strength compared to etch-and-rinse systems. Conclusions: This review looks at how particle type, size and air pressure affect dentin adhesion. Bioactive glass is a superior material due to its bond strength and reduced cytotoxicity. The optimal APA parameters are 50 μm particle size, 60 psi and 5 s. Etch-and-rinse systems are recommended for optimal adhesion. Further research is required on APA protocols and long-term durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Dentistry)
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Article
Five Numerical Methods to Assess the Ischemic Risks in Dental Pulp and Neuro-Vascular Bundle Under Orthodontic Movements in Intact Periodontium In Vitro
by Radu-Andrei Moga, Cristian Doru Olteanu and Ada Gabriela Delean
Dent. J. 2025, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13010015 - 27 Dec 2024
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dental pulp and its neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) are among the least studied dental tissues. This study identified the best method for evaluating ischemic risks in the dental pulp and NVB of healthy lower premolars under orthodontic forces and in intact periodontium. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dental pulp and its neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) are among the least studied dental tissues. This study identified the best method for evaluating ischemic risks in the dental pulp and NVB of healthy lower premolars under orthodontic forces and in intact periodontium. Methods: Nine 3D models of the second lower premolar were reconstructed based on the CBCT scans from nine patients. Nine patients (CBCT scan) were subjected to 3 N of intrusion, extrusion, rotation, tipping, and translation. Five numerical methods, Tresca, von Mises (VM), Maximum and Minimum Principal, and hydrostatic pressure were used to biomechanically assess (totaling 225 simulations) the color-coded stress distribution in pulp and NVB. The results (both qualitative and quantitative) were correlated with the physiological maximum hydrostatic pressure (MHP) and known tissular biomechanical behavior. Results: All five methods displayed quantitative amounts of stress lower than MHP and did not seem to induce any ischemic risks for the NVB and pulp of healthy intact premolars. Among the five movements, rotation seemed the most stressful, while translation was the least stressful. The NVB displayed higher amounts of stress and tissular deformations than the pulp, seeming to be more exposed to ischemic risks. Higher tissular deformations are visible in NVB during intrusion and extrusion, while pulpal coronal stress is visible only during translation. Only the VM and Tresca methods showed a constant stress display pattern for all five movements. The other three methods displayed various inconsistencies related to the stress distribution pattern. Conclusions: Only the Tresca and VM methods can provide correct qualitative and quantitative data for the analysis of dental pulp and NVB. The other three methods are not suitable for the study of the pulp and NVB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Digital Dentistry)
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