Medicines

37 pages, 448 KiB

Open AccessReview

Medicinal Herbs Used in Traditional Management of Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Action

by Donovan A. McGrowder, Fabian G. Miller, Chukwuemeka R. Nwokocha, Melisa S. Anderson, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Kurt Vaz, Lennox Anderson-Jackson and Jabari Brown

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080047 - 14 Aug 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 10867

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is one of the principal causes of death among women and there is a pressing need to develop novel and effective anti-cancer agents. Natural plant products have shown promising results as anti-cancer agents. Their effectiveness is reported as decreased [...] Read more.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the principal causes of death among women and there is a pressing need to develop novel and effective anti-cancer agents. Natural plant products have shown promising results as anti-cancer agents. Their effectiveness is reported as decreased toxicity in usage, along with safety and less recurrent resistances compared with hormonal targeting anti-cancer agents. Methods: A literature search was conducted for all English-language literature published prior to June 2020. The search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The search strategy included keywords such as breast cancer, herbs, anti-cancer biologically active components, clinical research, chemotherapy drugs amongst others. Results: The literature provides documented evidence of the chemo-preventative and chemotherapeutic properties of Ginseng, garlic (Allium sativum), Black cohosh (Actaea racemose), Tumeric (Curcuma longa), Camellia sinenis (green tea), Echinacea, Arctium (burdock), Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa). Conclusions: The nine herbs displayed anti-cancer properties and their outcomes and mechanisms of action include inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis as well as modulation of key intracellular pathways. However, more clinical trials and cohort human studies should be conducted to provide key evidence of their medical benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Efficacy of Natural Products against Noncommunicable Diseases)

9 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance by Quercetin In Vitro

by Yoshihito Tanaka, Atsuko Furuta, Kazuhito Asano and Hitome Kobayashi

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080046 - 30 Jul 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4737

Abstract

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is well known to be an IgE-mediated chronic inflammatory disease in the nasal wall, which is primarily mediated by Th2-type cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Although quercetin is also accepted to attenuate the development of allergic diseases [...] Read more.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is well known to be an IgE-mediated chronic inflammatory disease in the nasal wall, which is primarily mediated by Th2-type cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Although quercetin is also accepted to attenuate the development of allergic diseases such as AR, the influence of quercetin on Th2-type cytokine production is not well understood. The present study was designed to examine whether quercetin could attenuate the development of AR via the modulation of Th2-type cytokine production using an in vitro cell culture technique. Methods: Human peripheral-blood CD4⁺ T cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were cultured with 10.0 ng/mL IL-4 in the presence or absence of quercetin. The levels of IL-5, IL-13, and INF-γ in 24 h culture supernatants were examined by ELISA. The influence of quercetin on the phosphorylation of transcription factors NF-κB and STAT6, and mRNA expression for cytokines were also examined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Results: Treatment of cells with quercetin at more than 5.0 μM inhibited the production of IL-5 and IL-13 from CD4⁺ T cells induced by IL-4 stimulation through the suppression of transcription factor activation and cytokine mRNA expression. On the other hand, quercetin at more than 5.0 μM abrogated the inhibitory action of IL-4 on INF-γ production from CD4⁺ T cells in vitro. Conclusions: The immunomodulatory effects of quercetin, especially on cytokine production, may be responsible, in part, for the mode of therapeutic action of quercetin on allergic diseases, including AR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Topics in Medicines and How Our Board Members Are Engaged in Them)

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28 pages, 1649 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications

by George J. Kontoghiorghes, Annita Kolnagou, Christina N. Kontoghiorghe, Loukia Mourouzidis, Viktor A. Timoshnikov and Nikolay E. Polyakov

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080045 - 30 Jul 2020

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 15178

Abstract

Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions [...] Read more.

Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe³⁺ followed by reduction to Fe²⁺, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Efficacy of Natural Products against Noncommunicable Diseases)

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42 pages, 1040 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Genetic Alterations in Renal Cancers: Identification of The Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Initiation and Progression and of Therapeutic Targets

by Ugo Testa, Elvira Pelosi and Germana Castelli

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080044 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5510

Abstract

Renal cell cancer (RCC) involves three most recurrent sporadic types: clear-cell RCC (70–75%, CCRCC), papillary RCCC (10–15%, PRCC), and chromophobe RCC (5%, CHRCC). Hereditary cases account for about 5% of all cases of RCC and are caused by germline pathogenic variants. Herein, we [...] Read more.

Renal cell cancer (RCC) involves three most recurrent sporadic types: clear-cell RCC (70–75%, CCRCC), papillary RCCC (10–15%, PRCC), and chromophobe RCC (5%, CHRCC). Hereditary cases account for about 5% of all cases of RCC and are caused by germline pathogenic variants. Herein, we review how a better understanding of the molecular biology of RCCs has driven the inception of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Genomic research has identified relevant genetic alterations associated with each RCC subtype. Molecular studies have clearly shown that CCRCC is universally initiated by Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene dysregulation, followed by different types of additional genetic events involving epigenetic regulatory genes, dictating disease progression, aggressiveness, and differential response to treatments. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development and progression of RCC has considerably expanded treatment options; genomic data might guide treatment options by enabling patients to be matched with therapeutics that specifically target the genetic alterations present in their tumors. These new targeted treatments have led to a moderate improvement of the survival of metastatic RCC patients. Ongoing studies based on the combination of immunotherapeutic agents (immune check inhibitors) with VEGF inhibitors are expected to further improve the survival of these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Topics in Medicines and How Our Board Members Are Engaged in Them)

9 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Motor Estimation Error and Physical Function in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

by Katsuya Sakai, Tsubasa Kawasaki, Yumi Ikeda, Keita Tominaga and Kohei Kurihara

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080043 - 28 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3830

Abstract

Background: Motor estimation error is an index of how accurately one’s body movement is recognized. This study determines whether motor estimation error distance is a Parkinson’s disease (PD)- or age-related disability using a two-step task. Methods: The participants were 19 PD [...] Read more.

Background: Motor estimation error is an index of how accurately one’s body movement is recognized. This study determines whether motor estimation error distance is a Parkinson’s disease (PD)- or age-related disability using a two-step task. Methods: The participants were 19 PD patients and 58 elderly people with disabilities. A two-step prediction test and an actual two-step test were performed. The motor estimation error distance (prediction of two-step distance minus actual two-step distance) and error rate between the two groups were compared. We conducted a correlation analysis between the motor estimation error and clinical factor (e.g., Hoehn and Yahr stage (H & Y), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)) related to PD. Results: The motor estimation error distance was not significantly different between the PD patient group and the elderly group with disabilities. However, significant correlations between motor estimation error and H & Y, and between motor estimation error and UPDRS part II, were observed. The error rate was significantly correlated with the Fall Efficacy Scale. Conclusions: The motor estimation error distance is influenced by both aging and PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parkinson’s Disease and Beyond: Challenges and Perspectives)

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26 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessReview

Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment is Consistently Effective for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: The Results of a Systematic Review of Treatment and Comparison to a Placebo Group

by Chadwick Prodromos, Susan Finkle, Tobias Rumschlag and John Lotus

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080042 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5142

Abstract

Background: Numerous studies have used autologous mesenchymal stem cell injections (AMSCI) to treat osteoarthritis. We hypothesized that AMSCI is an effective osteoarthritis treatment with increasing efficacy at higher doses. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search for human clinical studies using AMSCI for the [...] Read more.

Background: Numerous studies have used autologous mesenchymal stem cell injections (AMSCI) to treat osteoarthritis. We hypothesized that AMSCI is an effective osteoarthritis treatment with increasing efficacy at higher doses. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search for human clinical studies using AMSCI for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and a second search for placebo arms of injectate OA treatment. Inclusion criteria included treatment outcomes ratings both pre-treatment and at least 6 months post-treatment. Results: 45 AMSCI cohorts from 34 studies met criteria. All AMSCI cohorts showed improvement at mean 15.3 months post-treatment. Mean WOMAC and VAS scores improved at 6-months and at final follow-up (p < 0.0001 for all). Scores > 2 years were also significant (WOMAC p = 0.001/VAS p = 0.004). Results greatly exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) at each time point. AMSCI improvement also substantially exceeded previously published 6-month placebo-treatment improvement. No dose–response relationship was seen. AMSCI cohorts showed continuing improvement ≥ 6 months, and continued upward at one year. Placebo scores were already trending downward by 6 months. Conclusions: AMSCI is a consistently significantly effective treatment for osteoarthritis. It should no longer be stated that data is insufficient to establish AMSCI efficacy for OA. Given its excellent safety profile, AMSCI should be widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Stem Cell Treatment)

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24 pages, 9078 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

e-Health: A Future Solution for Optimized Management of Elderly Patients. GER-e-TEC™ Project

by Abrar-Ahmad Zulfiqar, Noël Lorenzo-Villalba, Oumair-Ahmad Zulfiqar, Mohamed Hajjam, Quentin Courbon, Lucie Esteoulle, Bernard Geny, Samy Talha, Dominique Letourneau, Jawad Hajjam, Sylvie Erve, Amir Hajjam El Hassani and Emmanuel Andres

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080041 - 23 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4648

Abstract

Background: Elderly residents in nursing homes have multiple comorbidities (including cognitive and psycho-behavioral pathologies, malnutrition, heart failure, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure) and use multiple medications. Methods: The GER-e-TEC project aims to provide these fragile and complex patients with telemedicine [...] Read more.

Background: Elderly residents in nursing homes have multiple comorbidities (including cognitive and psycho-behavioral pathologies, malnutrition, heart failure, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure) and use multiple medications. Methods: The GER-e-TEC project aims to provide these fragile and complex patients with telemedicine tools, more specifically telemonitoring, backed by a well-defined and personalized protocol. Results: Medically, this implies the need for regular monitoring and a high level of medical and multidisciplinary expertise for the healthcare team. The tools use non-invasive communicating sensors and artificial intelligence techniques, allowing daily monitoring with the ability to detect any abnormal changes in the patient’s condition early. Conclusions: The GER-e-TEC project specifically considers the challenges of aging residents and significant challenges in nursing homes, with the main geriatric syndromes (falls, malnutrition, cognitive-behavioral disorders, and iatrogenic conditions). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Topics in Medicines and How Our Board Members Are Engaged in Them)

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19 pages, 2996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potency of Combining Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. camaldulensis with Low-Dose Cisplatin in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinomas and MCF-7 Breast Adenocarcinoma

by Mohamad Nasser, Raghida Damaj, Othmane Merah, Akram Hijazi, Christine Trabolsi, Nour Wehbe, Malak Nasser, Batoul Al-Khatib and Ziad Damaj

Medicines 2020, 7(8), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080040 - 22 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4492

Abstract

Background: Lung and breast cancers are common in the world and represent major public health problems. Systemic chemotherapy is an effective way to prolong survival but it is associated with side effects. Plants are used as traditional treatments for many types of cancers, [...] Read more.

Background: Lung and breast cancers are common in the world and represent major public health problems. Systemic chemotherapy is an effective way to prolong survival but it is associated with side effects. Plants are used as traditional treatments for many types of cancers, mostly in combination with chemotherapy. We investigated the antitumor effect of ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (AE) extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on human alveolar adenocarcinoma basal epithelial cells (A549) and breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and checked the synergistic effect of the combination with low-dose cisplatin (CDDP). Methods: AE and EE were characterized for their secondary metabolites including content of phenol and antioxidant activity of both extracts. Cell viability was tested by the neutral red assay and MTT. Combinations of extract with low-dose CDDP on A549, MCF-7 cells, and normal cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to study cell viability. Results: AE contains higher level of active constituents than EE. Higher antioxidant activity was observed in AE. Both extracts showed cytotoxic activity on A549 and MCF-7 cells. Moreover, combining E. camaldulensis with low-dose CDDP increases significantly the cell death of treated cells in comparison to those treated with CDDP alone. Conclusions: Our results highlight a new therapeutic concept that combines Eucalyptus camaldulensis with low-dose CDDP to treat lung and breast adenocarcinoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Potential and Medical Use of Essential Oils)

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Medicines, Volume 7, Issue 8 (August 2020) – 8 articles

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