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Agronomy
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Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases
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Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Pest and Disease Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 13504

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Dario Ivić

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Plant Protection, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Gorice 68b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: plant pathology; fungi and oomycetes; fungicides; disease control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In practice, chemical control still represents a major component of plant protection. From the first introduction of copper and sulphur fungicides a century and several decades ago, the principles of chemical control have basically remained the same. Anyway, researchers of all types, from extension advisers to academic scientists, from the private sector to the public sector, are continuously making efforts in order to improve chemical control of economically important plant diseases and to contribute to their better management. The research in this area has been directing the way to the more efficient, environment-friendly, cost-efficient, feasible, and consumer-accepted use of chemical plant protection products. Increasing demands for the productivity and quality of plant products together with increasing public concern and restrictions in new food safety policies have created new challenges for the chemical control of plant disease. Molecular analyses, the genetic diversity of plant pathogens, and phylogeny and biological control studies have made chemical control research and papers somewhat underestimated and relatively marginalized in today’s journals related to the field of plant pathology. However, the practical contribution of chemical control research is highly relevant and it cannot be disregarded.

This Special Issue, entitled “Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases”, welcomes all research related to chemical control of plant diseases in any crop, novel technologies and approaches, new or well-known substances or products with fungicide activity, and all other aspects of chemical control. The main aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of: (1) perspectives on chemical control of plant diseases; (2) our current knowledge of chemical control of plant diseases; and (3) the advantages and limitations of chemical control of plant diseases. The secondary aim of this Special Issue is to be helpful to scientists, researchers, experts, industry, policy-makers, and agricultural producers.

Dr. Dario Ivić
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agronomy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fungal diseases
  • fungicides
  • plant protection products
  • active substances
  • application
  • efficiency
  • crop safety
  • forecast models
  • integrated pest management

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 8702 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Identification of Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds from Praxelis clematidea R. M. King & H. Robinson as an Effective Potential Treatment against Rice Pathogens
by Cuong C. Nguyen, Thanh Q. C. Nguyen, Kenji Kanaori, Tran Duy Binh, Le Van Vang and Kaeko Kamei
Agronomy 2021, 11(11), 2366; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112366 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2917
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight and blast diseases caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the fungus Pyricularia oryzae, respectively, are among the most important infectious diseases affecting rice. We evaluated the antimicrobial effects of compounds derived from Praxelis clematidea on Xanthomonas [...] Read more.
Bacterial leaf blight and blast diseases caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the fungus Pyricularia oryzae, respectively, are among the most important infectious diseases affecting rice. We evaluated the antimicrobial effects of compounds derived from Praxelis clematidea on Xanthomonas oryzae and Pyricularia oryzae. The dried aerial parts of Praxelis clematidea were subjected to ethanol extraction, separated by solvent partitioning using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. In vitro assays demonstrated that the main antibacterial and antifungal activities were distributed in the ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions, respectively. These fractions were further separated using silica gel chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography. Finally, we isolated five compounds, 1–5, that inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas oryzae in vitro and four compounds, 6–9, that exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae. We evaluated their antimicrobial activities and identified their chemical structures by NMR and mass spectrometry analyses. This is the first study to isolate compound 2 (4,4′,4″-nitrilotriphenol) as an alternative microbial from natural resources and evaluate its physiological activity. Moreover, this is the first report to demonstrate antibacterial activity in comparison with flavonoids. Praxelis clematidea extracts plausibly exert both antibacterial and antifungal effects, which should be further validated in field trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases)
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10 pages, 732 KiB  
Article
Global Distributions of Clarireedia Species and Their In Vitro Sensitivity Profiles to Fungicides
by Jian Hu, Huangwei Zhang, Yinglu Dong, Shan Jiang, Kurt Lamour, Jun Liu, Yu Chen and Zhimin Yang
Agronomy 2021, 11(10), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102036 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2325
Abstract
Dollar spot is reported to be caused by multiple Clarireedia species and is a serious problem on many turfgrasses around the world. To our knowledge, the distribution of different Clarireedia species and their sensitivity profiles to fungicides remains unknown. In this study, a [...] Read more.
Dollar spot is reported to be caused by multiple Clarireedia species and is a serious problem on many turfgrasses around the world. To our knowledge, the distribution of different Clarireedia species and their sensitivity profiles to fungicides remains unknown. In this study, a total of 275 isolates were characterized by ITS sequence. Amounts of 124, 59 and 75 isolates were identified as C. jacksonii, C. monteithiana and C. paspali, respectively, while each species of C. homoeocarpa and C. bennettii had only five isolates. Four and three isolates were identified as two potential new species, which remained to be further characterized. C. jacksonii and C. monteithiana were distributed worldwide, while C. paspali was restricted to China. Of the isolates with host information, 81% (93/115) and 19% (22/115) of C. jacksonii isolates were collected from C3 and C4 plants, respectively, 97% (56/58) of the C. monteithiana isolates were collected from C4 plants and all C. paspali isolates were collected from C4 plants. The coexistence of different Clarireedia species on the same C4 host type in the same locales was found in Shanghai (Paspalum vaginatum), Jiangsu (Paspalum vaginatum) and Florida (Cynodon dactylon). The study revealed that differential fungicide sensitivity patterns were observed in different species in Clarireedia for the first time. Similar differential sensitivity profiles were also found in the locales with coexistence of at least two species. The findings from this study suggest that the adjacent coexistence of different Clarireedia species and the differential fungicide sensitivity profiles of different species will complicate dollar spot disease control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases)
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15 pages, 2220 KiB  
Article
Carvacrol: A Promising Environmentally Friendly Agent to Fight Seeds Damping-Off Diseases Induced by Fungal Species
by Hamza Saghrouchni, Azeddin El Barnossi, Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah, Mohammed Bourhia, Abdulhakeem Alzahrani, Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham, Heba Khalil Alyahya, Nour El Houda Tahiri, Hamada Imtara and Işıl Var
Agronomy 2021, 11(5), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050985 - 15 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3492
Abstract
Background: Gramineae damping-off disease is a growing problem worldwide, which affects a large range of seedlings in nurseries, glasshouses, gardens, crops, forests and untimely generates a heavy economic impact on the agriculture and related sectors. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background: Gramineae damping-off disease is a growing problem worldwide, which affects a large range of seedlings in nurseries, glasshouses, gardens, crops, forests and untimely generates a heavy economic impact on the agriculture and related sectors. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the preventive potential of carvacrol on germination of Fusarium oxysporum, Neocosmospora solani, and Microdochium nivale spores as responsible agents for Lolium perenne seeds damping-off disease. Material and methods: Macrodilution method in agar medium, spore germination, spore destruction, and preventive treatment bioassays were used to achieve this goal. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol vs. tested strains existed in the range of 0.25–0.5 mg/mL. Carvacrol used in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 mg/mL inhibited the germination of all fungal spores in a dose-dependent manner. Carvacrol showed a very strong sporicidal effect against all studied fungal strains, and this effect was well confirmed by microscopic observations. The percentage of growth inhibition was found to be strictly correlated to carvacrol dose up vs. all strains. Carvacrol increased the emergence of L. perenne seeds when compared to both uninfested and infested seeds. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, carvacrol fulfills the requirement for being a natural alternative agent to fight Gramineae seedlings’ damping-off caused by fungal species without adverse effects on the plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases)
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12 pages, 1042 KiB  
Article
Will Triazoles Still Be of Importance in Disease Control of Zymoseptoria tritici in the Future?
by Holger Klink, Joseph-Alexander Verreet, Mario Hasler and Tim Birr
Agronomy 2021, 11(5), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050933 - 9 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3801
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most important foliar wheat diseases worldwide. Current control strategies of STB rely mainly on fungicides, whereby triazoles (demethylation inhibitors; DMIs) have been the backbone in the control of Z. tritici [...] Read more.
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most important foliar wheat diseases worldwide. Current control strategies of STB rely mainly on fungicides, whereby triazoles (demethylation inhibitors; DMIs) have been the backbone in the control of Z. tritici in the last decades. However, in recent years a gradual loss of sensitivity of Z. tritici to several active ingredients of the triazole group has been reported in several European wheat-growing areas. Nevertheless, a new triazole fungicide, namely, mefentrifluconazole, has recently become available in disease management of STB, which belongs to a completely new triazole subclass, the so-called isopropanol triazoles. In this study, the trend in sensitivity development of Z. tritici towards older triazoles (tebuconazole, prothioconazole, and propiconazole) and the new isopropanol triazole mefentrifluconazole was determined in microtiter assays using Z. tritici field populations isolated in 1999, 2009, 2014, and 2020 in a high-disease-pressure and high-fungicide-input area in northern Germany in order to investigate whether the loss of sensitivity of Z. tritici to older triazoles also applies to mefentrifluconazole. For the three triazole fungicides tebuconazole, prothioconazole and propiconazole, a significant shift towards decreasing sensitivity of Z. tritici field populations was observed from 1999 to 2020, whereas the efficacy of mefentrifluconazole in reducing the in vitro fungal growth by 50% (EC50) remained unchanged over the investigated period, demonstrating a stable sensitivity of Z. tritici towards mefentrifluconazole. Although older triazoles are suffering from a loss of sensitivity of Z. tritici field populations due to the selection and spread of less triazole sensitive strains within the Z. tritici population, the efficacy of the new triazole mefentrifluconazole with its unique isopropanol unit was not affected by these changes within the Z. tritici population. Thus, the introduction of such new molecular units could also represent an important contribution for older groups of active ingredients, which previously suffered from a loss of sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Control of Fungal Diseases)
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