Agronomy

Research

14 pages, 2249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Screening and Field Performance of EMS-Treated Eggplants for the Selection of Shoot and Fruit Borer-Resistant Plants

by Md Ashraful Islam, Md Muntasir Bin Mohi Uddin, Md Golam Rasul, Md Ahsanul Haque Swapon, Minhaz Ahmed and Mehfuz Hasan

Agronomy 2022, 12(8), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081832 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

The shoot and fruit borer has asserted itself as a severe pest of eggplant. In vitro mutagenesis is an excellent method for producing mutants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to create eggplant mutants that were resistant to shoot and [...] Read more.

The shoot and fruit borer has asserted itself as a severe pest of eggplant. In vitro mutagenesis is an excellent method for producing mutants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to create eggplant mutants that were resistant to shoot and fruit borer infestation. In the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, two genotypes, including a landrace, were treated with varying amounts of EMS. Among the treatments, MS medium supplemented with 2% EMS demonstrated the most favorable effect. Explant performance dropped by up to 1.5% with an increase in EMS in the medium. The 2% EMS dose was appropriate for in vitro mutant eggplant development, but the higher dose was extremely damaging. EMS made several mutants sterile. Three landrace mutants were insect-resistant. Total phenols, leaf chlorophylls A and B, antioxidants, and solasodine were abundant in these genotypes. Correlation studies found a link between affected fruits and shoots and total phenols, antioxidants, and solasodine. Solasodine was shown to be related to chlorophylls A and B. The eggplant shoot and fruit borer infestation rate can be reduced by increasing these specific biochemical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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16 pages, 3737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of the Five Highbush Blueberry Cultivars to In Vitro Induced Drought Stress by Polyethylene Glycol

by Sabin Molnar, Doina Clapa and Viorel Mitre

Agronomy 2022, 12(3), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030732 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3742

Abstract

Stress caused by drought is an important factor that affects the growth and development of highbush blueberry plants. In vitro screening for drought stress tolerance is of major importance in identifying cultivars that have optimal stress tolerance and productivity. The aim of this [...] Read more.

Stress caused by drought is an important factor that affects the growth and development of highbush blueberry plants. In vitro screening for drought stress tolerance is of major importance in identifying cultivars that have optimal stress tolerance and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of five in vitro-grown highbush blueberry cultivars (Bluecrop, Brigitta Blue, Duke, Goldtraube and Hortblue Petite) under drought stress. Five concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), 0 g/L, 10 g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L, 40 g/L, 50 g/L, were applied to induce drought stress in the culture media. Significant differences were found in shoot length and number, proliferation rate, fresh weight, dry weight, water content, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content. Drought stress had a negative impact on shoots length, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content for all highbush blueberry varieties. The conclusion of the study highlights that Goldtraube had the highest drought tolerance efficiency, followed by Bluecrop, Hortblue Petite, Duke, and Brigitta Blue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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14 pages, 25890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Organogenesis of Critically Endangered Lachenalia viridiflora

by Małgorzata Maślanka, Justyna Mazur and Anna Kapczyńska

Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020475 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

Micropropagation via organogenesis of Lachenalia viridiflora W. F. Barker, a native endangered plant from South Africa, is presented in this study. Leaves, collected from in vivo plants, were a source for culture initiation to obtain three types of explants (leaf, bulb, callus). They [...] Read more.

Micropropagation via organogenesis of Lachenalia viridiflora W. F. Barker, a native endangered plant from South Africa, is presented in this study. Leaves, collected from in vivo plants, were a source for culture initiation to obtain three types of explants (leaf, bulb, callus). They were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with two concentrations of sucrose (3 or 6%, marked as S3 and S6) and different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BA) (0.0–5.0 μM) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.0–0.5 μM). The results demonstrated that bulbing was more efficient on media with 3% sucrose and this process was closely related to explant type—irrespective of media type twice more adventitious bulbs (5.1–5.6) were regenerated on leaf and bulb explants than on callus (2.6). The highest value of adventitious bulb number was recorded for interaction: leaf × S3/2.5 BA/0.5 NAA (9.3 bulbs per explant). Irrespective of media type, the higher the number of adventitious bulbs (obtained from leaf and bulb explants), the lower their diameter. Moreover, adventitious bulbs regenerated from bulb explants formed the longest leaves (18.9 mm) and in the greatest percentage (52.3%). The highest biomass weight increase indicator (50 times) was recorded for interaction: leaf × S6/2.5 BA/0.25 NAA. Various combinations of plant growth regulators favor biomass increase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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12 pages, 7071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System as an Efficient Method for Mass Production of In Vitro Plants in Horticulture and Medicinal Plants

by Ho-Dong Hwang, Suk-Hyun Kwon, Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy, Seung-Won Yun, Sung-Soo Pyo and So-Young Park

Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020346 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6413

Abstract

A temporary immersion system (TIS) bioreactor has been used as an efficient and cost-effective method for the in vitro propagation of many plant species. In the current study, the applicability of a TIS bioreactor for plantlet regeneration Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., Fragaria × ananassa [...] Read more.

A temporary immersion system (TIS) bioreactor has been used as an efficient and cost-effective method for the in vitro propagation of many plant species. In the current study, the applicability of a TIS bioreactor for plantlet regeneration Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., Fragaria × ananassa Duch., and Cnidium officinale Makino was studied. Shoot length, a number of leaves per regenerated shoot, fresh, and dry biomass of plantlets were optimal with the TIS compared to semi-solid and liquid immersion cultures. The leaf area in cryshanthmum, strawberry, and C. afficinale were 2.87 cm², 3.51 cm², and 1.43 cm², respectively, in the plants regenerated by TIS. The photosynthetic pigments were highest in strawberry plants grown in TIS bioreactor culture, and there was no significant difference between semi-solid and liquid culture while the highest values were obtained in C. officinale maintained in semi-solid culture. The chrysanthemum and strawberry plants showed a 100% acclimatization rate in all culture systems. C. officinale plants showed the highest survival rate at 96.9%, which were regenerated in the TIS. TIS bioreactor culture, thus, provides a convenient method that could be adopted for commercial in vitro propagation of chrysanthemum, strawberry and C. officinale plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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14 pages, 4934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Propagation of the Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. Collected in Vietnam

by Hai T. Nguyen, Son T. Dinh, Thao T. Ninh, Hue T. Nong, Tam T. T. Dang, Quyet V. Khuat, Anh T. P. Dang, My T. Ly, Rima N. Kirakosyan and Elena A. Kalashnikova

Agronomy 2022, 12(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020324 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5956

Abstract

Hoa Binh province is one of the best places for orchids in Vietnam. The climate and environment of Hoa Binh province are favorable for the development of orchids, especially rare indigenous ones. Dendrobium anosmum Lindl., which stands out because of the unique fragrance [...] Read more.

Hoa Binh province is one of the best places for orchids in Vietnam. The climate and environment of Hoa Binh province are favorable for the development of orchids, especially rare indigenous ones. Dendrobium anosmum Lindl., which stands out because of the unique fragrance and colors, is one of the most popular varieties in Hoa Binh province. To meet the increasing demands of the industrial market as well as to contribute to the preservation and development of genetic resources of Dendrobium sp. in Hoa Binh province, propagating D. anosmum Lindl. is a crucial step. Plant tissue culture, which has been applied to improve reproducibility of orchids for many years, is still an effective method, especially for large-scale propagation. Studies on in vitro propagation of D. anosmum Lindl. from Hoa Binh province showed that growth regulators (BA, kinetin, α-NAA) did not have a significant effect on protocorm initiation because D. anosmum Lind. from Hoa Binh province already has a high rate of regeneration. However, MS medium + 1.0 mg/L kinetin + 0.5 mg/L α-NAA + 30 g sucrose + 8.0 g agar per liter, pH 5.7–5.8 was the optimal medium to increase shoot length. The MS medium + 1.0 g activated charcoal + 30 g sucrose + 8.0 g agar per liter, pH 5.7–5.8 was the most suitable medium for shoot growth—after 6 weeks of culture, the average shoot length was 1.09 cm, the average number of leaves was 6.13, the average number of roots was 3.17, and the average root length was 1.11 cm—about 3.3, 4.17, 3.41, and 1.67 times higher, respectively, than in the control (without activated charcoal). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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19 pages, 3287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenously Applied Polyamines Reduce Reactive Oxygen Species, Enhancing Cell Division and the Shoot Regeneration from Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Protoplasts

by Agnieszka Kiełkowska and Adela Adamus

Agronomy 2021, 11(4), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040735 - 10 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3230

Abstract

Polyamines (PAs) are organic molecules that are found in plants and animals. In plants, they are involved in the regulation of cellular growth, apoptosis, rooting, flower development, and stress responses. The effect of exogenously applied polyamines on the development of Brassica oleracea L. [...] Read more.

Polyamines (PAs) are organic molecules that are found in plants and animals. In plants, they are involved in the regulation of cellular growth, apoptosis, rooting, flower development, and stress responses. The effect of exogenously applied polyamines on the development of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata protoplast cultures was studied. Protoplasts were isolated from hypocotyls of 2-week-old seedlings of three accessions and they were cultured in liquid media supplemented with putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) at concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 40 µM. In the very early culture (24 and 48 h), cellular reactive oxygen species levels (ROS) in live cells were monitored using a fluorescent probe. The Put- and Spd-treated protoplasts exhibited lower fluorescence intensities, which corresponded to lower ROS accumulation as compared to the PA-free control. The protoplast viability was affected by the type of polyamine applied rather than its concentration. Put and Spd had a beneficial effect on the mitotic activity of the cultured cells, which was observed in all tested accessions. The highest frequency of shoot organogenesis (21%) was obtained from microcalli derived from the protoplasts cultured on the medium supplemented with 10 µM Put. Analysis of the ploidy level of the regenerants showed that the vast majority were diploids. Our results demonstrated that exogenously applied PAs maintained the viability of B. oleracea L. var. capitata protoplasts by alleviating oxidative stress and stimulating mitotic activity, which further affected the plant regeneration process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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13 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Performance and Genetic Stability of Micropropagated Gooseberry Plants (Ribes grossularia L.)

by Danuta Wójcik, Aleksandra Trzewik and Danuta Kucharska

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010045 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3195

Abstract

Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.) is a small fruit crop producing valuable fruits, which is constantly gaining importance. In vitro propagation of this species can significantly support the production of virus-free planting material and accelerate the introduction of new cultivars to the market. [...] Read more.

Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.) is a small fruit crop producing valuable fruits, which is constantly gaining importance. In vitro propagation of this species can significantly support the production of virus-free planting material and accelerate the introduction of new cultivars to the market. The aim of presented study was to assess field performance and genetic stability of micropropagated plants (MPs) of four gooseberry cultivars, “Captivator”, “Hinnonmaki Rot”, “Invicta”, and “Resika”. The growth vigor and yield of MPs and plants propagated by standard methods from softwood cuttings (ST) were evaluated in a field experiment. Microscopic observations of the number and length of the stomata of MP and ST plants were carried out. Two DNA-based techniques, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), were used to assess genetic stability of MP plants. For analysis of genetic stability of ST plants, the ISSR technique was applied. For three cultivars, Captivator, Hinnonmaki Rot, and Invicta, the plants’ growth vigor and fruit yield were greater in MP plants than in ST plants. In the case of Resika, most of these parameters were higher in ST plants. Microscopic observations of the stomata indicated a lack of differences in the length between MP and ST plants, while the stomata frequency on leaves of MP plants was higher than that of ST plants. The genetic variability of MP plants, assessed by AFLP, ranged from 0.35% for Hinnonmaki Rot to 2.12% for Resika. The results of ISSR analysis of MP plants showed variability from 0% in the case of Hinnonmaki Rot and Resika to 4% and 8.69% for Captivator and Invicta, respectively. No polymorphism was detected among ST plants of all analyzed gooseberry cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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15 pages, 3773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Response to Different Light Spectrum Compositions during Micropropagation of Gerbera Axillary Shoots

by Monika Cioć and Bożena Pawłowska

Agronomy 2020, 10(11), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111832 - 22 Nov 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3901

Abstract

The experiment evaluated the influence of different light qualities and 6-benzyladenine (BA) concentration in a medium on the leaf response of multiplied Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f.‘Big Apple’ shoots. Three different light-emitting diode (LED) spectra—100% blue (B), 100% red (R) and red [...] Read more.

The experiment evaluated the influence of different light qualities and 6-benzyladenine (BA) concentration in a medium on the leaf response of multiplied Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f.‘Big Apple’ shoots. Three different light-emitting diode (LED) spectra—100% blue (B), 100% red (R) and red and blue mixture (7:3, RB)—were used, and a fluorescent lamp was used as a control (Fl). Concentrations of BA in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were 1, 2.5 and 5 µM. Leaves developed under 100% blue light had a lower frequency of stomata and a smaller area as compared with those from plants exposed to light with red in spectrum. Under 100% red light, the leaf area and the frequency of stomata increased along with growing concentration of BA in the medium. The thickest mesophyll was spotted in the cross-section of leaves exposed to the blue LED light. Leaves developed under the 100% red light had the thinnest mesophyll layers. Increasing concentration of BA in the medium resulted in enhanced leaf blade thickness. The cross-section of leaf vascular bundles was only half of that in petioles. The leaves under the LED combinations had larger vascular bundles than those under fluorescent light. The highest level of photosynthetic pigments was noticed in the leaves grown under LED R and RB lights. Our study demonstrated that 2.5 µM BA and a mixture of blue and red light provided by LED improved leaf quality during multiplication of gerbera shoots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro-Based Systems for Horticultural and Floricultural Crop Improvement)

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