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Antibodies
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Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens
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Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens

A special issue of Antibodies (ISSN 2073-4468).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 34332

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jagadeesh Bayry

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
Interests: immunology; immune homeostasis; immunotherapy; host-pathogen interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Dimiter S. Dimitrov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Interests: therapeutic antibodies; human antibodies and their interactions; vaccine immunogens; molecular engineering; screening and sequencing methodologies; therapeutic proteins; cancer; infectious diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In-depth high-level review articles are sought from a well-recognized and well-established research community on topics from state-of-the-art knowledge to new advances and trends, including but not limited to the following:

  •  Antibodies and antigens
  •  Antibody-producing cells (including B cells)
  •  Antibody structure and function
  •  Antibody–antigen interactions
  •  Fc receptors
  •  Antibody manufacturing
  •  Antibody engineering
  •  Antibody therapy
  •  Immunoassays
  •  Antibody diagnosis
  •  Tissue antigens
  •  Exogenous antigens
  •  Endogenous antigens
  •  Autoantigens
  •  Monoclonal antibodies
  •  Natural antibodies
  •  Humoral immune responses
  •  Immunoregulatory molecules

We look forward to receiving your contribution to this Special Issue, which will host review papers providing valuable insights into all aspects of antibodies and antigens.

Dr. Jagadeesh Bayry
Prof. Dr. Dimiter S. Dimitrov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibodies is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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7 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Allergen-Specific IgE and IgG4 as Biomarkers for Immunologic Changes during Subcutaneous Allergen Immunotherapy
by Georgi Nikolov, Yana Todordova, Radoslava Emilova, Diana Hristova, Maria Nikolova and Bogdan Petrunov
Antibodies 2021, 10(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib10040049 - 7 Dec 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4430
Abstract
(1) Background: Biomarkers of efficacy for subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) on allergic rhinitis have not been evaluated in details. The present study aims to assess the relevance of measuring of sIgE, sIgG4 and IgE/IgG4 ratio during SCIT in patients with allergic rhinitis; (2) Methods: [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Biomarkers of efficacy for subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) on allergic rhinitis have not been evaluated in details. The present study aims to assess the relevance of measuring of sIgE, sIgG4 and IgE/IgG4 ratio during SCIT in patients with allergic rhinitis; (2) Methods: 20 patients, 13 men and 7 women aged 19 to 58 years, with clinically manifested seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis were studied. At the initiation and in the end of the three-year course of SCIT serum allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 were measured with ImmunoCAP system. The sIgE/sIgG4 ratio was calculated as a biomarker for immunologic effectiveness; (3) Results: There was a significant increase of sIgG4 antibodies (p < 0.05), while at the end of SCIT for the sIgE levels no significant changes were seen (p > 0.05). Moreover, 90% of patients showed a decrease of the IgE/IgG4 ratio; (4) Conclusions: In most of treated patients with AR, SCIT with Bulgarian allergen products leads to clear immunological changes. After a 3-year of SCIT there is a significant increase in allergen specific IgG4 levels and both decrease of sIgE and IgE/IgG4 ratio. sIgE, sIgG4 and IgE/IgG4 ratio can be used as a substantial biomarker for predicting immunological effectiveness of SCIT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens)
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Review

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14 pages, 2088 KiB  
Review
The Role of Bispecific Antibodies in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: From Structure to Prospective Clinical Use
by Rita Tavarozzi and Enrica Manzato
Antibodies 2022, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib11010016 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7671
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are molecules that simultaneously bind two different antigens (Ags). bsAbs represent a very active field in tumor immunotherapy with more than one hundred molecules currently being tested. More specifically, they have elicited a great interest in the setting of non-Hodgkin’s [...] Read more.
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are molecules that simultaneously bind two different antigens (Ags). bsAbs represent a very active field in tumor immunotherapy with more than one hundred molecules currently being tested. More specifically, they have elicited a great interest in the setting of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHLs), where they could represent a viable option for more fragile patients or those resistant to other conventional therapies. This review aims to give a brief overview of the different available bsAb formats and their mechanisms of action, pinpointing the differences between IgG-like and non-IgG-like classes and will then focus on those in advanced clinical development for NHLs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens)
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14 pages, 912 KiB  
Review
Applications of Antibody-Based Antigen Delivery Targeted to Dendritic Cells In Vivo
by Jessica Bourque and Daniel Hawiger
Antibodies 2022, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib11010008 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7271
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulins, derived from monoclonal antibodies recognizing the defined surface epitopes expressed on dendritic cells, have been employed for the past two decades to deliver antigens to dendritic cells in vivo, serving as critical tools for the investigation of the corresponding T cell [...] Read more.
Recombinant immunoglobulins, derived from monoclonal antibodies recognizing the defined surface epitopes expressed on dendritic cells, have been employed for the past two decades to deliver antigens to dendritic cells in vivo, serving as critical tools for the investigation of the corresponding T cell responses. These approaches originated with the development of the recombinant chimeric antibody against a multilectin receptor, DEC-205, which is present on subsets of murine and human conventional dendritic cells. Following the widespread application of antigen targeting through DEC-205, similar approaches then utilized other epitopes as entry points for antigens delivered by specific antibodies to multiple types of dendritic cells. Overall, these antigen-delivery methodologies helped to reveal the mechanisms underlying tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses orchestrated by dendritic cells. Here, we discuss the relevant experimental strategies as well as their future perspectives, including their translational relevance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens)
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13 pages, 1390 KiB  
Review
Antibodies against Platelet Factor 4 and Their Associated Pathologies: From HIT/HITT to Spontaneous HIT-Like Syndrome, to COVID-19, to VITT/TTS
by Emmanuel J. Favaloro, Leonardo Pasalic and Giuseppe Lippi
Antibodies 2022, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib11010007 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4876
Abstract
Antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein released from alpha-granules of activated platelets, may cause a number of pathophysiological conditions. The most commonly known is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which develops in a small proportion of people treated with the anticoagulant drug heparin. [...] Read more.
Antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein released from alpha-granules of activated platelets, may cause a number of pathophysiological conditions. The most commonly known is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which develops in a small proportion of people treated with the anticoagulant drug heparin. Notably, PF4 binds with high affinity to heparin, and in HIT, complexes of PF4/H may, in a small proportion of susceptible patients, trigger the development of anti-PF4 antibodies and subsequent platelet activation and aggregation, ultimately leading to the development of pathological thrombosis at sites of vessel occlusion. Of more modern interest, antibodies against PF4 may also arise in patients with COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) or in patients who have been vaccinated against COVID-19, especially in recipients of adenovirus-based vaccines. For this latter group of patients, the terms VITT (vaccine-induced [immune] thrombotic thrombocytopenia) and TTS (thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome) have been coined. Another category associated with this pathophysiology comprises those in whom a precipitating event is not clear; this category is referred to as ‘spontaneous HIT-like syndrome’. Despite its name, it arises as an HIT-mimicking disorder but without antecedent heparin exposure. In this narrative review, we describe the development of antibodies against PF4, and associated pathophysiology, in such conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens)
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21 pages, 284 KiB  
Review
Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on the Pharmacokinetics of Peptides: When Is the Assessment of Certain Factors Warranted?
by Iftekhar Mahmood and Mark Pettinato
Antibodies 2022, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib11010001 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4995
Abstract
Peptides are short chains of 2 to 50 amino acids (molecular weight of less than 10 kDa) linked together by peptide bonds. As therapeutic agents, peptides are of interest because the body naturally produces many different peptides. Short-chain peptides have many advantages as [...] Read more.
Peptides are short chains of 2 to 50 amino acids (molecular weight of less than 10 kDa) linked together by peptide bonds. As therapeutic agents, peptides are of interest because the body naturally produces many different peptides. Short-chain peptides have many advantages as compared with long-chain peptides (e.g., low toxicity). The first peptide corticotropin was approved in 1952 for multiple inflammatory diseases and West syndrome. Since then, more than 60 peptides have been approved by the FDA. Pharmacokinetics (PK) is widely used in modern-day drug development for designing a safe and efficacious dose to treat a wide variety of diseases. There are, however, several factors termed as “intrinsic” or “extrinsic” which can influence the PK of a drug, and as a result, one has to adjust the dose in a patient population. These intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be described as age, gender, disease states such as renal and hepatic impairment, drug–drug interaction, food, smoking, and alcohol consumption. It is well known that these intrinsic and extrinsic factors can have a substantial impact on the PK of small molecules, but for macromolecules, the impact of these factors is not well established. This review summarizes the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the PK of peptides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens)

Other

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5 pages, 651 KiB  
Commentary
Disease Prevalence Matters: Challenge for SARS-CoV-2 Testing
by Chin-Shern Lau and Tar-Choon Aw
Antibodies 2021, 10(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib10040050 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3954
Abstract
While sensitivity and specificity are important characteristics for any diagnostic test, the influence of prevalence is equally, if not more, important when such tests are used in community screening. We review the concepts of positive/negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) and how disease prevalence affects [...] Read more.
While sensitivity and specificity are important characteristics for any diagnostic test, the influence of prevalence is equally, if not more, important when such tests are used in community screening. We review the concepts of positive/negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) and how disease prevalence affects false positive/negative rates. In low-prevalence situations, the PPV decreases drastically. We demonstrate how using two tests in an orthogonal fashion can be especially beneficial in low-prevalence settings and greatly improve the PPV of the diagnostic test results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews on Antibodies and Antigens)
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