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Pesticide and Emerging Organic Pollutant Analyses and their Ecotoxicological Evaluation in Soil and Aquatic Environments

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical and Molecular Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2019) | Viewed by 19279

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sung-Eun Lee

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Guest Editor

Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41522, Republic of Korea
Interests: environmental toxicology; biomarkers; omics; combined toxicities
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Prof. Dr. Hokyong Shon

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Guest Editor

1. Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
2. ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy (NiCE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
Interests: membrane technologies; resource recovery; desalination; wastewater treatment and reuse technologies; advanced oxidation processes; environmental nanomaterials; organic solvent nanofiltration; surface modification
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Prof. Dr. Sung-Deuk Choi

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Guest Editor

School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
Interests: multimedia monitoring and modeling; persistent organic pollutants (POPs); monitoring of hazardous air pollutants; fine particles; development of response system for chemical accidents
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Dr. Joon-Kwan Moon

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Guest Editor

Department of Plant Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 456-749, Korea
Interests: pesticide analysis; analytical instruments; foods chromatography; natural products analysis;
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent studies have shown that pesticides and emerging organic pollutants (PEOPs) are widespread in soil and aquatic ecosystems, and these contaminants of increasing concern strongly inhibit the normal health functions of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, both invertebrates and vertebrates. Analytical protocols and eco-toxicity assessments should be developed to determine the presence of PEOPs and their metabolites and ensure that they are not harmful to soil and aquatic ecosystems.

It is necessary to measure PEOPs content and understand their fate and transformation in soil and aquatic environments, including rivers and estuarine habitats; it is also necessary to monitor the bioavailability of PEOPs in living organisms. Risk analysis is necessary to ensure environmental health and safeguard the human consumption of crops, fish, and marine products in general. Therefore, we need to understand the input and distribution of PEOPs in soil and aquatic systems as well as their toxic effects in terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Since PEOPs metabolic degradation leads to a reduction or activation of their toxic effects, biochemical and molecular biology studies on PEOPs’ metabolites are also needed for PEOP-exposed soils and aquatic organisms.

Biomarkers will help us understand how PEOPs impact terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Omics studies can develop such biomarkers in terrestrial and aquatic animals. In the interest of promoting a safe ecosystem, we need to reduce PEOPs in soil and aquatic ecosystems by gathering information about PEOPs of particular concern. In addition to these environmental studies, water treatment technology has been developed to minimize or remove PEOPs from contaminated water, (e.g., membrane treatments to remove pharmaceutical and personal care products “PPCPs”).

We invite researchers from all over the world to contribute their original research and reviews concerning how PEOPs adversely affect terrestrial and aquatic organisms. These articles may also monitor soil and aquatic environmental hazards caused by PEOPs. We are particularly interested in articles describing how the presence of PEOPs is monitored in our soils and aquatic environments. Articles or reviews describing methods to remove PEOPs from the soil and aquatic environment using advanced water treatment technologies are also welcome.

Potential topics can include, but are not limited to:

Monitoring PEOPs in rivers and sea, including estuarine habitats
Monitoring PEOPs in fish and marine products
Monitoring PEOPs in agricultural soils and crops
Analytical studies to detect PEOPs in soil and aquatic environments, including sludge
Development of biomarkers to detect PPCPs in soil and aquatic organisms
Omics studies to develop biomarkers to monitor how PEOPs affect soil and aquatic organisms
Environmental fate of PEOPs in soil and aquatic ecosystems, including crops
Environmental risk assessment related to PEOPs in soil and aquatic ecosystems
Water treatment technologies to minimize or remove PEOPs from the aquatic environment

Dr. Sung-Eun Lee
Prof. Dr. Hokyong Shon
Prof. Dr. Sung-Deuk Choi
Dr. Joon-Kwan Moon
Guest Editors

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Keywords

pesticides
emerging organic pollutants
analysis
ecotoxicology
treatments

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Some Hill Reaction-Inhibiting Herbicides on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Nitrogen-Input Farming Soil

by Yuta Takatsu, Sharon Y. L. Lau, Li Li and Yasuyuki Hashidoko

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(9), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091903 - 9 May 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3405

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission-suppressing activity of some electron-transport inhibitors of the Hill reaction system was investigated. The Hill reaction inhibitors—paraquat, isouron, bromacil, diquat, and simazine—all of which have been or are currently being used as herbicides in farming activity are expected to inhibit the electron-transporting pathways of nitrate respiration in denitrifying bacteria. Using N₂O-emitting soil bed (5.0 g of fresh weight) from a continuously manured Andisol corn farmland in Hokkaido, Japan, which was autoclaved and further supplemented with an active N₂O-emitter, Pseudomonas sp. 5CFM15-6D, and 1 mL of 100 mM NH₄NO₃ or (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution as the sole nitrogen source (final concentration, 0.2 mM) in a 30 mL gas-chromatography vial, the effects of the five herbicides on N₂O emission were examined. Paraquat and isouron (each at 50 µM) showed a statistically significant suppression of N₂O emission in both the nitrification and the denitrification processes after a 7-day-incubation, whereas diquat at the same concentration accelerated N₂O emission in the presence of NO₃⁻. These results suggest that paraquat and isouron inhibited both the nitrification and the denitrification processes for N₂O generation, or its upstream stages, whereas diquat specifically inhibited N₂O reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of N₂O to N₂ gas. Incomplete denitrifiers are the key players in the potent emission of N₂O from Andisol corn farmland soil because of the missing nosZ gene. The electron relay system-inhibiting herbicides—paraquat and isouron—possibly contribute to the prevention of denitrification-induced nitrogen loss from the farming soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide and Emerging Organic Pollutant Analyses and their Ecotoxicological Evaluation in Soil and Aquatic Environments)

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17 pages, 2741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization, Source and Risk of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in the Snow Deposition Near Jiaozhou Bay, North China

by Quancai Peng, Jinming Song, Xuegang Li, Huamao Yuan and Guang Yang

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061078 - 14 Mar 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2807

Abstract

The occurrence and distribution of 110 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) were investigated in snow near Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), North China. All target substances were analyzed using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.A total of 38 compounds were detected for the first time in snow, including 23 antibiotics, eight hormones, three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, two antipsychotics, one beta-adrenergic receptor and one hypoglycemic drug. The total concentration of PhACs in snow ranged from 52.80 ng/L to 1616.02 ng/L. The compounds found at the highest mean concentrations included tetracycline (125.81 ng/L), desacetylcefotaxime (17.73 ng/L), ronidazole (8.79 ng/L) and triamcinolone diacetate (2.84 ng/L). The contribution of PhACs in the vicinity of JZB to the PhACs in the snow is far greater than the contribution of those transmitted over a long distance. PhACs are mainly derived from drugs applied to local humans and animals. Based on the individual risk quotient (RQ) values, tetracycline poses high risks to the relevant aquatic organisms (algae and invertebrates). The rational application and scientific management of PhACs is an effective approach to reduce the ecological risks in JZB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide and Emerging Organic Pollutant Analyses and their Ecotoxicological Evaluation in Soil and Aquatic Environments)

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10 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Residual Level of Chlorpyrifos in Lettuces Grown on Chlorpyrifos-Treated Soils

by Kyu-Won Hwang, Soo Cheol Yoo, Sung-Eun Lee and Joon-Kwan Moon

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2343; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122343 - 22 Nov 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4502

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the residual loss of chlorpyrifos and the amount transferred to lettuce from soil. Field trials on lettuce were conducted in two different greenhouses located in Yongin (field 1) and Gwangju (field 2) in Korea. Soil and lettuce samples were collected on different days after the treatment of chlorpyrifos at two different levels. The initial residue of chlorpyrifos (0.86 and 2.31 mg/kg) in soils decreased to 0.06 and 0.18 mg/kg, respectively, at 36 days after treatment (DAT) in field 1, and the initial residue with values of 11.10 and 22.59 mg/kg decreased to 1.20 and 3.04 mg/kg, respectively, at 43 DAT in field 2. In field 1, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were approximately 8.4 and 9.0 days for soils treated with 0.86 and 2.31 mg/kg, respectively, while in field 2, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were approximately 18.7 and 13.9 days for soils treated with 11.10 and 22.59 mg/kg, respectively. Residue levels of chlorpyrifos on lettuce were 0.66–5.98% and 2.71–13.26% compared to the initial concentration in the soil. Therefore, the management guideline of chlorpyrifos for lettuce-cultivating soils could be suggested to be 0.75 mg/kg with regards to the Positive List System level of chlorpyrifos on lettuce of 0.01 mg/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide and Emerging Organic Pollutant Analyses and their Ecotoxicological Evaluation in Soil and Aquatic Environments)

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14 pages, 2449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Evaluation of Insecticidal Action of Phosphine on Green Peach Aphids, Myzus persicae

by Kyeongnam Kim, Jeong Sun Park, Jeong Oh Yang and Sung-Eun Lee

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(10), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101764 - 29 Sep 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3021

Abstract

Phosphine (PH₃) fumigation is one of the best alternatives to methyl bromide for regulating insect pests during storage and shipping. Recently, this treatment has been applied to other agricultural insect pests, including Myzus persicae. To understand the mode of PH₃ toxicity in M. persicae, proteomic analyses using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were conducted to measure comparative protein expression levels between PH₃-treated samples and controls. PH₃ treatment increased NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial-like (complex I) expression, but decreased complex II and ATPases in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) of M. persicae. Glucosidase and antimicrobial proteins such as lysozymes showed enhanced expression in PH₃-treated M. persicae. Some regulatory proteins related to apoptosis were more abundant in PH₃-treated M. persicae. Biochemical activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) were also measured because these enzymes are known to be targeted by PH₃. Only COX activity decreased in relation to increasing PH₃ concentrations in adult M. persicae. The expression of six selected genes were determined in relation to PH₃ treatments. No two-fold changes in the expression of the six genes was observed. Thus, PH₃ toxicity caused disruption in the ETC and glucose supply, as well as dis-regulation of apoptosis in M. persicae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide and Emerging Organic Pollutant Analyses and their Ecotoxicological Evaluation in Soil and Aquatic Environments)

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9 pages, 2291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of 1,8-Cineole and t-Cinnamaldehyde on Aspergillus flavus

by Hyeong-Mi Kim, Hyunwoo Kwon, Kyeongsoon Kim and Sung-Eun Lee

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091655 - 14 Sep 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4742

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus and A. parsiticus produce aflatoxins that are highly toxic to mammals and birds. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 1,8-cineole and t-cinnamaldehyde were examined on the growth of Aspergillus flavus ATCC 22546 and aflatoxin production. 1,8-Cineole showed 50% inhibition of fungal growth at a concentration of 250 ppm, while t-cinnamaldehyde almost completely inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 50 ppm. Furthermore, no fungal growth was observed when the growth medium was treated with 100 ppm t-cinnamaldehyde. 1,8-Cineole also exhibited 50% inhibition on the production of aflatoxin B₁ and aflatoxin B₂ at a concentration of 100 ppm, while the addition of 100 ppm t-cinnamaldehyde completely inhibited aflatoxin production. These antiaflatoxigenic activities were related to a dramatic downregulation of the expression of aflE and aflL by 1,8-cineole, but the mode of action for t-cinnamaldehyde was unclear. Collectively, our results suggest that both of the compounds are promising alternatives to the currently used disinfectant, propionic acid, for food and feedstuff preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide and Emerging Organic Pollutant Analyses and their Ecotoxicological Evaluation in Soil and Aquatic Environments)

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