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Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2022) | Viewed by 21339

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sun-Young Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
Interests: dental adhesion; composite resin; biofilm; dental pulp stem cell

Prof. Dr. Ji-Hyun Jang

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Guest Editor

Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
Interests: bioactive glass; restorative dentistry; dentin adhesion; biocompatibility of dental materials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Restorative dentistry and endodontics, which are a major part of clinical dentistry, have the same aim to preserve tooth structure and keep its natural function. Clinical dentistry has changed due to the tremendous development of dental materials. For example, restorative dentistry goes toward more minimal invasive dentistry because of the improvement of dental adhesives and composite resins. Tooth-colored restorations are no longer weak in intraoral functions thanks to the enhancement of the physical properties of composite resin and dental ceramics and the emergence of mechanically strong tooth-colored materials. From this, research on restorative and endodontic materials leads to the development of clinical dentistry. This Special Issue aims to present new findings, development, and applications in restorative and endodontic materials for clinical dentistry.

Researchers are encouraged to submit their latest findings and results on restorative and endodontic materials as full-length articles or reviews. Restorative materials include dental adhesives, composite resins, glass ionomer, ceramics, metal restoratives, new types of restoratives, and any type of additional devices for dental restorations. Endodontic materials include root canal instruments, canal filling materials, root canal sealers, bioactive materials for the regeneration of dentin and pulp, and any devices for endodontics.

Prof. Dr. Sun-Young Kim
Prof. Dr. Ji-Hyun Jang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Restorative dentistry
Endodontics
Dental adhesion
Pulp–dentin complex regeneration
Dental ceramics
Prosthodontics

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alpha-Mangostin Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation in Human Dental Pulp Cells

by Yu-Seon Kim, Ji-Hyun Jang, Jeong-Tae Koh, Yun-Chan Hwang, Won-Mann Oh and Bin-Na Lee

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020681 - 4 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1579

Abstract

Xanthones are secondary metabolites isolated from the peel of mangosteen showing medicinal potencies. Alpha-mangostin (α-MG) is the most plentiful xanthone, which has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial activities. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of xanthones on LPS-treated hDPCs. Cell viability was determined using the WST-1 assay. The mRNA and protein expression profiles of inflammatory mediators were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot analysis. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using the Western blot analysis to examine underlying mechanisms. A one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The study found no significant differences between the cytotoxic effects in the α-MG-treated groups and controls. The mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory markers in the α-MG treated groups decreased. α-MG significantly inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of proteins associated with the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. This study suggests that α-MG exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated hDPCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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12 pages, 1236 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antibacterial Effect of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation Applied by a New Side-Firing Spiral Tip on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in the Tooth Root Canal—An Ex Vivo Study

by Nathanyel Sebbane, Doron Steinberg, David Keinan, Ronit Vogt Sionov, Adi Farber and Sharonit Sahar-Helft

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12656; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412656 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

This study evaluates the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect of erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment on a tooth root model infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Background: New treatment options are required to overcome endodontic infection in periapical tissue. Studies using Er:YAG during endodontic treatment yielded promising results regarding anti-biofilm/antimicrobial effects. Methods: The root canals of 80 teeth were incubated with E. faecalis for 4 weeks, allowing biofilm formation in the root canals, then divided into one control group and seven treatment groups that were exposed to Er:YAG laser using a side-firing spiral Endo tip, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% EDTA solutions alone or combined. The number of bacteria in each sample was determined by counting the number of colony-forming units (CFU) and was statistically compared. Results: Er:YAG laser, NaOCl and EDTA treatments alone caused a 76.0 ± 5.7%, 98.0 ± 0.6% and 69.0 ± 9.1% reduction, respectively, in CFU. Combining the laser treatment with NaOCl, EDTA or both, caused a further reduction in the bacterial load by 99.77 ± 0.14%, 93.4 ± 1.6% and 99.95 ± 0.04%, respectively. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser treatment showed significant antibacterial effect on the experimental groups, while combination with NaOCl and EDTA provided the most efficient conditions for achieving antibacterial effect against E. faecalis, in the tooth root model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Bond Strength and Microleakage of Three Ion-Releasing Restorative Materials at Various pH Levels

by Hyun-Jung Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6796; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136796 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2129

Abstract

The aim of this study was a comparison of the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin and microleakage of in vitro class V restorations of three different ion-releasing restorative materials under various pH conditions: giomer, a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and a new alkasite material. A μTBS test was performed using a universal testing machine, immediately and after storage at different pH (4, 7, and 10) buffer solutions (n = 15) over 24 h, and the failure mode was analyzed. For microleakage analysis, class V restorations were performed on extracted premolars, which were sectioned and stored in pH 4-, 7-, and 10-buffered fluorescent 0.02% rhodamine B dye. The specimens were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scored using the acquired images. There were no significant differences in the μTBS according to the type of material (p = 0.518). The giomer showed a decreased bond strength under the pH 4 condition compared with the immediately tested or pH 7-stored specimens (p ≤ 0.043). In the microleakage analysis, the class V restoration with giomer showed a higher microleakage than RMGI or alkasite (p = 0.001). For RMGI and alkasite, the specimens stored at pH 4 showed a significantly lower microleakage than those stored at pH 7 (p = 0.028). RMGI and alkasite can be adopted as restorative materials in generalized or localized low-pH conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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13 pages, 4910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Torsional Fracture Resistance of Niti Rotary Glide Path Files under Flexural Stress

by Soram Oh, Ju-Hyo Park, Hyun-Jung Kim, Hye-Jeong Kim, Eurok Shim, Jee-Yeon Woo, Hiran Perinpanayagam, Kyung-Kyu Choi and Seok Woo Chang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6214; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126214 - 18 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1962

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of flexural stress on the torsional fracture resistance of NiTi glide path files. PathFile #16/02, RaCe #15/04, RaCe Evo #15/04, HyFlex EDM #15/03, TruNatomy Glider #17/02, and V Taper 2H #17/04 were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3/brand) and subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (n = 2/brand). Torsional fracture resistance testing was performed in straight (ISO 3630-1) and flexural modes (n = 15/brand/mode). Flexural mode testing involved instruments rotating within a stainless-steel artificial double-curved canal. Ultimate strength and distortion angle until failure were recorded, and fractured instruments were examined by SEM. Statistical analyses involved independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance with Games–Howell pots hoc test. Austenitic transformation- finishing temperatures of heat-treated files were above body temperature. For RaCe Evo, HyFlex EDM, TruNatomy Glider, and V Taper 2H, the flexural mode resulted in a significantly higher distortion angle compared to the straight mode (p < 0.05). The maximum torque of RaCe Evo, HyFlex EDM increased with the flexural stress (p < 0.05). V taper 2H showed the highest distortion angle and ultimate strength. SEM showed typical patterns of torsional fracture for all tested files. The flexural stress positively affected distortion angle of heat-treated NiTi glide path files. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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8 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Intra-Coronal Pressure Generated by Internal Bleaching Agents and Its Influence on Temporary Restoration

by Alba Pallarés-Serrano, Antonio Pallarés-Serrano, Sandra Pallarés-Serrano and Antonio Pallarés-Sabater

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062799 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3242

Abstract

Intra-coronal bleaching is a treatment that whitens non-vital teeth from within the pulp chamber, a procedure by which oxygen and free radicals are released. This in vitro study analyzed and compares the oxygen expansion produced when different bleaching agents encounter dental tissues during this type of bleaching. Here, 120 lower incisors were included and prepared to achieve conditions as close as practicable to internal bleaching with the walking bleach technique. The access cavity of the lingual surface was prepared to seal glass tubes with oil inside them by adhesive restoration once the bleach was placed inside the pulp chamber. The following bleaching groups were used: hydrogen peroxide (HP) 30% (n = 30), sodium Perborate (SP) with distilled water (n = 30), a mixture of HP 30% with SP (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). After 10 days, the oil displacement that took place through the tube due to oxygen release was measured daily. Displacement of the oil was observed in all groups except the control group. The final mean expansion at 10 days was 335.24 ± 76.85 mm for the HP 30% group, 8.40 ± 1.74 mm for the SP group and 183.07 ± 49.93 mm for the HP30% + SP mixture. Significant statistical differences were observed between the three groups using the Games–Howell post hoc test, where HP30% caused the greatest expansion and SP the least expansion. These results suggest that the higher the amount of HP in the sample, the more oxygen expansion is observed, so that temporary restoration must be performed more carefully to avoid displacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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9 pages, 2767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Washing Condition on the Fracture Strength, and the Degree of Conversion of 3D Printing Resin

by Woohyung Jang, Gyeong-Soo Kook, Jin-Ho Kang, Yeseul Kim, Yina Yun, Seon-Ki Lee, Sang-Won Park, Hyun-Pil Lim, Kwi-Dug Yun and Chan Park

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11676; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411676 - 9 Dec 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2639

Abstract

This study compared the surface roughness, contact angle, surface energy, residual monomers, degree of conversion, and flexural strength of 3D-printed dental resin under various washing conditions. The specimens were printed with a digital light processing (DLP) printer and were divided into four groups: the group dipped in IPA for 5 s (IPA-D), the group washed in IPA for 1 min (IPA-1), the group washed in IPA for 10 min (IPA-10), and the group washed with TPM for 10 min (TPM-10). Following, the groups were redivided into two groups: a cured group and an uncured group. All experimental data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. In all groups, the surface roughness showed a value of 1.2–1.8 μm, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Contact angle showed a significant difference between the three groups using IPA and the TPM group, whereby the TPM-washed specimen showed a low contact angle (p < 0.05). The degree of conversion (DOC) increased in the following order: IPA-D group, IPA-1 group, IPA-10 group, and TPM-10 group, exhibiting a significant difference between all groups (p < 0.05). Flexural strength was measured at 110–130 MPa in all groups, with no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The washing time and washing solution type of the 3D printing material had no significant effect on surface roughness and flexural strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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10 pages, 2223 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Various Mineral Trioxide Aggregates on Viability and Mineralization Potential of 3-Dimensional Cultured Dental Pulp Stem Cells

by Seung-Ho Kwon, Hyun-Jeong Jeong, Bin-Na Lee, Hyo-Seol Lee, Hyun-Jung Kim, Sun-Young Kim, Duck-Su Kim and Ji-Hyun Jang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11381; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311381 - 1 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1885

Abstract

Three-dimensionally (3D) cultured dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) reportedly exhibit superior multi-lineage differentiation capacities and have a higher expression in regeneration-related gene categories compared to conventionally cultured DPSCs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) on DPSCs cultured in 3D, assessing their cell viability and tissue mineralization properties. We examined the morphology, cell viability, alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and qualitative alizarin red S staining assay of the DPSCs that reacted with various MTAs, which included ProRoot (PRM), Biodentine (BIO), and Well-Root PT (WRP), in two different culture plates, an ultra-low attachment plate (ULA) and a conventional monolayer plate (2D). As a control, MTA-free and IRM samples were prepared. None of the MTA groups affected the microsphere-forming characteristics of DPSCs that had been cultured in ULA. The DPSCs that were cultured in ULA showed high cell viability in all MTA groups compared to IRM. The mineralization potential was favorable in all MTA groups, with a significantly higher ALP activity among the DPSCs that were cultured in ULA. Among MTAs, the PRM group showed substantially higher ALP activity than the other MTA groups. In conclusion, our results indicate that 3D-cultured DPSCs with various MTAs showed comparable viability and mineralization capacity similar to those cultured without reacting with MTA cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2824 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

In Vitro Comparison of Root Surface Treatment Effect between Root Scaling with Ultrasonic Inserts and Gracey Curette and Polishing with Different Cleaning Pastes

by Angelica Bertacci, Daniele Moro, Gianfranco Ulian and Giovanni Valdrè

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 5967; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11135967 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2486

Abstract

The aim of this study was the morphological evaluation of root surfaces subjected to manual (curette) and ultrasonic (conventional and diamond tips) scaling. The surface was then polished with a rubber cup and three medium-sized pastes. Ninety teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 30 and subjected to three different root instrumentation: (1) manual instrumentation with a Gracey^® curette; (2) ultrasonic instrumentation with a standard steel tip (Universal Perio S-SERIES: USU, Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) at a power equal to 50%; and (3) with a diamond tip (Punta Piezo Serie E Scaling, Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA) at a power of 20%. Each group of the instrumented teeth was then divided in three subgroups of 10 and subjected to 30 s of rubber polishing with three different polishing pastes with medium grain sizes in single-dose cups: (1) Ultrapro Tx cool mint medium^®; (2) Stomyprox media^®; and (3) Nupro medium orange^®. Polyether root surface replicas were then taken from all 90 samples and analyzed by SEM to evaluate surface morphology after scaling and polishing procedures. All scaling techniques caused an alteration of the root surface without statistically significant difference, whereas polishing resulted in maintenance or improvement of the surface texture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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15 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Setting in Simulated Root Canal with Different Root Canal Wall Thickness: In Vitro Study

by Radovan Žižka, Radim Čtvrtlík, Jan Tomáštík, Kamila Fačevicová, Ondřej Vencálek, Jiří Šedý and David Marinčák

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041727 - 15 Feb 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2095

Abstract

Setting of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is affected by various factors. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of root canal wall thickness on mechanical properties of MTA along the whole apical plug. Bovine bone mold tubes with internal diameter of 2 mm, height of 5 mm, and wall thickness of 0.8 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1.6 mm were filled with 3 mm ProRoot MTA and were kept in 37 °C and relative humidity of 100% for 7 days. The indentation hardness and reduced modulus of elasticity were measured in a large overview matrix and detailed matrix placed 1.5 mm from simulated apical foramen in order to obtain particularized information about gradient of altering mechanical properties. The uppermost layer of material in contact with simulated apical foramen had reduced mechanical properties irrespective of root canal wall thickness. The most distinct decrease of microhardness (32%) and reduced modulus of elasticity (27%) in interfacial layer were present in specimen with thinnest root canal wall. This effect could be observed in detailed measurement up to 190 µm in material. The interfacial layer of MTA, which was in contact during setting with root canal wall thinner than 1.2 mm, had reduced mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restorative and Endodontic Materials for Clinical Dentistry)

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