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Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation
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Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2022) | Viewed by 44459

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Amit Kumar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Hydrology and Water Resources (Eco-hydrology Group), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Ningliu Road No. 219, Nanjing 210044, China
Interests: microplastics; GHG emissions; water quality; water resources; environmental sustainability; forestry; carbon neutrality; biogeochemical cycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Santosh Subhash Palmate

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927, USA
Interests: land use/cover change detection and simulation; climate change impact assessment; best management practices evaluation; agroecosystem modeling; hydrological modeling; system dynamics modeling; participatory modeling; remote sensing and GIS application for managing agriculture and water systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rituraj Shukla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Guelph, Canada
Interests: hydrological modelling; water resources development and management; climate change and impacts; ecological health; contaminations; water quality modelling; eco-hydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the rapid increase in anthropogenic activity in the catchments, further adverse changes in access to water resources are expected in the future. Under these conditions, water quality (WQ) plays an important role that determines its economic utility, including potable or drinking water supply, recreation, and agriculture. In the modern era, study of, and commitment to, monitoring, modeling, and mitigation have become an important and meaningful aspect of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. In various circumstances, the potentially adverse impacts on ecological flora and fauna can be mitigated through strategic design and implementation of appropriate models, tools, or techniques to diminish the severity of the effects. Different types of nutrients, contaminants (heavy/trace metals), micropollutants, nanoparticles, microbes, etc. disturb the ecological life of freshwater bodies. Therefore, evidence-based pollution control is urgently needed to focus on the elementary level of water governance known as “monitoring, modeling, and mitigation”. Monitoring sets the empirical basis by providing spatiotemporal information on substance (contaminants, WQ parameters such as dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nutrients) loads as well as driving boundary conditions for evaluating WQ trends, statuses, and further providing useful information to mitigate the contaminants and balance ecological life. Modeling helps to provide long-/medium- and long-term information for times and locations where monitoring is not at all possible.

The Special Issue proposed will explore cross-disciplinary approaches, modeling, and methods and discuss water quality risk, along with solutions for the implications for environmental sustainability, and the further conservation of ecological life. The interconnectedness of this critical problem cannot be assessed with traditional approaches; instead, inter- and transdisciplinary approaches are urgently required, worldwide, to deal with water resources problems and environmental sustainability challenges. Relevant topics include but are not limited to the following areas:

  • Freshwater ecosystems
  • Water quality
  • Heavy metal contamination
  • Ecological life
  • Human health risk
  • Ecological risk assessment
  • Monitoring, methods, and mitigations
  • Climate change resilience
  • Climate modeling
  • Natural resources management
  • Water resources management
  • Mitigation strategies
  • Sustainability risk assessment
  • Ecohydrology

Dr. Amit Kumar
Dr. Santosh Subhash Palmate
Dr. Rituraj Shukla
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • freshwater ecosystems
  • water quality
  • heavy metal contamination
  • monitoring, methods, and mitigations
  • climate change resilience
  • mitigation strategies
  • sustainability risk assessment

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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7 pages, 1000 KiB  
Editorial
Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring, and Mitigation
by Amit Kumar, Santosh Subhash Palmate and Rituraj Shukla
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11403; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211403 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3842
Abstract
In the modern era, water quality indices and models have received attention from environmentalists, policymakers, governments, stakeholders, water resource planners, and managers for their ability to evaluate the water quality of freshwater bodies. Due to their wide applicability, models are generally developed based [...] Read more.
In the modern era, water quality indices and models have received attention from environmentalists, policymakers, governments, stakeholders, water resource planners, and managers for their ability to evaluate the water quality of freshwater bodies. Due to their wide applicability, models are generally developed based on site-specific guidelines and are not generic; therefore, predicted/calculated values are reported to be highly uncertain. Thus, model and/or index formulation are still challenging and represent a current research hotspot in the scientific community. The inspiration for this Special Issue came from our desire to provide a platform for sharing results and informing young minds around the world to develop suitable models to understand water quality so that mitigation measures can be taken in advance to make water fit for drinking and for life-supporting activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

19 pages, 4563 KiB  
Article
Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Dimension in Freshwater Ecosystems
by Deeksha and Anoop Kumar Shukla
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8518; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178518 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9800
Abstract
Ecosystem services are part and parcel of human lives. It is of paramount importance to understand the interaction between these ecosystem services, as they are directly related to human life. In the modern era, quantification of ecosystem services (ES) is playing an important [...] Read more.
Ecosystem services are part and parcel of human lives. It is of paramount importance to understand the interaction between these ecosystem services, as they are directly related to human life. In the modern era, quantification of ecosystem services (ES) is playing an important role in the proper understanding and efficient management of social–ecological systems. Even though a significant amount of literature is available to present on the topic, there is a need to build an adequate amount of knowledge repository. Hence, a systematic literature review method is used, in which research question and searching stages are defined. This review study is conducted on ecosystem services and remote-sensing-related keywords in the Scopus database. After a systematic analysis of the papers retrieved from the Elsevier, Scopus database, MDPI, and open source, a total of 140 primary articles were categorized according to their relationship with other ecosystem services, land use, land cover, and planning management. Major issue findings and important aspects have been analyzed and reported in each category. With this analysis and developments in the existing literature, we have potential areas for future research. Findings pointed out that regional or local-level ecosystem services-related work is immensely important, and a hotspot of current research aiming to understand the variability and spatiotemporal dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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14 pages, 968 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Operational Parameters in a Coupled Process of Electrocoagulation and Advanced Oxidation in the Removal of Turbidity in Wastewater from a Curtember
by Paul Alcocer-Meneses, Angel Britaldo Cabrera-Salazar, Juan Taumaturgo Medina-Collana, Jimmy Aurelio Rosales-Huamani, Elmar Javier Franco-Gonzales and Gladis Enith Reyna-Mendoza
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8158; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168158 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2094
Abstract
The tannery industry during its process generates various polluting substances such as organic matter from the skin and chemical inputs, producing wastewater with a high concentration of turbidity. The objective of this research is to evaluate the most appropriate operational parameters of the [...] Read more.
The tannery industry during its process generates various polluting substances such as organic matter from the skin and chemical inputs, producing wastewater with a high concentration of turbidity. The objective of this research is to evaluate the most appropriate operational parameters of the coupled process of electrocoagulation and advanced oxidation to achieve the removal of turbidity in wastewater from a tannery in the riparian zone (tannery). This process uses a direct current source between perforated aluminum electrodes of circular geometry submerged in the effluent, which causes the dissolution of the aluminum plates. For our study, an electrocoagulation unit coupled to an ozone generator has been built at the laboratory level, where the influence of five factors (voltage, inlet flow to the reactor, initial turbidity, pH, and ozone flow) has been studied with three levels with regarding turbidity, using the Taguchi experimental methodology. The optimal conditions for the removal of turbidity were obtained at 10 volts, 7.5 pH, 360 L/h of wastewater recirculation flow rate; 2400 mg/h of ozone flow rate; and 1130 NTU of initial turbidity of the sample in 60 min of treatment reaching a removal of 99.75% of the turbidity. Under optimal conditions, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was determined, reaching a removal percentage of 33.2% of COD and 39.36% of BOD was achieved. Likewise, the degree of biodegradability of the organic load obtained increased from 0.467 to 0.553. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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13 pages, 1648 KiB  
Article
China’s Water Intensity Factor Decomposition and Water Usage Decoupling Analysis
by Boyu Du, Xiaoqian Guo, Guwang Liu, Anjian Wang, Hongmei Duan and Shaobo Guo
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7039; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147039 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1568
Abstract
As the most populous country in the world, China has a great shortage pressure of water resources. With the acceleration of urbanization, China’s water usage in different sectors will change significantly in next few years. In order to investigate the main reasons behind [...] Read more.
As the most populous country in the world, China has a great shortage pressure of water resources. With the acceleration of urbanization, China’s water usage in different sectors will change significantly in next few years. In order to investigate the main reasons behind water usage change in China, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model was adopted in this paper from 2000 to 2020 with provincial data. Three effects, including that of technology, industrial structure, and regional scale, were analyzed. In addition, the decoupling effect between water usage and economic growth was also considered. The results show that: (1) from 2000 to 2020, the technological effect, industrial structure effect, and regional scale effect are −376.54, −89.85 and 20.66, respectively; (2) the technical effect and industrial structure effect have the greatest impact on primary industry, followed by secondary industry; (3) the technical effect is greater than the industrial structure effect in most provinces; and (4) the decoupling state gradually changes from weak decoupling to strong decoupling. In the future, the key policy recommendations for water saving are the following: (1) technological innovation has the most efficient effect on the reduction of water usage in China, and (2) the optimization of industrial structure can be helpful in water-saving in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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18 pages, 3016 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Hydrochemical and Water Quality Characteristics of an Aquifer Located in an Urbanized Area
by Juan G. Loaiza, Yaneth Bustos-Terrones, Victoria Bustos-Terrones, Sergio Alberto Monjardín-Armenta, Alberto Quevedo-Castro, Rogelio Estrada-Vazquez and Jesús Gabriel Rangel-Peraza
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 6879; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146879 - 7 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
Groundwater is an important source of fresh water in the world. However, the excessive extraction and increasing pollution represent a major challenge for water sustainability in Mexico. Nowadays, since water quality changes in aquifers are not noticeable, aquifer monitoring and assessment are imperious. [...] Read more.
Groundwater is an important source of fresh water in the world. However, the excessive extraction and increasing pollution represent a major challenge for water sustainability in Mexico. Nowadays, since water quality changes in aquifers are not noticeable, aquifer monitoring and assessment are imperious. In this study, the water quality of the Cuernavaca aquifer was evaluated using a database of 23 parameters in 4 sampling points from 2012 to 2019. The spatial behavior of water quality variables was described by using interpolation. The temporal evaluation of groundwater quality was carried out through time series. Water quality indices (WQI) were obtained in this aquifer and the WQI values suggest that the groundwater could be considered as good quality for potable use and of medium-high quality for irrigation. The chemical characteristics of the groundwater were also evaluated using Gibb, Piper, and Schoeller diagrams. Finally, with a total of 34 samples of each parameter in each sampling site, a multivariate statistical analysis was performed using a Pearson correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis. This analysis showed a correlation between hydrochemical features and groundwater quality parameters, where nitrates presented the highest number of significant correlations with other parameters. These results may be useful for the authorities to adopt planning methods to improve the sustainable development of the aquifer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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24 pages, 12365 KiB  
Article
Remote Sensing of the Water Quality Parameters for a Shallow Dam Reservoir
by Andrzej Bielski and Cezary Toś
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136734 - 2 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2332
Abstract
This study examines the chlorophyll a content and turbidity in the shallow dam reservoir of Lake Dobczyce. The analysis of satellite images for thirteen wavelength ranges enabled the selection of wavelengths applicable for a remote determination of chlorophyll a and turbidity. The selection [...] Read more.
This study examines the chlorophyll a content and turbidity in the shallow dam reservoir of Lake Dobczyce. The analysis of satellite images for thirteen wavelength ranges enabled the selection of wavelengths applicable for a remote determination of chlorophyll a and turbidity. The selection was completed as the test of the significance of the coefficients in the equation, which calculates the values of the parameters on the basis of reflectance. The reflectance of the reservoir surface differs from the reflectance of individual water components, and the overlapping of spectral curves makes it difficult to isolate the significant reflectance. In the case of Lake Dobczyce, the significant reflectance was for wavelengths 665, 705, 740, and 842 nm (chlorophyll a) and for wavelengths 705, 740, and 783 nm (turbidity). In the model, the natural logarithm of chlorophyll a or turbidity was a linear combination of the natural log reflectance and the squares of those logarithms. A lake surface reflectance also includes the bottom reflectance. The reflectance obtained from the Sentinel-2 satellite was corrected with a bottom reflectance determined using the Lambert–Beer equation. The reflectance of a given surface may vary with the position of both the satellite and the sun, atmospheric pollution, and other factors. Correction of reflectance from satellite measurements was performed, as reflectance changes for the reference surface; the reference reflectance was assumed as the first reflectance of the reference surface observed during the study. The models helped to develop the maps of turbidity and chlorophyll a content in the lake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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13 pages, 3520 KiB  
Article
Expanded S-Curve Model of Relationship between Domestic Water Usage and Economic Development: A Case Study of Typical Countries
by Xiaoqian Guo, Anjian Wang, Guwang Liu and Boyu Du
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6090; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126090 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
Domestic water plays a growing role with the unprecedented economic development and rising urbanization. The lack of long-term evaluation of domestic water usage trends limits our understanding of the relationship between domestic water usage and economics. Here, we present a pragmatic approach to [...] Read more.
Domestic water plays a growing role with the unprecedented economic development and rising urbanization. The lack of long-term evaluation of domestic water usage trends limits our understanding of the relationship between domestic water usage and economics. Here, we present a pragmatic approach to assess the long-term relationship between domestic water usage and economics through historical data of the last 100 years from 10 typical countries to establish an evaluation method for different economics. The relationship between domestic water usage and GDP per capita was described as an expanded S-curve model and the mathematical modeling was derived to simulate this relationship for four typical countries as case studies. The simulation results show that the expanded S-curve of different countries can be calibrated with three key points: takeoff point, turning point, and zero-growth point, and four transitional sections: slow growth, accelerated growth, decelerated growth, and zero/negative growth, corresponding to the same economic development level. In addition, other factors influencing domestic water usage are also discussed in this research, including urbanization, industrial structure, and technical progress. We hope to provide a case study of an expanded S-curve as a foundation for forecasting domestic water usage in different countries or in the same economy at different developmental stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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16 pages, 2011 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost RSAC and Adsorption Characteristics in the Removal of Copper Ions from Wastewater
by Yan Liu, Qin Chen and Rajendra Prasad Singh
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5612; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115612 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1820
Abstract
Adsorption is a typical method for treating copper-containing wastewater. Fly ash and steel slag both have a good adsorption performance, and activated clay is added in this study, too. In this study, the performance of residue and soil adsorption composite (RSAC) particles for [...] Read more.
Adsorption is a typical method for treating copper-containing wastewater. Fly ash and steel slag both have a good adsorption performance, and activated clay is added in this study, too. In this study, the performance of residue and soil adsorption composite (RSAC) particles for copper ion adsorption was discussed through the substrate ratio and the influence mechanism, to achieve the win–win effect of industrial waste reuse and copper ion wastewater treatment. The results indicated that adsorption time, dosage, initial copper ion concentration, coexisting ions, and temperature showed different effects on the adsorption, respectively. Additionally, the adsorption kinetic study showed the removal of copper ions by adsorption of RSAC particles was in accordance with quasi-primary kinetic model and quasi-secondary kinetic model. The adsorption thermodynamics study shows the adsorption process of ΔG0 < 0, ΔH0 > 0 and ΔS0 > 0, indicating that the process of copper ion adsorption by RSAC particles was spontaneous, heat-absorbing, and entropy-increasing. The research demonstrates that RSAC particles have a certain adsorption capacity for copper ion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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15 pages, 2563 KiB  
Article
Removal of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Ions from an Aqueous Solution through Electrochemical and Nanofiltration Membrane Processes
by Jagdeesh Kumar, Himanshu Joshi and Sandeep K. Malyan
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010280 - 28 Dec 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3618
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in water is a major health concern, directly related to rapid growth in industrialization, urbanization, and modernization in agriculture. Keeping this in view, the present study has attempted to develop models for the process optimization of nanofiltration (NF) membrane and [...] Read more.
Heavy metal contamination in water is a major health concern, directly related to rapid growth in industrialization, urbanization, and modernization in agriculture. Keeping this in view, the present study has attempted to develop models for the process optimization of nanofiltration (NF) membrane and electrocoagulation (EC) processes for the removal of copper, nickel, and zinc from an aqueous solution, employing the response surface methodology (RSM). The variable factors were feed concentration, temperature, pH, and pressure for the NF membrane process; and time, solution pH, feed concentration, and current for the EC process, respectively. The central composite design (CCD), the most commonly used fractional factorial design, was employed to plan the experiments. RSM models were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the NF membrane, the rejection of Zn, Ni, and Cu was observed as 98.64%, 90.54%, and 99.79% respectively; while the removal of these through the EC process was observed as 99.81%, 99.99%, and 99.98%, respectively. The above findings and a comparison with the conventional precipitation and adsorption processes apparently indicate an advantage in employing the NF and EC processes. Further, between the two, the EC process emerged as more efficient than the NF process for the removal of the studied metals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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23 pages, 9556 KiB  
Article
Groundwater Quality Monitoring Using In-Situ Measurements and Hybrid Machine Learning with Empirical Bayesian Kriging Interpolation Method
by Delia B. Senoro, Kevin Lawrence M. de Jesus, Leonel C. Mendoza, Enya Marie D. Apostol, Katherine S. Escalona and Eduardo B. Chan
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010132 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5846
Abstract
This article discusses the assessment of groundwater quality using a hybrid technique that would aid in the convenience of groundwater (GW) quality monitoring. Twenty eight (28) GW samples representing 62 barangays in Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics [...] Read more.
This article discusses the assessment of groundwater quality using a hybrid technique that would aid in the convenience of groundwater (GW) quality monitoring. Twenty eight (28) GW samples representing 62 barangays in Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal (HM) concentrations. The 28 GW samples were collected at suburban sites identified by the coordinates produced by Global Positioning System Montana 680. The analysis of heavy metal concentrations was conducted onsite using portable handheld X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) Spectrometry. Hybrid machine learning—geostatistical interpolation (MLGI) method, specific to neural network particle swarm optimization with Empirical Bayesian Kriging (NN-PSO+EBK), was employed for data integration, GW quality spatial assessment and monitoring. Spatial map of metals concentration was produced using the NN-PSO-EBK. Another, spot map was created for observed metals concentration and was compared to the spatial maps. Results showed that the created maps recorded significant results based on its MSEs with values such as 1.404 × 10−4, 5.42 × 10−5, 6.26 × 10−4, 3.7 × 10−6, 4.141 × 10−4 for Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, respectively. Also, cross-validation of the observed and predicted values resulted to R values range within 0.934–0.994 which means almost accurate. Based on these results, it can be stated that the technique is efficient for groundwater quality monitoring. Utilization of this technique could be useful in regular and efficient GW quality monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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17 pages, 11768 KiB  
Article
Prediction of the Long-Term Performance Based on the Seepage-Stress-Damage Coupling Theory: A Case in South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China
by Xinyong Xu, Wenjie Xu, Chenlong Xie and Mohd Yawar Ali Khan
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11413; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311413 - 2 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1966
Abstract
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project has been in operation since 2014, directly benefiting more than 79 million people in China. Thus, its service life and long-term performance have gained much attention from scholars. To predict its life and performance, this study used the [...] Read more.
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project has been in operation since 2014, directly benefiting more than 79 million people in China. Thus, its service life and long-term performance have gained much attention from scholars. To predict its life and performance, this study used the seepage/stress-damage coupling method. In addition, a seepage/stress-damage coupling theory was proposed and a finite element model of a deep excavated canal in the Xichuan Section of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project was established. The results showed that this canal subsided greatly in the first two years of operation, which can be confirmed by the monitoring data. It is predicted that, after 50 years of normal operation, the canal damage may start and spread from the water level, and reach 37.6%, but such damage will not affect its normal water delivery function. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance for the safe operation of the project. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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25 pages, 3747 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Water Quality and Identification of Potential Sources of Pollution Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for Lake Hawassa Watershed, Ethiopia
by Semaria Moga Lencha, Mihret Dananto Ulsido and Alemayehu Muluneh
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8991; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198991 - 27 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3074
Abstract
The magnitude of pollution in Lake Hawassa has been exacerbated by population growth and economic development in the city of Hawassa, which is hydrologically closed and retains pollutants entering it. This study was therefore aimed at examining seasonal and spatial variations in the [...] Read more.
The magnitude of pollution in Lake Hawassa has been exacerbated by population growth and economic development in the city of Hawassa, which is hydrologically closed and retains pollutants entering it. This study was therefore aimed at examining seasonal and spatial variations in the water quality of Lake Hawassa Watershed (LHW) and identifying possible sources of pollution using multivariate statistical techniques. Water and effluent samples from LHW were collected monthly for analysis of 19 physicochemical parameters during dry and wet seasons at 19 monitoring stations. Multivariate statistical techniques (MVST) were used to investigate the influences of an anthropogenic intervention on the physicochemical characteristics of water quality at monitoring stations. Through cluster analysis (CA), all 19 monitoring stations were spatially grouped into two statistically significant clusters for the dry and wet seasons based on pollution index, which were designated as moderately polluted (MP) and highly polluted (HP). According to the study results, rivers and Lake Hawassa were moderately polluted (MP), while point sources (industry, hospitals and hotels) were found to be highly polluted (HP). Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to identify the most critical parameters to study the spatial variations, and seven significant parameters were extracted (electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), sodium ion (Na+), and potassium ion (K+) with the spatial variance to distinguish the pollution condition of the groups obtained using CA. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to qualitatively determine the potential sources contributing to LHW pollution. In addition, three factors determining pollution levels during the dry and wet season were identified to explain 70.5% and 72.5% of the total variance, respectively. Various sources of pollution are prevalent in the LHW, including urban runoff, industrial discharges, diffused sources from agricultural land use, and livestock. A correlation matrix with seasonal variations was prepared for both seasons using physicochemical parameters. In conclusion, effective management of point and non-point source pollution is imperative to improve domestic, industrial, livestock, and agricultural runoff to reduce pollutants entering the Lake. In this regard, proper municipal and industrial wastewater treatment should be complemented, especially, by stringent management that requires a comprehensive application of technologies such as fertilizer management, ecological ditches, constructed wetlands, and buffer strips. Furthermore, application of indigenous aeration practices such as the use of drop structures at critical locations would help improve water quality in the lake watershed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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15 pages, 3525 KiB  
Article
Chaotic Characteristic Analysis of Vibration Response of Pumping Station Pipeline Using Improved Variational Mode Decomposition Method
by Li Jiang, Zhenyue Ma, Jianwei Zhang, Mohd Yawar Ali Khan, Mengran Cheng and Libin Wang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8864; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198864 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1743
Abstract
The measured vibrational responses of the pumping station pipeline in the irrigation site were chosen to confirm the chaotic characteristics of the pumping station pipeline vibration and to determine the vibrational excitation that makes it chaotic. First, the chaotic properties of the pipeline [...] Read more.
The measured vibrational responses of the pumping station pipeline in the irrigation site were chosen to confirm the chaotic characteristics of the pumping station pipeline vibration and to determine the vibrational excitation that makes it chaotic. First, the chaotic properties of the pipeline vibration responses were investigated using a saturation correlation dimension and the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The vibration excitation with chaotic features was obtained using an improved variational mode decomposition (IVMD) method to examine the multi-time-scale chaotic characteristics of the pipeline vibration responses. The results show that the vibrational responses of each measuring point of the pipeline under different operating conditions have clear chaotic characteristics, where the chaotic characteristics of the axial points and bifurcated pipe points are relatively strong. The vibration of the operating conditions and measurement points affected by the unit’s operation and flow state change is further complicated. The intrinsic mode function (IMF) produces a low-dimensional chaotic attractor after the IVMD disrupts the vibration response. Still, the vibration excitation of the remaining components on behalf of the units does not have chaotic properties, implying that water pulsation excitation makes the pumping station pipeline vibrations chaotic. The vibration excitation caused by the unit’s operation covers the chaotic characteristics of the pipeline vibration and increases its uncertainty. The outcomes of this study provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the vibration characteristics of pumping station pipelines, and a new method of chaos analysis is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring and Mitigation)
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