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Atmosphere
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Coastal Hazards and Climate Change
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Coastal Hazards and Climate Change

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 January 2024) | Viewed by 10283

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jianlong Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
Interests: storm surge; extreme sea level; mean sea level; compound flood
Dr. Delei Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
Interests: extreme wind and wave; regional climate change; climate project; compound extremes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Coastal areas are great places to live, work, and play. Unfortunately, these areas are feeling the effects of changing air and water temperature, rising sea levels, changes in the amount of rainfall, increased flooding, and more severe storms. Thus, climate change is already unavoidably affecting the climate–ocean system. As a consequence of climate change, global coastal communities are increasingly at risk from coastal hazards, such as rising sea levels and increased storm intensity. Indeed, these are the type of major climate impact on coastal areas that will require significant intervention, alongside other phenomena such as drought. This Special Issue focuses on the relationship between coastal hazards and climate change, aiming to promote the coastal vulnerability assessments with respect to present and predicted climate change scenarios. There is no geographical remit for the submissions. Original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  1. The changes in storm surges, wave, mean sea level, marine heatwave, extreme wind, precipitation, floods and other hazards in the coastal areas;
  2. The effect of climate changes on the coastal hazards;
  3. The variations and changes of compound extreme events in the coastal areas;
  4. Detection and attribution of changes in extremes in the coastal areas;
  5. Costal vulnerability and hazards management;
  6. Assessment, adaption, and mitigation of coastal hazards;
  7. Method and dataset for the coastal hazards;
  8. Coastal erosion and coastline changes
  9. The projection of coastal hazards from IPCC6.

Dr. Jianlong Feng
Dr. Delei Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • coastal hazards
  • climate change
  • coastal vulnerability
  • compound extreme events
  • method and dataset
  • assessment, adaption, and mitigation
  • projection
  • detection and attribution

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 14859 KiB  
Article
Community-Centric Approaches to Coastal Hazard Assessment and Management in Southside Norfolk, Virginia, USA
by Dalya Ismael, Nicole Hutton, Mujde Erten-Unal, Carol Considine, Tancy Vandecar-Burdin, Christopher Davis and Yin-Hsuen Chen
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030372 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1608
Abstract
Urban communities in environmentally sensitive areas face escalating challenges due to climate change and inadequate infrastructural support, particularly in underserved regions like southside Norfolk, Virginia. This area, characterized by its vulnerability to flooding and a predominantly low-income population, lacks equitable inclusion in broader [...] Read more.
Urban communities in environmentally sensitive areas face escalating challenges due to climate change and inadequate infrastructural support, particularly in underserved regions like southside Norfolk, Virginia. This area, characterized by its vulnerability to flooding and a predominantly low-income population, lacks equitable inclusion in broader urban flood protection plans. This research focuses on the development of community-centered resilience strategies through active engagement and collaboration with local residents. The methodology centered around building trust and understanding within the community through a series of interactions and events. This approach facilitated a two-way exchange of information, enabling the research team to gather crucial insights on community-valued assets, prevalent flooding issues, and preferred flood mitigation solutions. The engagement revealed a significant increase in community knowledge regarding climate change, sea level rise, and stormwater management. Residents expressed a strong preference for green infrastructure solutions, including rain gardens, permeable pavements, and living shorelines, alongside concerns about pollution and the need for infrastructure redesign. The outcomes of this community engagement have initiated plans to develop tailored, nature-based flooding solutions. These results are set to inform future urban planning and policy, offering insights to the City of Norfolk and the United States Army Corps of Engineers for potential redesigns of flood intervention strategies that are more inclusive and effective. A template for participatory research to inform coastal hazard management includes cross-sector collaboration, a long-term engagement commitment, and education and surveying opportunities to align solutions to lived, local experiences. This template allows for community trust building, which is especially important in environmental justice communities. The study highlights the importance of community involvement in urban resilience planning, demonstrating that local engagement is essential in shaping community-centric solutions and equitable environmental policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Hazards and Climate Change)
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22 pages, 8223 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Typhoon-Induced Wave on the Mesoscale Eddy
by Zeqi Zhao, Jian Shi, Weizeng Shao, Ru Yao and Huan Li
Atmosphere 2023, 14(12), 1804; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121804 - 9 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1412
Abstract
The strong wind-induced current and sea level have influences on the wave distribution in a tropical cyclone (TC). In particular, the wave–current interaction is significant in the period in which the TC passed the mesoscale eddy. In this study, the wave fields of [...] Read more.
The strong wind-induced current and sea level have influences on the wave distribution in a tropical cyclone (TC). In particular, the wave–current interaction is significant in the period in which the TC passed the mesoscale eddy. In this study, the wave fields of Typhoon Chan-hom (2015) are hindcastly simulated using a coupled oceanic model that utilizes a nested triangle grid, i.e., the finite-volume community ocean model-simulating waves nearshore (FVCOM-SWAVE) model. The forcing wind field is composited from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data and the simulation using a parametric Holland model, denoted as H-E. The open boundary fields include tide data from TPOX.5 and the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM) global datasets, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity, sea surface current, and sea level data. The simulated oceanic parameters (e.g., the significant wave height, SWH) are validated against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter, yielding a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.58 m for the SWH, a correlation (COR) coefficient of 0.94, and a scatter index (SI) of 0.23. Similarly, the simulated SSTs are compared with the remote sensing products of the remote sensing system (REMSS) and the measurements from Argos, yielding an RMSE of <0.8 °C, a COR of >0.95, and an SI of <0.04. The significant zonal asymmetry of the wave distribution along the typhoon track is observed. The Stokes drift is calculated from the FVCOM-SWAVE simulation results, and then the contribution of the Stokes transport is estimated using the Ekman–Stokes numbers. It is found that the ratio of the Stokes transport to the total net transport can reach >80% near the typhoon center, and the ratio is reduced to approximately <20% away from the typhoon center, indicating that Stokes transport is an essential aspect in the water mixing during a TC. The mesoscale eddies are detected by the sea level anomalies (SLA) fusion data from AVISO. It is found that the significant wave heights, Stokes drift, and Stokes transport inside the eddy area were higher than those outside the eddy area. These parameters inside the cold mesoscale eddies were higher than t inside the warm mesoscale eddies. Otherwise, the SST mainly increased within the cold mesoscale eddies area, while decreased within the warm mesoscale eddies area. The influence of mesoscale eddies on the SST was in proportion to the eddy radius and eddy EKE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Hazards and Climate Change)
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18 pages, 21836 KiB  
Article
Projection of Sea Level Change in the South China Sea Based on Dynamical Downscaling
by Jie Zhang, Qiyan Ji, Juncheng Zuo, Juan Li, Zheen Zhang, Huan Li, Xing Liu and Zhizu Wang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(9), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091343 - 26 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1829
Abstract
The projection of future sea level change is usually based on the global climate models (GCMs); however, due to the low spatial resolution of the GCMs, the ability to reproduce the spatial heterogeneity of sea level is limited. In order to improve the [...] Read more.
The projection of future sea level change is usually based on the global climate models (GCMs); however, due to the low spatial resolution of the GCMs, the ability to reproduce the spatial heterogeneity of sea level is limited. In order to improve the sea level simulation capability in the South China Sea (SCS), a high-resolution ocean model has been established by using the dynamic downscaling technology. By evaluating and testing 20 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), average results of seven models were selected as the forcing condition of the high-resolution ocean model. The ocean model conducted the historical (1980~2014) and future (2015~2100) simulation under three scenarios of Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5). The selected average results of seven models in CMIP6 are better than any of them individually. The downscaled dynamic ocean model provides fruitful spatial characteristics of the sea level change, with a decrease in the dynamic sea level (DSL) in the central and southeastern parts of the SCS, and with a significant increase in the coastal DSL. The local steric sea level (SSL) is dominated by the local thermosteric sea level (TSSL), and the changes of local TSSL more than half of the sea level rise in SCS, indicate the magnitude of total sea level rise is dominated by local TSSL. But the spatial variation in total sea level is dominated by the spatial variation in DSL. Compared with CMIP5, the rise magnitude of the DSL and the local TSSL have been increased under the CMIP6 scenarios. The dynamic downscaling of sea level reveals more spatial details, provides more reliable projection of future sea level under the background of global warming, and can provide a new reference for coastal areas in the SCS to cope with the increasing risk of extreme water level disasters in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Hazards and Climate Change)
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17 pages, 10286 KiB  
Article
Wave and Meso-Scale Eddy Climate in the Arctic Ocean
by Guojing Xing, Wei Shen, Meng Wei, Huan Li and Weizeng Shao
Atmosphere 2023, 14(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060911 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1905
Abstract
Under global climate change, the characteristics of oceanic dynamics are gradually beginning to change due to melting sea ice. This study focused on inter-annual variation in waves and mesoscale eddies (radius > 40 km) in the Arctic Ocean from 1993 to 2021. The [...] Read more.
Under global climate change, the characteristics of oceanic dynamics are gradually beginning to change due to melting sea ice. This study focused on inter-annual variation in waves and mesoscale eddies (radius > 40 km) in the Arctic Ocean from 1993 to 2021. The waves were simulated by a numerical wave model, WAVEWATCH-III (WW3), which included a parameterization of ice–wave interaction. The long-term wind data were from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-5), and current and sea level data from the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM)were used as the forcing fields. The simulated significant wave heights (SWHs) were validated against the 2012 measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter, yielding a 0.55 m root mean square error (RMSE) with a 0.95 correlation (COR). The seasonal variation in WW3-simulated SWH from 2021 to 2022 showed that the SWH was the lowest in summer (July and August 2021) and highest in winter (November 2021 to April 2022). This result indicates that parts of the Arctic could become navigable in summer. The mesoscale eddies were identified using a daily-averaged sea level anomalies (SLA) product with a spatial resolution of a 0.25° grid for 1993−2021. We found that the activity intensity (EKE) and radius of mesoscale eddies in the spatial distribution behaved in opposing ways. The analysis of seasonal variation showed that the increase in eddy activity could lead to wave growth. The amplitude of SWH peaks was reduced when the Arctic Oscillation Index (AOI) was <−1.0 and increased when the AOI was >0.5, especially in the case of swells. The amplitude of SWH oscillation was low, and the EKE and radius of eddies were relatively small. Although the radius and EKE of eddies were almost similar to the AOI, the waves also influenced the eddies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Hazards and Climate Change)
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Review

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11 pages, 857 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Assessing Storm Surge Disasters: From Traditional Statistical Methods to Artificial Intelligence-Based Techniques
by Yuxuan Zhang and Tianyu Zhang
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030359 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
In the context of global climate change and rising sea levels, the adverse impacts of storm surges on the environment, economy, and society of affected areas are becoming increasingly significant. However, due to differences in geography, climate, and other conditions among the affected [...] Read more.
In the context of global climate change and rising sea levels, the adverse impacts of storm surges on the environment, economy, and society of affected areas are becoming increasingly significant. However, due to differences in geography, climate, and other conditions among the affected areas, a single method for assessing the risk of storm surge disasters cannot be fully applicable to all regions. To address this issue, an increasing number of new methods and models are being applied in the field of storm surge disaster risk assessment. This paper introduces representative traditional statistical methods, numerical simulation methods, and artificial intelligence-based techniques in this field. It compares these assessment methods in terms of accuracy, interpretability, and implementation difficulty. The paper emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate assessment methods based on specific conditions and scientifically combining various methods in practice to improve the accuracy and reliability of storm surge disaster risk assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Hazards and Climate Change)
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